CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

GRAFTING OF BORON-NITROGEN-DOPED CARBON QUANTUM DOTS

ON COTTON FABRIC FOR IMPARTING ANTI-ULTRAVIOLET PROPERTIES

QI SHUAI, LANG XU, SHUO SUN, HONGWEI ZHANG and DANYING ZUO

State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology,
Wuhan Textile University, Hubei 430020, China
✉Corresponding author: D. Zuo, wtums8866@163.com

Received January 14, 2022

In order to improve the anti-ultraviolet property and laundering durability of cotton fabrics, the cotton fabrics were
cationized with epoxy propyl trimethylammonium chloride, and then boron-nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots
(BN-CQDs) were grafted onto the cationized cotton fabrics by the chemical reaction between the quaternary
ammonium cation on the cotton fabrics and the carboxyl functional group on the surface of BN-CQDs. The structure,
the ultraviolet protection performance and washing durability of the cotton fabrics grafted with BN-CQDs were
characterized and tested. The results showed that the resultant cotton fabrics modified with BN-CQDs exhibited a
very high ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). Even after 20 consecutive washings, the UPF value was still as high as
75.3, suggesting the promising potential of the modified fabrics as UV protective materials and their excellent
laundering durability.

Keywords: carbon quantum dots, cotton fabrics, quaternary ammonium cations, anti-ultraviolet property, UPF value

INTRODUCTION
With the development of science and Cotton fiber has the characteristics of
technology and the improvement of living breathability, sweat absorption, softness and
standards, the impact of ultraviolet rays on non-stimulation, so it is the preferred material for
human health has attracted more and more summer clothing. However, the chemical
attention. Proper sunlight exposure is very structure of cotton does not contain the functional
beneficial to human health. However, excessive groups that absorb in the near-ultraviolet region,
ultraviolet radiation can cause skin burns and resulting in the highest UV transmittance among
erythema, accelerate skin aging, and even cause all fabrics.3 Therefore, the anti-ultraviolet
skin cancer.1 It is generally believed that the finishing of cotton fabric is particularly important.
wavelength range of sunlight reaching the ground At present, there are two main methods for the
is 290-3000 nm, of which ultraviolet radiation production of UV-resistant textiles. One is to add
(UVR) accounts for 6%. The ultraviolet radiation ultraviolet reflection agent or absorbing agent
is divided into three bands: long-wave UVA into the fibers in the process of blending spinning.
(315-400 nm), medium-wave UVB (280-315 nm) Common reflectors mainly include silica particles,
and short-wave UVC (200-280 nm).2 The effect nano metal organic framework, graphene oxide,
of ultraviolet radiation on human skin depends zinc oxide nanoparticles etc.4-7 Common
not only on the type of ultraviolet light, but also ultraviolet absorbers include benzotriazole,
on the skin color. UVC can basically be benzophenone, triazine, metal organic complex
completely absorbed by the outer epidermis and light conversion agent and tea extract.8-10 Such
dermal tissue. Only UVA can be transmitted UV resistant textiles have excellent UV resistance
under the dermal tissue to accelerate the aging of and water resistance, but they have high technical
the skin, while the transmittance of UVB is worse requirements and high cost, and are not suitable
than that of UVA. Therefore, the ultraviolet for natural fibers. Other methods to achieve UV
radiation protection of cotton fabrics is aimed at resistance of fabrics include coating, sol-gel
UVB and UVA. technology, printing etc. to endow textiles with

Cellulose Chem. Technol., 56 (5-6), 657-665(2022)

QI SHUAI et al.

anti-ultraviolet function during fabric BN-CQDs. BN-CQDs was grafted on the surface
finishing.11-13 The anti-ultraviolet cotton fabrics of cotton fabric. The second method was to
obtained in this way have poor water resistance oxidize the surface of cotton fabric with sodium
and the finishing will have a certain impact on the periodate (NaIO4) to make the surface of cotton
surface morphology of the cotton fabric. fabric contain aldehyde groups (-CHO).
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new type BN-CQDs were grafted on the surface of cotton
of carbon nanomaterials with a quasi-spherical fabric by a Schiff base reaction between -CHO
structure and stable fluorescent properties that are and –NH2 groups on the surface of BN-CQDs.
smaller than 10 nm in size. Compared with However, because the oxidation of cotton fabric
traditional semiconductor quantum dots and was carried out in a heterogeneous system, the
organic dyes, CQDs have high fluorescence effect of oxidation modification was not very
intensity, strong photobleaching resistance, good good, and the conditions for the acylation reaction
biocompatibility, low toxicity, good dispersibility, and the Schiff base reaction between the oxidized
strong chemical inertness, simple fabric and BN-CQDs surface groups were harsh,
functionalization, and good light stability. Their so there were not many BN-CQDs grafted onto
good physical and chemical properties have the surface of cotton fabric, and the combination
attracted more and more attention.14-15 Therefore, between cotton fabric and BN-CQDs was not firm,
they are widely used in the fields of biosensors, so the water washing durability of the fabric was
chemical sensors and cell imaging.16-18 In the too poor. The anti-ultraviolet effect of cotton
early stage, our research group prepared fabric could not be improved.
boron-nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots In this research, based on previous work, the
(BN-CQDs) by a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis surface of cotton fabric was modified with
method. The prepared BN-CQDs had good water 2,3-epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
solubility, emit blue fluorescence, and the solution (EPTC). EPTC reacted with C6-OH on
emission behavior did not depend on the cellulose in cotton fabric to generate ammonium
excitation wavelength. The particles were salt cationic cellulose ether, which made the
approximately spherical with a size of 5-10 nm, surface of cotton fabric contain quaternary
and an interplanar spacing of about 0.30 nm, ammonium cations.20 The surface modified
which was close to the graphite carbon (002) cotton fabric was put into the solution of
plane lattice. The surface of BN-CQDs contains a BN-CQDs, and the quaternary ammonium
lot of hydrophilic functional groups of hydroxyl, cations on cotton fabric reacted with the carboxyl
carboxyl and amino groups. The cotton fabric functional groups on the surface of BN-CQDs to
finished with BN-CQDs showed good UV generate quaternary ammonium salt with stable
protection performance, but poor laundering ionic bond. Then, BN-CQDs were grafted onto
durability.19 the cotton fabric. BN-CQDs on the cotton fabric
In order to enhance the binding force between improved the anti-ultraviolet ability of cotton
BN-CQDs and the cotton fabric, the cotton fabric fabric, and the stable ionic bonds between
was chemically modified to produce some BN-CQDs and the cotton fabric enhanced the
functional groups on its surface, and then water washing durability. The formation of the
BN-CQDs were fixed on the fabric by chemical stable quaternary ammonium salts was much
reaction among the functional groups of the easier than the amidation or Schiff base reaction
cotton fabric and BN-CQDs. The oxidation of between BN-CQDs and the fabric oxidized by the
cotton fabric changed the hydroxyl groups on C2, TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system and NaIO4. The
C3 and C6 of cotton fabric cellulose into carboxyl schematic diagram of cotton fabric modification
or aldehyde groups.20 Therefore, we chose two and BN-CQDs grafting is shown in Figure 1.
different oxidation systems to modify cotton
fabric. One method was to use the EXPERIMENTAL
TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO oxidation system. The Materials
TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO oxidation system could Citric acid monohydrate, ethylenediamine, borax,
partially or completely oxidize the C6 primary 2,3-epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
hydroxyl group of cellulose to carboxyl group (EPTC) and sodium hydroxide were purchased from
the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Ltd. Co. All of them
(-COOH). Then, the acylation reaction occurred
were used as received without further purification.
between –COOH groups on the surface of cotton Plain white cotton fabrics (F0) were purchased from
fabric and –NH2 groups on the surface of

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Jinqiu Textile Company (Zhejiang, China). The fabrics 0.5 mL ethylenediamine (EDA) and 0.042 g borax
had an area density of 85.6 g/m2, thickness of 0.24 mm, were firstly dissolved in 80 mL water under stirring.
warp density of 298 pieces/10 cm, and weft density of Then, the solution was transferred into a 100 mL
312 pieces/10 cm. Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave and held at 180
°C for 5 h in an oven. After the autoclave was cooled
Synthesis of BN-CQDs to room temperature naturally, the resulting yellow and
BN-CQDs were synthesized according to the transparent solution of BN-CQDs was obtained.
previously described method.19 0.42 g citric acid (CA),

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of cotton fabric modification and BN-CQDs grafting

Figure 2: Cellulose modification mechanism of cotton fabric

Figure 3: The principle of grafting BN-CQDs onto the cationized cellulose of cotton fabric

Cationization of cotton fabrics and grafting of washed with water, and vacuum dried at 60 °C for 3 h.
BN-CQDs onto cationized fabrics The cationized cotton fabric (marked F1) was obtained.
20 cm × 20 cm cotton fabric (marked F0) was put The chemical reaction mechanism of cationization of
into 100 mL of 30% NaOH solution for alkalization cotton fabrics is shown in Figure 2.
for 1 h, and washed with deionized water for several The cationized cotton fabric (F1) with quaternary
times. The cotton fabric was transferred to 100 mL of ammonium cations was put into a beaker containing
4% 2,3-epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride 100 mL of BN-CQDs aqueous solution, stirred in a
solution (EPTC), stirred in a water bath for 4 h, water bath at 40 °C for 2 h, washed with deionized

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water, and vacuum dried at 60 °C. The cotton fabric monohydrate, ethylenediamine and borax were
with grafted BN-CQDs was prepared (denoted as graphite-like nanocrystals with rich hydroxyl and
F1-CQDs). The schematic diagram of grafting amine groups on the surface. They had good
BN-CQDs onto the surface of modified cotton fabric is water solubility. The particles were
shown in Figure 3.
approximately spherical, with a size of 5-10 nm
For comparison, BN-CQDs/cotton fabric was
prepared by the spray-rolling method. 100 mL of and a crystal plane spacing of about 0.30 nm,
BN-CQDs aqueous solution was sprayed on a 20 cm × close to the graphite-carbon (002) plane lattice.
20 cm cotton fabric, then the cotton fabric was rolled BN-CQDs aqueous solution had strong
on a small pad for 3 times, and finally dried in a 60 °C absorption in the ultraviolet region and emitted
vacuum oven to obtain BN-CQDs finished cotton blue fluorescence, and the emission behavior was
fabric, denoted as F0-CQDs. independent of the excitation wavelength. Due to
such down-conversion fluorescence emission,
Characterization and testing BN-CQDs were used as ultraviolet absorber for
The surface composition of BN-CQDs, cotton cotton fabric, and when ultraviolet light was
fabric, cationized cotton fabric and grafted BN-CQDs
irradiated on BN-CQDs, BN-CQDs converted it
cotton fabric was characterized using a VERTEX70
Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (Bruker, into visible blue light.19 In this work, the carboxyl
Germany). The surface morphology of warp cotton functional groups on the surface of BN-CQDs
fabric was observed by a JSM-IT300 electron were used to react with the modified surface of
microscope (SEM, JEOL, Japan). cotton fabric, and BN-CQDs were grafted onto
An HD902C (Nantong Hongda) anti-ultraviolet the surface of cotton fabric. The XPS
penetration test system was used to test the UV characterization result of BN-CQDs further
protection factor (UPF) of cotton fabric. Each sample demonstrated the existence of a large number of
was tested at 10 different positions on the front and hydrophilic groups on the surface of BN-CQDs.
back, and finally the average value was taken. The elemental composition of BN-CQDs was
The moisture permeability of cotton fabric was
characterized by XPS. As shown in Figure 4A,
tested in a computerized fabric moisture permeability
meter (YG601H, Ningbo Textile Instrument Factory), the XPS spectrum of BN-CQDs has four peaks at
at the temperature of 38 °C, relative humidity of 2%, 191.7eV, 284.6eV, 400.3eV and 530.4eV,
and the airflow of 0.5 m/s. 10 mL of water was added corresponding to the peaks of B1s, C1s, N1s and
to the moisture-permeable cup, which was covered O1s, respectively. XPS results showed that
with the test surface of the sample downward. Then, BN-CQDs were mainly composed of C (64.9%),
the moisture permeable cup was put into the test N (11%), O (22.6%) and B (1.5%). The
chamber and allowed to achieve equilibrium for half high-resolution spectrograph of C1s (Fig. 4B)
an hour, then it was weighed, and repeatedly weighed showed three peaks at 284.3, 285.7 and 287.8 eV,
after one hour (the temperature difference was ensured which were attributed to C-C/C=C, C-N and C-O,
to be lower than 3 °C when weighing outside the
confirming that carbon exists in three different
chamber). The moisture permeability was calculated
according to the following formula: environments. The N1s spectrum (Fig. 4 C)
WVT=(24x∆m)/St (1) consisted of two peaks at 399.1eV and 400.7eV,
where WVT is the moisture permeability of the sample, which existed in the form of C-N-C and N-H,
g/(m2·d); ∆m is the difference between two weighings respectively. The O1s spectrum (Fig.4 D)
of the moisture permeability cup, g; S is the consisted of two peaks at 530.8eV and 531.8,
experimental area of the sample, m2; t is the which existed in the form of C=O and
experimental time, h. C-OH/C-O-C, respectively. In Figure 4E, the B1s
According to AATCC (American Association of peaks were located at 191.5eV and 192.1eV,
Textile Chemists and Colorists) standard, the fabric respectively, indicating that boron mainly exists
was washed by the home laundering test for 5 minutes
in the form of B-O and B-C.21 The XPS analysis
each time. After washing, the sample was dried, and
then other tests were carried out. results were consistent with the FTIR analysis
results,19,21 indicating that the prepared BN-CQDs
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were graphite-like nanocrystals with rich
Structure of BN-CQDs hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups on the
In the preliminary work of our research group, surface.
the boron nitron-doped carbon quantum dots
(BN-CQDs) synthesized from citric acid

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A
O 1s

C 1s

Intensity / a. u
N 1s

B 1s

600 500 400 300 200

Binding energy / eV)

B C

N-H
C-N-C
C-C/C=C
Intensity / a. u

Intensity /( a. u)
C-N

C-O

282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 397 398 399 400 401 402 403
Binding energy /eV Binding energy /( eV)

D E

C=O
B-N/B-C
B-O
Intensity /( a. u.)

Intensity /( a. u)

C-OH/C-O-C

529 530 531 532 533 534 190 191 192 193
Binding energy /( eV) Binding energy /( eV)
Figure 4: XPS spectra of BN-CQDs (A) and spectra of C1s, N1s, B1s and O1s (B-E)

Structure of cotton fabrics with grafted absorption peaks at 1420 and 1320 cm-1 were the
BN-CQDs characteristic bands of -CH oscillating vibration
Figure 5 shows the infrared spectra of the in the cellulose structure of cotton fiber, and a
blank cotton fabric (F0), the spray-rolled strong adsorption band at 1136, 1082 and 898
BN-CQDs cotton fabric (F0-CQDs), the modified cm-1 was the result of the overlapping bands of
cationic cotton fabric (F1) and the grafted C–C, C–O, and C–O–C stretching vibrations of
BN-CQDs cotton fabric (F1-CQDs). For the cellulose, respectively.22-23 For the cationized
blank cotton fabric F0, the characteristic peak at cotton fabric (F1), the peak at 1082 cm-1
3309 cm-1 is attributed to the stretching vibration disappeared, and a new absorption peak appeared
of hydroxyl groups in the glucose units, the peaks at 1469 cm-1, which was attributed to the
at 2906 cm-1 and 1370 cm-1 were assigned to the characteristic absorption peak of the stretching
stretching vibration of –CH and -CH2 groups and vibration of C-N of trimethylquaternary
the bending vibration of -CH2 and -CH3 groups, ammonium salt (-N+(CH3)3Cl–).23,24 The results
the peak at 1645 cm-1 was assigned to the indicated that the cationized cotton fabric
stretching vibration of the absorbed moisture, the contained the characteristic functional groups of

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the target product, and the cotton fabric cellulose In order to explain the chemical bond formed
was cationized with quaternary ammonium under between BN-CQDs and the fabric for the
the designed experimental conditions. F1-CQDs sample, the infrared spectra of
Comparing the infrared spectra of the F0-CQDs and F1-CQDs fabric were recorded
spray-rolled BN-CQDs cotton fabric (F0-CQDs) after 10 washes, as shown in Figure 6. In the
and the cotton fabric F0, a stronger absorption infrared spectrum of F0-CQDs fabric, the
peak at 1570 cm-1 was attributed to the bending bending vibration peak of -C=O-N- at 1570 cm-1
vibration of -C=O-N in BN-CQDs, which proved was significantly weakened. This was because the
that BN-CQDs particles successfully adhered to CQDs particles attached to the cotton fabric were
the surface of cotton fabric. Compared with the reduced after 10 standard launderings, but the
infrared spectrum of the cationized cotton fabric absorption peak still existed for F1-CQDs fabric,
F1, F1-CQDs also showed a new absorption peak indicating that there were still some BN-CQDs
at 1570 cm-1, which was caused by amide bonds particles attached to the cotton fabric after
formation between quaternary ammonium cations multiple washes. The intensity of the absorption
on the cotton fabric with carboxyl groups on the peak of F1-CQDs fabric at 1570 cm-1 hardly
surface of BN-CQDs. The results showed that the changed, indicating that BN-CQDs was grafted to
cellulose of cationized cotton fabric had a the cationized fabric in the form of chemical
chemical reaction with the surface of BN-CQDs bonding, and the laundering had little effect on
to form stable ion bonded quaternary ammonium BN-CQDs grafted to the cationized cotton fabric.
salt.

F1-CQDs A

F1 B
Intensity /a.u
Intensity /a.u

F0-CQDs

F0 A: F1-CQDs after 10 washings

1645 B: F0-CQDs after 10 washings
1570
2906 1570
3309
1469 1082

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Wavenumber /cm
-1
Wavenumber /cm
-1

Figure 5: Infrared spectra of different cotton fabrics Figure 6: IR spectra of different cotton fabrics after
washings

UV resistance and laundering durability of was because the cotton fabric absorbed more
cotton fabrics BN-CQDs particles, and it had excellent UV
UPF levels were divided according to the resistance. However, after the same number of
Australian AS/NZS 4399 clothing sunscreen standard launderings, the UPF of F0-CQDs
standard,25 and the UV protection ability of cotton fabric decreased significantly. After 10
finished cotton fabric was evaluated. The ratings launderings, the UPF value dropped to 56.3,
were as follows: providing good protection (UPF: which was 34.01% of the initial value. This was
15-24), very good protection (UPF: 25-39) and mainly because the BN-CQDs in F0-CQDs fabric
excellent protection (UPF>40). The UPF value of were mainly attached to the fabric surface or fiber
cotton fabric (F0) in this work was 31.2, which gaps by physical adsorption. Washing easily
rates it a very good UV resistant fabric. made the BN-CQDs fall off, so the UPF value
The initial UPF of BN-CQDs finished cotton decreased significantly, and the washing
fabric (F0-CQDs) and the grafted BN-CQDs resistance of F0-CQDs cotton fabric was poor.
cotton fabric (F1-CQDs) and the UPF after The UPF value of the cotton fabric grafted with
washes are listed in Table 1. Thus, it can be noted BN-CQDs (F1-CQDs) was as high as 81.4,
that the UPF of F0-CQDs was up to 165.5. This achieving excellent UV protection performance.

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After washing one time, the UPF decreased, fabric under the 365 nm UV lamp (Fig. 7), the
which may be explained by the fact that the untreated cotton fabric (F0) was grey and white
attached BN-CQDs particles that did not under the UV lamp, while the cationized cotton
participate in the grafting reaction were removed fabric (F1) was white. Because BN-CQDs
by washing. However, with further washing absorbed ultraviolet light and emitted blue
F1-CQDs cotton fabric, its UPF value tended to fluorescence, the BN-CQDs finished cotton fabric
be stable. After washing for 10 times, the UPF (F0-CQDs) and the BN-CQDs grafted cotton
value was 75.3, which was 92.51% of the initial fabric (F1-CQDs) emitted bright blue light under
value. Overall, the UPF of F1-CQDs fabric the UV lamp. After 10 washings, F1-CQDs fabric
decreased little, and the washing resistance was still maintained the bright blue light under the UV
superior. For F1-CQDs fabric, the quaternary lamp. It showed that BN-CQDs were successfully
ammonium cation on the fabric surface reacted grafted onto cotton fabric cellulose, which
with the carboxyl (-COOH) on the surface of enhanced the durability of its UV resistance.
BN-CQDs to form a stable quaternary While F0-CQDs fabric under the UV lamp
ammonium salt ion bond. The formation of emitted blue light, it could be concluded that
chemical bonds made the BN-CQDs particles most of the BN-CQDs on the fabric had fallen off
remain stable on the surface of the fabric, thus during washings, the laundering durability of
improving more effectively the UV resistance and F0-CQDs fabric was poor and its UV resistance
laundering durability of cotton fabric. reduced.
As can be seen from the photos of cotton

Table 1
UPF of cotton fabrics before and after washing

UPF
Samples
Initial sample 1 washing 5 washings 10 washings
F0 31.2 31.2 30.8 30.7
F0-CQDs 165.5 116.5 85.3 56.3
F1-CQDs 81.4 75.6 75.2 75.3

Figure 7: Pictures of different cotton fabrics under 365 nm UV lamp

Surface morphology of cotton fabrics fabric (F0-CQDs) finished by BN-CQDs coating

Figure 8 shows SEM images of different had a rough surface, but due to the small particle
cotton fabrics. It can be seen that the untreated size of BN-CQDs, the particles are not obviously
cotton fabric (F0) fiber had a smooth surface. The seen. The surface of cotton fabric (F1-CQDs)
fiber surface of the cationized cotton fabric (F1) grafted with BN-CQDs was also rough, and a
became rough, with loose fibers. The cotton large number of nanoparticles were attached to

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the fiber. After 10 washings, the surface of nanoparticles were still attached to the fiber of
F0-CQDs has little change, and a large number of F1-CQDs cotton fabric.

Figure 8: SEM images of different cotton fabrics

Table 2
Moisture permeability of cotton fabrics

Moisture transmission (g/m2·d)

Samples
Initial sample 10 washings
F0 2863.94 2979.95
F0-CQDs 2728.69 2836.38
F1-CQDs 2749.15 2841.49

Moisture permeability of cotton fabrics large number of BN-CQDs, the initial moisture
The moisture permeability of different cotton permeability of F0-CQDs cotton fabric was
fabrics is listed in Table 2. The moisture 2728.69 g/m2·d, which was much lower than that
permeability of the raw cotton fabric before and of the raw cotton fabric. After 10 washings, due
after 10 washings reached 2863.94 and 2979.95 to BN-CQDs adsorbed on the fabric surface
g/m2·d, respectively. Due to the absorption of a falling off during the washing process, the

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7
moisture permeability increased to 2836.38 T. Shaheen, M. E. El-Naggar, A. M. Abdelgaward
g/m2·d, which is 3.94% higher than the initial and A. Hebeish, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 83, 426
value. The initial moisture permeability of (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.003
8
F1-CQDs cotton fabric was 2749.15 g/m2·d. After Y. Shen, L. L. Zhen, D. Huang and J. Xue,
Cellulose, 21, 3745 (2014),
10 times of washing, BN-CQDs absorbed on the
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0367-3
surface fell off, but the BN-CQDs grafted on the 9
H. E. Emam and R. M. Abdelhameed, ACS Appl.
fabric still existed, the moisture permeability of Mater. Interfaces, 9, 28034 (2017),
F1-CQDs cotton fabric increased to 2841.49 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07357
g/m2·d. Compared with the initial value, it 10
M. A. Bonet-Aracil, P. Díaz-García, E. Bou-Belda,
increases by 3.36%. Compared with raw cotton N. Sebastiá, A. Montoro et al., Dyes Pigments, 134,
fabric F0, the moisture permeability of F0-CQDs 448 (2016),
cotton fabric and F1-CQDs cotton fabric https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.07.045
11
decreased, but the decrease amplitude was small, V. H. Tran Thi and B. K. Lee, J. Photochem.
which did not affect the wearable performance of Photobiol. A: Chem., 338, 13 (2017),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.01.020
the fabric. 12
K. Dorota, B. Stefan and K. Irena, Text. Res. J., 88,
946 (2018),
CONCLUSION https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517517693979
The cotton fabric was modified with epoxy 13
O. A. Hakeim, F. Abdelghaffar and A. A. Haroun,
propyl trimethylammonium chloride to make the Prog. Org. Coat., 136, 105295 (2019),
cotton fabric cellulose contain quaternary https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.105295
14
ammonium cations. The quaternary ammonium S. Y. Lim, W. Shen and Z. Gao, Chem. Soc. Rev.,
cation reacted with -COOH on the surface of 44, 362 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00269E
15
BN-CQDs, and BN-CQDs were grafted onto the S. Tao, S. Zhu, T. Feng, C. Xia, Y. Song et al.,
cotton fabric to obtain BN-CQDs grafted cotton Mater. Today, 6, 13 (2017),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2017.09.001
fabric. The BN-CQDs grafted cotton fabric 16
X. Meshik, S. Farid, C. Min, Y. Lan and M. A.
showed excellent UV resistance and washing Stroscio, Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 43, 277 (2015),
resistance. The UPF value was as high as 81.4, https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.20160164
and it remained 75.3 even after washing 10 cycles. 48
17
The moisture permeability of the fabric was D. D. Zhang, W. Z. Jiang, Y. P. Zhao, Y. Dong and
2841.49 g/m2·d. L. Chen, Appl. Surf. Sci., 494, 535 (2019),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.141
18
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This study was kindly K. K. Chan, S. H. K. Yap and K. T. Yong,
supported by Natural Science Foundation of Nano-Micro Lett., 10, 268 (2018),
Hubei Province (2020CFB799) and Innovation https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0223-3
19
D. Y. Zuo, N. Liang, J. Xu, D. Z. Chen and H. W.
training program for college students in Hubei
Zhang, Cellulose, 26, 4205 (2019),
Province (s202010495004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02365-5
20
F. Rol, M. N. Belgacem, A. Gandini and J. Bras,
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