SECTION B

Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 113

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SMART METER TECHNOLOGIES AND
THEIR IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN PAKISTAN
Zahoor Hussain1, Shahzad Memon1, Shehnila Zardari2,
Raza Hussain Shah1, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto1
1
IICT, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
2
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University, Karachi, Sindh
Corresponding author E-mail: zahoorshah@scholars.usindh.edu.pk
ABSTRACT: The world economy losses more than 89 billion dollar per year due to electricity theft, irregularities in billing and
physical destruction of traditional electricity meters. Therefore, many countries adopted the SM (Smart Meters) to decrease their
losses. SM are the next generation of traditional metering system. These are not only used for automatic meter reading but their
features make them very useful for monitoring, theft prevention, and energy management. The features of SM provide the
automated services and develop an interaction between ESP (Electrical Service Providers) and consumers. However, it is not an
easy task to replace the existing traditional metering system because of their implementation challenges such as infrastructure
cost issues, installation complexities, acceptance, universal interface, network coverage problems, security, privacy, health and
availability of SG (Smart Grid) station issues occur during the implementation SM and SG stations. In Pakistan, the government
initiated a project last year to install the SM in multiple phases with the collaboration of USAID. However, the government has
been facing many barriers and challenges at early stages of the project. We review and discuss smart metering technology and its
implementation challenges in Pakistan in this paper.

KEYWORDS: Traditional meters, Smart meters, smart meter and Smart Grid, SM architecture,

1. INTRODUCTION researchers proposed different smart metering technology

Electrical power is basic necessity for the development of a based on GPRS and GSM transmissions mediums[4][5].GPRS
country. The industrial survival and social structure of the based SM only focused or to sending the meter reading to ESP.
country depends on the uninterrupted ESP (Electricity Service GSM based SM are used to transmitting the meter reading
Providers) [1].The electrical energy is superior to the other ,generation of electricity bills and manage the collected data
forms of available energies because, it can generate from globally. An Indian researcher[6] proposed prepaid energy,
various sources such as water, gas, coal, and nuclear reactor. In which need a valid scratch card for activation of electrical
addition, it can be easily converted from natural sources such power. By implantation of these smart meters ESP will be able
as solar , wind and sea weaves [1]. Electrical power is to monitor and control energy consumption at consumer
commodity like other products which is generated or produced premises effectively. The ESP continuously monitors the units
by different private or government organizations. In Pakistan, being consumed and disconnects power remotely when the
the electricity losses are about 89.89 billion rupees due to prepaid scratch card is excused[6]. For thereactivation of the
inappropriate power management and theft. Recently, electricity, consumers again insert the scratch card into a
government has come to a reasonable solution and introduced SM[7]. Another SM method was proposed for automatic bill
smart energy meters with AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) collection, read the consumption unit and transmit to ESP on
facility in some main cities at domestic level to reduce the reception of specific message from the company [8]. A
electricity theft cases [2]. However, majority of of conventional prototype SM module based on GSM technology was
metering system are still active in country. Smart metering is developed by experts for energy monitoring and control. This
the next generation of existing metering and it used to send prototype module acquire the energy consumption pattern from
automatic meter reading to ESP and send updates about the consumer premise and send it to ESP using SMS(short
electricity consumption to its consumers. These smart message service) and GPRS technology. At the electricity
electricity meters will be used for theft identification and supply side a server manages all received meter reading,
monitoring the real time electricity consumption. However; the generate bills, monitor the electricity consumption pattern,
installed SM do not have any feature of interactive update database and then maintain every individual consumer
communication between ESP and consumers. In addition, they profile[9]. The rest of the paper is structured as a comparison
do not provide automatic load management to reduce illegal between traditional and smart metering system is presented in
usage of power without permission, better understanding of Section II and section III demonstrated the various categories
energy demand patterns, manage meter failures, prevent power of SM adopted in developed and developing countries. Need of
theft and maintain the transparency in billing system. Many smart meter in Pakistan has been discussed in section IV and
researchers have been working on energy saving and barriers and challenges with the implementation of SM in
monitoring with the implementation of automatic metering. Pakistan is presented in section V. Finally a conclusion is
Different types of intelligent metering systems were introduced drawn in section VI.
in last decade which remotely performs tasks such as energy 2. METERING TECHNOLOGIES
saving, controlling and monitoring. Currently, numerous Metering technologies are divided into two main categories,
intelligent metering systems has been deployed in various traditional metering system and smart metering system.
developed and developing countries such as in the UK, India,
Ghana, U.S.A, China, Italy and the Netherland [3].Number of
July-August
 SECTION B

114 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016

2.1 Traditional Metering System
Traditional meters are based on electromechanical system
Reading is obtained by manual observation of the meter
therefore to get meter reading we needs additional resources
and human employment. The ESP appointed meter readers
visit every home for reading and collecting energy
consumption data for bill generation. This is a time consuming
and tedious job for meter readers. In addition, it is more tough
and cumbersome in rainy days and restricted areas of
country.Figure. 1 shows that the electricity meter reader
receiving electromechanical and digital meter reading
manually on a paper and through infrared sensors. It causes
human errors, commit the malpractices and manipulate Figure 2. Electromechnical & Digital Meter system
consumer usage data and generate inaccurate bills Single phase Table 1 present the comparison of various metering technologies
electromechanical and digital meters are shown in Figure. 2 using different wireless technologies used for data transmission.
Table 1. A comparison between various metering technologies
These meters only shows and store the consumption of
electricity units. In these meters, there is no any antitheft
solution, AMR (transmit meter reading automatically) and no
load management features have been proposed yet[10].
However in Pakistan recently andriod base smart metering
technology has been introduced by the government of Pakistan
but still it faces a lot difficulties for implementation and
installation these smart systems. only 29000 smart meters have
been installed in various vicnities of Pakistan. Therefore the
ESP companies have started to install the smart electricity
meters for theft identification and monitor the real time
electricity consumption.

involving real time information transmission from the remote

Figure 1. Traditional meter reading system premises and performs a role of energy monitor and theft
detector. Whenever intruder will try to tampering, SM sends
2.2Smart Metering System
alerts to ESP and some SM trip the electricity automatically. In
SM (Smart meter) is the next generation of metering
SMSG (smart meter and smart grid), smart meters are the
technology, these SM are used to automatic meter reading, real
basiccomponents of SG (smart grid) architecture. They
time energy monitoring, send unit consumption information
continuously capture the consumer unit consumption for load
with the ―time of interval‖ to ESP and also send different alerts
forecasting[11], which makes grid station capable to manage
to consumers. SM enables two way communications the electrical power load.
between consumers and ESP. Some kind of SM sends the
information on daily, quarterly and monthly bases. SM is
commonly

July-August
 SECTION B

Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 115

Table 2. Technological Features of SM

Countries that have Manufacturer Smart meter Communication Technical features Warnin Need smart grid
implemented smart modules features g system station
meters

U.S.A Itron, Inc. CENTRON 4G 4G LTE ,  High-speed Yes Yes

(NASDAQ: ITRI) LTE SM IP,ZigBee  Wide coverage
[12]  Support smart gird
 Low latency
U.S.A General Electric SGM1100, ZigBee, PLC  Different- No Yes
(GE)[13] SGM1000, SM modem measurements
series  Water, gas,
electricity
 Good security
system
 Scalability
 Remote
configuration
China Hangzhou Pax WS310-GPRS DTSD5 GPRS  Remote reading and Yes No
Electronic smart energy configuration
Technology Co., meter  High power
Ltd[14]  Advanced
Automatic Meter
Reading (AMR)
applications
 Cost-effective
solution
Switzerland Liechtensteinische E450 advanced PLC  Accurate monthly No Yes
Kraftwerke and quarterly
(LKW)[15] residential Communication, billing system
meter  Monitoring
VPN
Consumption by
online portal
 Remotely configure
the meter
Germany Elster Group[16] EK280 GSM / GPRS  Temperature sensor Yes No
modem  Remote data transfer
 Gas measurement
 Separate interface
French Schneider Electric (AMI)Advance SCADA  Power consumption Yes Yes
Corporate[17] Metering (supervisory information
Infrastructure control and data  Smartphone, or
acquisition), tablet PC
 Seamless integration
Operations of multiple
Technology (OT),
 Remote appliance
Information control program
Technology (IT)

The single installed systems from both SMSG will not be able real time billing and report generation. In addition, power
to work accordingly, all the capabilities of the smart system are companies also send various requests and updates to smart
dependent on availability of both SM. These SM allow meter from thier central data base server. But GSM based SMs
consumers to monitor and control the power appliances do not have any on demand load management services. These
according to their need and comfort, however, some experts SMs have just prepayment facilities for its customers,
are working on these systems for additional improvement. sometime the consumers have no money to pay in advance, so
GSM based prepaid SMs have capabilities of reading, storing the proposed approaches do not provide any alternate solution
and transmitting electricity consumption units periodically for
July-August
 SECTION B

116 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016

for their customers. Technical features of various SMs are provides pre-paid SM and credit card to its customers instead
summarized in Table 2. of monthly payments. According to the U.S.A energy
3. COUNTRIES ADOPTED SMART METERING information administration 89% smart meters have been
SYSTEMS installed in the residential area of the country. SM with AMI
In 2012, a group of experts in the USA proposed a system and infrastructure record the electricity usage with minimum time
method for controlling and monitoring an individual customer of intervals[21]. Developed countries such as China, Italy,
energy profile including the energy usage pattern. In this Netherlands, the UK and the U.S.A replaced traditional
system every device with in home has an active load indicator electricity meters with SM and smart grid. However, the
which shows the energy consumption and it may be used for developing countries such as Pakistan, India and Ghana have
control events [18].These control events are often set by started to install the AMI infrastructure for automatic meter
consumers according to their priorities and control events reading purposes without major support of smart grid(Table 3
associated with their surrounding data such as nearest service comprises smart meter technologies in various countries).
point. Environmental data is used to create consumers Different Automatic Meter Infrastructure with combination of
electricity consumption profile for every individual service SMSG station have been installed at consumer premises for
point. This can be used by ESP to identify the services points power saving and scheduling of available energy in system.
which consume more energy[18]. Furthermore, an intelligent These systems are able to identify the peak demand time and
load algorithm determines how to prevent those points which real time pricing of electricity unit. When there is peak demand
consume more electricity as compared to others. By using this time, the smart meters automatically switch off the appliances
system and method the ESP identify consumer’s electricity which consume high power. According to Japanese TEPCO
usage patterns and preferences.However, this system proposed (Tokyo Electric Power Company) installed 100,000 smart
addition of an active load indicator with each appliance to meters in various cities of Japan and in future planned to install
monitor load. This additional load indicator increases the cost 27 million SMs by 2020 at domestic level.In Italy, government
of system. Developed countries may able to afford cost of this made effective legislation to rollout of more SM at residential
system but proposed system is not suitable for developing customers, Ericsson company developed AMI
countries.The UK government adopted policy to efficiently Table 3. Smart meter technologies implemented in various
manage electrical energy. In which, a SM will be implemented countries
in every home by 2020[19]. In this program, 26 million homes infrastructure and gave technical assistance to install SMs
will be equipped with SM which will send real time
information of electricity and gas consumption directly to
companies. According to the Department for Energy and
Climate Change (DECC), it will be one of the biggest smart
metering project in Europe. it claimeds that after the
implantation of this project the ESP of UK will save £2.5
billion £3.6 billion over the next 20 years[19]. In addition, with
thisproject the ESP will decrease their running cost and time
consumed in dealing with bills assessment. However, the
numbers of consumers resist that house owners should not bear
the heavyweight costs for new SM. Furthermore, in this
project, it easier for householders to sell power they generate
through micro generation for instance wind and solar and sold
to ESP [19]. Figure. 3 shows the smart technologies
implemented in various countries.
[30]. The data center for smart metering is already fully
functional and one million SM have been installed in overall
country. Furthermore, 1.6 million SMs should have been be
installed by the end of 2009[30]. Other countries in Europe
such as Netherlands planned to install 3 million smart meters
before 2021[31]. According to 2014-2018 market research
report of China Smart Metering Industry [32].The advancing
SG manufacture in China urged the continuous growth of
smart meter demand.According to [32] 370 million SMs
installed at domestic level by the end of 2013 and it will go up
to 500 million in 2015[32].
Figure 3. Smart meters in different countries
4. NEED OF SMART METERS IN PAKISTAN
In Ghana,[20]the Ghanaian Electrometer (GEM) company Pakistan is a country where all natural resources are
started to install the prepaid SM in a country. The company available for the electricity generation but unfortunately
July-August
 SECTION B

Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 117

country is in severe energy crisis. The government of Pakistan electricity meters are installed. SM systems also send various
losses at least 89.89 Billion rupees (See Figure. 4.) due to theft alerts to ESP when any tampering event is occurred and
cases which is huge amount. To reduce the losses Government automatically trip the electricity. In Pakistan, USAID have
of Pakistan has decided to minimize the electricity theft.The intended to install more AMR meters in five different power
government introduced smart energy meters with AMR facility distribution companies. The 29,000 old electricity meters has
at domestic level in some cities. The Pakistan’s economy replaced by different DISCOs (Power Distribution
losses nearly 89.89 billion rupees annually due to electricity Companies)[33].Theimplementation of SM will ensure the
theft report by the different electricity power distribution accurate billing and it is expected that it will reduce the illegal
companies in a country. Such as FESCO (Faisalabad Electric usage of electricity while decreasing commercial losses of
Supply company)losses about Rs 0.6 billion, GEPCO power distributio companies. Table 4 shows total number of
(Gujranwala Electric Power company) losses Rs 0.36 billion, installed smart meters at various power distribution companies
LESCO (Lahore Electric Supply Company) losses Rs 2.35 in Pakistan[34].
billion, MEPCO( Multan Electric Power Company ) losses Rs Table 4.Total smart meter in Pakistan
0.28 billion, IESCO(Islamabad Electric Supply company)
losses Rs3.66,SEPCO( Sukkur Electric Power Company) Rs
7.47 ,HESCO(Hyderabad Electric Supply Company) losses
Rs 16.17 billion, PEPCO(Pakistan Electric power Company)
and KESCO(Karachi Electric Supply Cooperation) losses
about Rs 45 billion.

The basic AMI infrastructure is illustrated in Figure 5.

 Central system in power company, will remotely
monitor and control the smart metering system and acquire the
meter reading
 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
modem, will be used for sending and receiving commands
 GSM will provide the whole communication between
SM and ESP.
Figure 4. Annual power theft ratio at different power distribution
 Remote metering system will send the meter reading
companies in Pakistan automatically to power companies from the consumers
4.1 Theft Prevention premises with the assistance of GSM network
The different electric power distribution companies in Pakistan  User mobile phone will be used for receiving various
use electromechanical and digital energy meters to acquire the alerts
meter reading at the end of month and do not provide any
antitheft mechanism for electricity. The electric meters are
installed at the consumer premises and any one can tamperm
meter readings or bypass the meter connection. Recently, smart
metering system has been introduced in various cities of
Pakistan as an anti-theft solution with support of USAID
project.
4.2 Power Management
The existing traditional metering system does not have any
mechanisms for power load managements and controlling
illegal usage of energy. On the other side, ESP is also unable to
monitor real time data transmission, energy usage patterns and
tampering events. At that occasion SM with AMI is only
solution for power managements. SM also support multiple
techniques for energy saving and controlling theft events.
4.3 Automatic Meter Reading
Another main feature of AMI SM is sending energy Figure 5.Basic AMI infrastructure
consumption units automatically to ESP through wireless and
wired technologies. In addition ESP do not needs the services
of meter readers to visit the consumer premises where

July-August
 SECTION B

118 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016

The adaptation of new technology in home premises is another
issue for electric power distribution companies. Without
consumer acceptance and awareness about the new technology,
the ESP will not be able to install the SM technology.It will be
focused on the consumer awareness, satisfaction, acceptance
and participation level about SM technology.
5.4 Universal Interface
In other countries where already smart metering technologies
have been installed faced the universal interfacing issues. SM
is based on different technologies such as GSM, GPRS, SMS,
3G, Bluetooth, ZigBee, IP, WI-FI and PLC.
5.5 Network Coverage
Smart metering technologies have two way communication
mechanisms between remote side and power supply
companies. Hence these smart systems need wide area
coverage networks unlike the small range networks.
5.6 Smart Meter Security
SM technology used advance AMI with wireless technologies
Figure 6.Different home environment with smart meters for the real time data transmission. Secure communication
between remote SM and power companies will the be essential
5. SMART METERS IMPLEMENTATION challenge[36]. Once the attacker can duplicate a meter, they
CHALLENGES IN PAKISTAN have potential threats to smart system software and hardware.
With the advance development in DCITN (Data There are many types of threats that can be used for stealing
Communication and Information Technology Networks), the and manipulating SM data such as replace actual meter with
power industry needs to install the intelligent system to fake, recalibrate meters speed access, observe and hack
monitor and control the power from generation side to transmission medium, steal the software and physically break
consumer side. The power industry has installed SMs since last the meter for code modification[37].
year to improve the quality control and manage of electricity. 5.7 Privacy Issues
and Power Companies will face many challenges for installtion The privacy issues are more essential aspect to the future
of SMs such as infrastructure cost issues, Installation deployment of SM technology[38].SM is used to acquire the
complexities , acceptance issues, universal interface , network real time data information and send it to power companies.
coverage problems, security issues, privacy issues, health When any third party accessesthe consumer’s information
issues and availability of SG station[35]. The figure 6. without any agreement then it can easily access and analyze
distinguishes the different environments used in various smart consumers private household appliance information. Many
metering technologies which have different interface for people do not like to share their private information to others.
acquiring the real time data from the remote site. Some homes Therefore the ESP will ensure to provide trust level security to
are using the GSM based SM and some are based on GPRS its consumers privacy[38].
and IP networks. AMR SMSs (Automatic Meter Reading, 5.8 Health Issues
Short Message Service) communication, Web and Print servers SM with AMI infrastructure use radio frequency to send the
are used at various levels for different purposes. real time electricity data from home premises to the ESP. They
5.1 Infrastructure Cost Issues are operated in 900MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands and
In Pakistan, the poor infrastructure of electricity causes the due to millions of SMs huge amount of microwave radiation
technical and non-technical power losses which directly impact emissions may have direct effect on the health of peoples.
economy of the country. To mitigate the power losses and theft According to the World Health Organization’s International
issues, it is essential to replace and update the poor Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) these microwave
infrastructure of power sector but it is a big and costly issues radiation have adverse effects on health such as brain tumours,
for the government. Recently the Government of Pakistan cancer ,heart problems, and neurological diseases[39,40,41].
introduced SMs as antitheft solution, However; proposed SMs
do not have good communication infrastructure to interact and 6. CONCLUSION
energy consumptionreport to ESP on regular bases. According The infrastructure of electricity in Pakistan is traditional and
to the ESC. timeworn due to outdated electricity network equipment and
5.2 Installation Complexities transmission lines Furthermore the Pakistan economy losses is
The new communication network and its installation is another $89.89 billion dollar per year due to theft and unmanaged
challenge in Pakistan .It will need more and serious efforts for electricity infrastructure. However, in recent years the
the deployments of latest technology, SG stations, technical Government of Pakistan took some concert actions to minimize
personel and trained staff. electricity theft and overcome the line losses which were based
5.3 Acceptance Issues on manual approaches. The Government decided to install
android base smart meters and GSM based smart meters in
July-August
 SECTION B

Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 119

various localities of Pakistan.Governament of pakistan amied [10] Anas, M., NadeemJavaid, AnzarMahmood, S. M. Raza,
to provide an anti-theft solution mechanism and manage the Umar Qasim, and Zahoor Ali Khan. "Minimizing
electricity at consumers level. once needed infrastructure is electricity theft using smart meters in ami." In P2P,
deployed. Recently smart metering technology was introduced Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing (3PGCIC),
and 29000 smart meters were installed in various cities of 2012 Seventh International Conference on, pp: 176-182.
Pakistan. But still the government owned power distribution IEEE, (2012).
companies will face more obstacles for the implementation and [11] Vaughan, Adam. "Smart energy meters in every UK
installation of these system such as need considerable budget home by 2020." The Guardian, 11th May (2009).
for the improve and update existing poor electricity [12] Meyer, Peter R., Garry M. Loy, David F. Dunn, Rodney
infrastructure, replacement of transmission lines and gird C. Hemminger, and Charles Cunningham Jr. "Wireless
stations to minimize the electricity losses. This review paper area network communications module for utility meters."
indicates some serious problems during the installation of U.S. Patent 6,778,099, issued August 17, (2004).
smart meters in various vicinities throughout the country. [13] Zheng, Jixuan, David WenzhongGao, and Li Lin. "Smart
However to overcome the non- technical losses of electricity meters in smart grid: An overview." In
and to overcome the strange shortfall ,installation and GreenTechnologies Conference, 2013 IEEE, pp: 57-64.
maintenances of smart meters would be reason able solution IEEE, (2013).
for government and as well as citizens. These smart meters [14] Residential Metering Prepayment Systems/Grid /energy
have real time data transmission mechanisms for electricity meter
suppliers and also real time billing for consumers. http://www.paxhz.com/products.asp?ps_id=41
[15] Landis+Gyr brings G3 PLC Smart Metering to Austria -
7. REFERENCES Landis+Gyr
[1] Kelly Jr, Jack R., and Glen P. Robinson Jr. "Electrical http://www.landisgyr.eu/landisgyr-brings-g3-plc-smart-
load management system." U.S. Patent 4,190,800, metering-austria-2/
issued February 26, (1980). [16] Elster smart energy metering
[2] Aslam, Waleed, et al. "Smart meters for industrial energy systemhttp://www.elstermetering.com/en/index
conservation and efficiency optimization in Pakistan: [17] Power & Energy Monitoring
Scope, technology and applications." Renewable and Systemhttp://www.schneider-electric.com
Sustainable Energy Reviews44, pp: 933-943, (2015). [18] Forbes Jr, Joseph W., and Joel L. Webb. "System and
[3] Li, Shuhui, Ming Sun, and Dong Zhang. "Systems and method for determining and utilizing customer energy
methods for modeling energy consumption and creating profiles for load control for individual structures,
demand response strategies using learning-based devices, and aggregation of same." U.S. Patent
approaches." U.S. Patent Application 14/632,009, filed 8,131,403, issued March 6, 2012.‖ 06-Mar, (2012).
February 26, (2015). [19] Martiskainen, Mari, and Josie Coburn. "The role of
[4] K. C. Karthika And P. Swaminathan, ―Design Of Fault information and communication technologies (ICTs) in
Tolerant Automated Energy Metering System Using household energy consumption—prospects for the UK."
GSM/GPRS Modems,‖ Indian Journal Of Science And Energy Efficiency, 4, no. 2 pp: 209-221 (2011)
Technology, 8, No. S9. Pp: 484–488, (2015). [20] Azasoo, J. Q., and K. O. Boateng. "Smart metering: A
[5] Deepakumar, R., and S. Latha. "A Shipshape Prepaid GSM approach in Ghana." In 2012 IEEE 4th
Energy Metering Organism‖. International Journal of International Conference on Adaptive Science &
Engineering Trends and Applications(IJETA), 2 Issue 2, Technology (ICAST), pp. 158-163: IEEE, (2012).
(2015) [21] Joskow, Paul L. "Creating a smarter US electricity grid."
[6] Yadav, B. Radhika, and J. V. Sharma. "Smart Energy The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26, no. 1 pp: 29-
Meter Based, Prepaid Electricity Distribution System‖. 47 (2012).
International Journal of Engineering Development and [22] Davies, Ron.Hydro―one's smart meter initiative paves
Research (IJEDR), 3, Issue 2, (2015). way for defining the smart grid of the future." In 2009
[7] M. Choudhary, M. Patil, M. Chaudhari, and M. Rajput, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1-
―Prepaid Metering System, “international Journal of 2. IEEE, (2009).
Advanced Research in Computer and Communication [23] Tasdighi, Mohammad, Hassan Ghasemi, and
Engineering,4, Issue 3,(2015) AshkanRahimi-Kian. ―Residential microgrid scheduling
[8] Lavoie, Gregory Paul, Curtis Whitmore Crittenden, Didier based on smart meters data and temperature dependent
Gilbert Rouaud, Guy P. Lafond, and Jason I. Subirana. thermal load modeling." IEEE Transactions on Smart
"Utility meter emulation mode system and method." Grid, 5, no. 1 pp: 349-357 (2014).
U.S. Patent Application 14/139,157, (2013). [24] Cook, Diane J., and Sajal K. Das. "How smart are our
[9] Landi, C., Merola, P., &Ianniello, G.‖ ARM-based energy environments? An updated look at the state of the art."
management system using smart meter and Web server. Pervasive and mobile computing”3, no. 2 pp: 53-
―In Instrumentation and Measurement Technology 73(2007).
Conference (I2MTC), IEEE‖, pp: 1-5. IEEE, (2011) [25] AlAbdulkarim, Layla O., and ZofiaLukszo.‖Smart
metering for the future energy systems in the
July-August
 SECTION B

120 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(4),113-120,2016

Netherlands." In Critical Infrastructures, 2009. CRIS [35] Shahinzadeh, Hossein, and Ayla Hasanalizadeh-
2009. Fourth International Conference on”, pp: 1-7. Khosroshahi. "Implementation of Smart Metering
IEEE, (2009). Systems: Challenges and Solutions." TELKOMNIKA
[26] Van Gerwen, Rob, SaskiaJaarsma, and Rob Wilhite. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering. 12, no. 7
―Smart metering." Leonardo-energy. Org9 (2006). pp: 5104-5109. (2014)
[27] Morrow, Doug, MadereOlivar, and Hendrik Garz. "10 [36] Bennett, Coalton, and Steven B. Wicker. Decreased time
for 2016." (2016). delay and security enhancement recommendations for
[28] Sinha, Arup, S. Neogi, R. N. Lahiri, S. Chowdhury, S. P. AMI smart meter networks." In Innovative Smart Grid
Chowdhury, and N. Chakraborty. ―Smart grid initiative Technologies (ISGT), 2010, pp. 1-6. IEEE, (2010).
for power distribution utility in India." In 2011 IEEE [37] McDaniel, Patrick, and Stephen McLaughlin. ―Security
Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp: 1-8. and privacy challenges in the smart grid." IEEE Security
IEEE, (2011). and Privacy”.7, no. 3 pp: 75-77(2009).
[29] Mahmoud, Asif, Muhammad Aamir, and Muhammad [38] Hess, David J., and Jonathan S. Coley. ―Wireless smart
IrfanAnis. "Design and implementation of AMR smart meters and public acceptance: The environment, limited
grid system." In Electric Power Conference, 2008. choices, and precautionary politics." Journal Health,
EPEC 2008. IEEE Canada, pp. 1-6. IEEE, (2008). Risk & Society Health.23, no. 6 pp: 688-702 (2014).
[30] Lo, Chun-Hao, and Nirwan Ansari. "The progressive [39] Hess, David J. ―Smart meters and public acceptance:
smart grid system from both power and communications comparative analysis and governance implications."
aspects." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 14, Journal Health, Risk & Society Health16, no. 3 pp: 243-
no. 3 pp: 799-821 (2012). 258. (2014)
[31] Siderius, Hans-Paul, and Aldo Dijkstra. "Smart metering [40] Yan, Ye, Yi Qian, Hamid Sharif, and David Tipper. "A
for households: cost and benefits for the Netherlands." survey on smart grid communication infrastructures:
Proc. EEDAL, London, UK (2006). Motivations, requirements and challenges." IEEE
[32] Sun, Qiang, Jianzhong Wu, Yibin Zhang, Nick Jenkins, communications surveys & tutorials.15, no. 1 pp: 5-20
and JanakaEkanayake. "Comparison of the development (2013).
of Smart Grids in China and the United Kingdom." In [41] Hussain, Z., Memon, S., Shah, R., Bhutto, Z. A., &
2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Aljawarneh, M. ―Methods And Techniques Of
Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), pp. 1-6: IEEE, Electricity Thieving In Pakistan‖. Journal of Power and
(2010). Energy Engineering, 4(09), 1. (2016).
[33] Krishnamurti, Tamar, Daniel Schwartz, Alexander
Davis, Baruch Fischhoff, WändiBruine de Bruin, Lester
Lave, and Jack Wang. Preparing for smart grid
technologies―.A behavioral decision research approach
to understanding consumer expectations about smart
meters." Energy Policy―41 pp: 790-797 (2012).
[34] Nawaz-ul-Huda, Syed, Muhammad Azam, and
ShaziaNaz. "GIS for power distribution network: A case
study of Karachi, Pakistan." Geografia: Malaysian
Journal of Society and Space.8, no. pp: 74-821 (2012).

July-August