What is data?

- Raw, unprocessed, and objective facts

-Can be in various formats such as numbers, text, images, audio, video, or
any other digital representation.
-Crucial role in various fields, including science, business, research,
healthcare, and technology
-Can be collected, stored, processed, and analyzed
-Foundation for Knowledge and Information

Why data is important?

-Without data, it'd be difficult for organizations to make appropriate
decisions
-Can be used to measure/record a wide range of business activities - both
internal and external
-By analyzing historical and real-time data, trends and patterns can be
identified, also the prediction of future outcome
-By analyzing data, organizations can identify the root causes of issues
-Data plays a vital role in research and development

Two types of data

- 1: Quantitative
-Numerical values or measurements that can be expressed in terms of
quantity or amount
-Measurable and typically involves numerical analysis
-For example:
-The number of products sold, the number of students in a class, or the
number of defects in a production batch.
-Temperature, time, weight, or height

-Allows mathematical calculations, statistical analysis, and numerical

comparisons, providing insights into trends, patterns, and relationships.

-2: Qualitative
-Non-numerical information that describes qualities, characteristics,
or attributes
-Typically subjective(Opinion-based, Perspective-based, personal) not
like measurable fact
-collected through observations, interviews, surveys, or open-ended
questions

Example
-Visual Data: Photographs, videos, or visual representations
- If there were a group of people in a room, qualitative data is how
they feel, what they look like, what clothes they are wearing, or
the motivations of why they're here

-Open-Ended Survey Responses (explanations, opinions, and personal

insights.)
-Interview Transcripts (with individuals or groups, capturing their
responses, opinions, and narratives on a particular topic)
-Direct Quotation(To present participants' perspectives in their own
words)

Data collection method

How data is collected?
-The techniques and procedures used to gather information for research
purposes.
 -Can range from simple self-reported surveys to more complex experiments
- Involve either quantitative or qualitative approaches
-Data collection methods play a crucial role in the research process as they
determine the quality and accuracy of the data collected

1. Primary Data Collection Methods [classified into two types (Qualitative /

Quantitative)]
- Involves collecting original data firsthand for a specific research
purpose.

2. Secondary Data Collection Methods

- Use existing data collected by others other than the current research.

It's gathering information, investigating a particular topic or question, and

acquiring knowledge or understanding about a subject.

Making Purchase Decision

Researching about the university, ranks, acceptance rate, fee, program, scholarship

Learning New Skills or Hobbies (To learn dancing, play guitar)

Researching can help you explore and learn new skills or hobbies. Whether you want
to learn a musical instrument, acquire cooking techniques, or delve into a new
subject, conducting research helps you find resources, tutorials, and communities
that support your learning journey.

Deciding on a new class about programming

1. Primary >> Qualitative

Qualitative Research Method - Researching why why why !!!!

A research method refers to the specific techniques, procedures, and approaches

used to conduct research and gather data in order to answer research questions or
investigate a specific topic or phenomenon.

A research method that focuses on understanding from the perspective of the

participants involved. It aims to explore and gain insights into people's
experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and motivations by using non-numerical data such
as interviews, observations, and textual analysis

Experience, Opinion-based, Perspective-based, personal belief) not like the

measurable fact
-Collected through observations, interviews, surveys, or open-ended
questions

-Not include any mathematical calculations to collect data.

-Interview Method: Data collection is made by the verbal conversation of
interviewing people
-Personal or Face-to-Face Interview: Directly from the person interviewed by
straightforward questions or investigations.
-Computer-Assisted Interview: The interviewer and the person being
interviewed do it on a desktop or a laptop. (eliminates a lot of paperwork)
-Surveys: collect data from the target about their preferences, opinions, and
feedback related to their products and services. (maybe using an Online survey and
Survey Software)
-Questionnaire: Web-Based Questionnaire sent link/Mail-Based Questionnaire
sent mail
- Observation (suee san lae lar)
 -Online polls which are short in length and easier to get responses from
people.
-Focus Groups: Each individual provides his insights on the issue concerned.

2. Primary >> Quantitative >> Researching how many/much/often!!!!!!!

- Method that focuses on the collection and analysis of numerical data to

study and understand in a area investigation
- Express the data in figures or numbers using either traditional methods or
online data collection methods
- typically through surveys or experiments (Systematically gather numerical
data and analyzed statistically.)
- Surveys - in-person interviews, telephone interviews (Use structured
questionnaires with close-ended questions by giving predefined response options)
-Experiment (Collected by recording numerical measurements and observations,
Response times, scores on tests, and measurements,)
- Questionnaires (a questionnaire used to collect quantitative data on
customer satisfaction with a restaurant: Predetermined questions and response
option) Used in economics, and market research
responses and analyzes the data using statistical software. >> Show frequency and
percentage

==============================

Secondary Data Collection Method

-Collected by someone other than the actual user

- information is already available, and someone analyses it
-It's a collection from sources like magazines, newspapers, books, journals
-May be published data or unpublished data

Published data are available in various resources

- From Internet
-Government publications
-Public Records
-Historical and statistical documents
-Business documents
-Technical and trade journals (trade magazine or industry magazine)

Unpublished data
-Obtain from confidential sources or require permission
-Internal company reports
-Survey data within the specific organization
-Databases of specific organization that include sales data, customer
behavior data, market trends

-When working with unpublished data, it is crucial to respect confidentiality

agreements, data sharing policies and also require permission, careful
consideration regarding its access and use.

==========
Mixed Method research

- Mixed methods research allows researchers to explore the complexities of a

research question
- Collecting Numerical facts (How often/many), Perspective & Opinion
- Combining the strengths of quantitative and qualitative methods.
- Educational Research
- Health Care service
====

Primary >> Data collected by actual researcher for the first time (RAW)

Secondary >> Data collected by other researcher, existing data, from the source
(After analyzing)

group of participants (usually 6-10) to engage in a facilitated discussion on a

specific topic of interest.
interact with one another, share experiences

A trained moderator leads the group discussion, using a set of predetermined

questions or topics

opinions, and perspectives from participants

researchers to compare responses across different participants or groups

Use to identify patterns, trends, or differences that can inform research

conclusions