® oe UNuT=L TNTRODUCTION TS Fea RAMMING © ANP PROBLEM SOLVING, Ls ae of Grputen: > Cheilere Babbage CHIU -(8F) oO british ratte militian 2 sratneer, fovente sian comee ht ot prgiana ble co pabey called * oral {teal Engine”. ae chocle Bableoge ta calld x et of Corepuker". > Rekerodlic ence Galrelled Blatatoe Casce) dea: ed cHarwarel. | spk cooled perfern bose anithrvelic operdions ade kon, galtiodtten , nou Leplicatron | division « 19s9-19u2: ohn electronic. mochine akeveloped by Br -Thn tH als i wor the wootld Codkain nate nnatrcal Eqpen one ack» cleati onic digits! cormputer hays <(44S* MeN eae stele: Gael cormpuker war the Ls Eledi on¥ Lok mero porese electronic computer - L>dk war developed ts Aetve voit orns neds in gelang — \oalladtie problems. aus 19e Ls Electronic tec developed tq a qe’. alional tiene 1500 Le LeGrittes of Gmpstes oan electionic. device ushich can acho alicalyacae | and xbte mpuk oka, pruan 1 and peoduce Fe earl AE Voriclle autsrnalic computer OY of scientist, Leap compsoukput eA i ATS PEO GOSS SLCC, Pray: armed snr tons + oad ako of Sofopulsxe: Comnpuker Clots2- 8552 Gener, Fark Geouction TUred Vaccum Liber 2% Machine. leak yararain, mel & Operckin Rpeeck oF Nilltceconde . 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CON & »| Pratan Counkers oe p alas Known on Satvuction poinker thot Ktspa te adArean of the newt toatiadiinn to be_ of the re e (Prararne ages®) Totteductinn Le Prasroming lenpuagerCoh |G) 5 Gk —lenquage) ip be Tmniddle level, Rech Libr gakencill, Hrecuy ator) > peinkew , fasler, mem oy) rremogt on Lo olonguoge TAO bidard approach and sich ack & libro “Cuncliong onc cate types. EST came be evento witk tears machines sthrevetore cKwa machine Re, indent a : p? Ooo ilodion and ae Be Ne lea, ae Provicles the Rakares of pointer ce ciedly trkerack uth the money toy using the pointes, Ly We con call th fandton Feaitiin fre®! el Aloothn wrkten Gngivh then tha “called * Preucte Code’: LeAs opie hae one. (en mete input ond. eutputs L> Nopithm cou Lewrninati MH a countable no of Step re akep of an a dm rouge Baked ¢ ; Lstcach step easily convertoble iste Prayem Acterteabs Examples Waite algorthno fox ~Fnding Re oxernae of 3nok. skp te Stok the Prayer Shep 2! Read 3 number arbre Stee32 Gro puke js see are 8 He shep uz Compulz averouge> SvlB Step se Pant average valuePR] Flow chat Ong Ce Teal ® 6 [ows chat tx nating but a gra real “wveprescenkatten 9 qe P tana : L>Tk tA used Cov cheov underastan dan, concer Ls ote rake. kepting and chhugang will teame cosy. 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Click on © Run" @7), Reap “Cle Fa": Outpt: My rame eG, SC. language Eleroenkes bs Re pre cena a srindude estdioh> b> anckions —> roan) - > Vowialles —> Datatype variable’ —name; ink oa float a, > Shake mente > Switch, else, f else Pov poh, ars de, L-> Gromer —>-fox Pegqram non Sachin atakersen ear Rererved toords > voids. ‘ Exe TadnkGer none ey Vat tables. —> character Sek Lower io Upper cane Digi, kpeciol bls - +| cote c LO Primikive Peta “ft Sekt chat, Pleat jioteks a Devived Dota pes —fovr akin fe Rone. pownkers, (@) User Defined Data type = Shuddien, union Hareb enuro, xeParili, Dela typus 1? Aatthrnaltc tape Gaihe a0, Sane short Lather claaritte d ants Una. ‘ged thot ankeqee omd | ae fe ante types: Unat Void zthe cla a, Void 4G pez the cata hax soe no Valuer Co operaor Aare bong ¥ and % doeanst pr shee Hak ovide QQ vegull ae gels te call. nepal A Signed data type reane ik Deccan paaitive er@PVocignest aka ees: takes oly positive velluc @) s at tay -8 bits pa nee ‘Dertved CMa -hjpes b> The clata lypes ac clerived fern the pyrite Co) loult ty clta type ac werred +o af devied Aako type. 3- User clefined ctaketgs 9 >The. ake byper are ra ued te aacign marnep ts coke gual conttant which Yrnoke a pre cary > apead: |Vasiclle ond Cneladkse: I> congkank an uscd +o he \dthe Rud Valuer hic we con veltieve later L>A Variabl i used be be be cha aceon 45 cthe sca cysivern a nV Conic Sopk ond. og sages ond. Spek ttokemenls: oukpuk Akakerne nit@ "Oute. ured As wad & \ouk cannot change. \d worne Value tkal-can % > Dopuk and vote the Stk a Cee anton: Lotsbes Sopuk - output acheds “ e orl ) I>dk wv wad Rov aad a ging char font tom Go Ek ih used ts Maplay a Sila cer on ene | Syntaat pucchartyy, cham’ cha, Ks put chan)?[&, ks 23 . @ tog! te uced te rad o ating fom tk, Kean’ gi ‘ char n(20) 5 ges (nm); SY paks¢ 2 sch ie used to displ oO ating on Acieen. pakke ( bext bpe’ a4 Frode d Tomsk oukput furslions: Scan fy: Tk 7% used te Yead the mind ‘pe of chte: Bom the bool. Synkoas Scan C* Contiol Skiing *, og are, te oo ATG; > Pouenent sreprenene user defonred Vortables, thexe werent adden of the postteulon” ‘Variables . Seank (ty. Aydt", §a, ie 40; Pink! Te tA aecd to cov the oukpule data forthe Core pukes nen Symko: prin oY otal aking on ales ange); + | Operakoras ‘| Aaitimelic, opystewi Opexakor De ccaiption ee + adabion atb = Sublvackion ob Halkitcaksn — at diviaion alb rredule divaion oY. b- Etonncles ee astdioh? inl rain C7 t N * ink aib; art20, b=3, Prof’ the value of azrad,"a); Prikl C the value of be 7d," b);pin AAdilion erel", catty); @ Prine FC Subliackon= ZA", Co—b)); prok LO pabkipheabton 1A", Cor #b))5 Proll C OWiciod = Hel", Cab); PHOEC CC Remainders 7", Carb); ackuin 0, ss oukpals D0 32 2% It 60 6 2 al Relakonal Operators? Ss Wreee are called — Gommpasiaion opereloys (Bing opercton Opradors — De scsiplion Rapeeserdatton oo < (eee Ahan ach 7 Greakes Whan orb <= leaa than © Gute ac=b ye Greake than oi) Sualte a> if O== Equal. Neck Speak ath Sxacople: dhindude b); prick Cro leap than ov ejuak febend'sacot printf Ca greater than o Ejucck ts bend" ar=b wow - pial (oie equate betd',Ca= =b);peté (va te mst Sualts bera", cat=ey; ® | | ackimn 0: Operator? 3 Ne ave uscd tt tent “tw @v more concttisne tk vetume 4 oF © (uc ov flee. Operabey Descvt on Example $4 logical AND ageb uN hogvalor al\b iy jogical NoT La Lxorople: tt include” Fok maine ) z ih aibs C5 Qz20, b=15, C= Bo, epaolf C'the value of azy.dsa); printf C value of baud , ord", by 09; Gots Barc) paotfC" a tf big") elee 7£ (b>) pant ("e fe big’)> ele print (Crema big’),Oh ssignmok Opssobowss Sypkox: Variable wk abc; Q=oo', lp=0 —> aasign Value Cor) Expreanion. variable cz Oth > aeRgn Exprercion ar=b 4 azarth a-=b 3 a-a-b aezrb > azarb avs l > azatb al=b 3 azalb Bkusse Opetatores peteinelusle Oe 20; nth (Value of o>” pans Cale of B any puirklCNARESP ord pack (subi ocien pat"10-=b) print Cpwistse=7d%a ry) pasts (" Reminds 1-4", aeD} in 0 5 V]@ Baise cproplernenk(o! => a= Coto), ~az Cotol), = 5 ANol$): = a=(trolo), ° => b =Ci00),_ ° lolO0 F1100 aeb= lO L600 oe tooo hea agb=s | viene ace uaed +t Single BL operations, Operckor [Genes pioo ay Bikuice complement | a= (10) & Bikuice AND a 4 Bikwise o8 B Bitistse nN Bikwise KOR o =U), xe Bikiacce left Ane ren > Bhaice vighk shiftc O&be= fo sites oth? a - 2 to1o asto , b=I2 , Aib= Mio a LUO =ly ID Bivins S008 actO, bri2, ANB= (910 ttoo Oorlo=agWOR Aatee gE Cpeetout® ee Nek aL ee Carly ave ahiflecd te LeQ) | > Wyk ate ee Crk ave alle d Ge (igh) Ragunplestt Relack. 72): eet “ y 5 Gadiional Qessle: Sqnbeart Vorable = Sapte Exp 2; €ap3; Gip-\ ig Bue then Expo enced 5 «flee Chen Eap3 Saco dkmdude @k main ) + ink abc 7 Qz5 brl0, prank fU'a@s rd beva" arb)’, C=at+) + Cbtt) Pinel ("ce7.d",0) 3 Ookpuki = SHOUS Neke: ah ca C440) +C+ 4b) Co =6, ben) = 6telt “f cole -a)4(--b) = Ut4=I3 Cozy, b=) ca (a--) 4Ubtt) Cz Stl sy Co =u) b=).| Cao roples wwdude ® thinclude mainc ) t mk a, 24m c1O,y 220% Zz Faeyr y Q= aR prainkl (Sd A", 2:00) 4 Oubput= Z = Ulo)0)= 200 QO =(10)() = 20 Nokes oz = TxD ACOH 21) — HO Gz gy =(to)c21) = 210 x Tyee Goyersivoan d caeking:, b> Conve rtin one type ok cola ats othe tg ‘ype of coky. Dangle ype Conversion: (Autoredtic. conversion). ees eigen toy He compiles woithiut tse interventions pormeet - Lol piece estdioh> ink main ( ) z wk n= too, chav c= to", flat Sum, Sum =nte j prnk£ C'Sum =y.£", Sum); iy Oukput 2 194.0.@) Werplct bye Conversion: e >This ‘gp of conversion TA pxifemacd by the porpemmes | Synkoa: Cdaba type ) comae Expre £480} ae (%k) B1U25 AB wk oO Float a a= 2/3 a = float (221 6) oa+3 Q =3-333- Exo onplet dkinclude yak roan ) & flat ay as (float) 22/65 1 parkl ("7 "5 0; actarn 07 3 - 3 i : dkmic 2 ach x] LeWucn Saving Edmiquec Algextisnis. eppwech > Ppblero Solving te a actenklic Leclntqueto discony and troplerne dt the answer te 0 Iola. Lsthe cornputer A & agrobool roan pulokerg device that Rls Be «et of commands Known ag * are Ls Qogrann te the set ‘of tostiudtons’ uhith ts vvon ly the congoster ts perforns Apecie bask. Ly teve ave some asic Atcpr te zolve the problrns. steps Tdertify and Dene poble Skep2% Qenesate poacible ackubiana skeps2 Eolucti Aberndives Skepus Deade a solution steps? Penplement Solubion Step et Evalushk the vecul>@| *% % l silly ® chovackeristico Algol: * @ I_Sploortthen ts tHe sek of ovules hak deve how port teclay problem can be golved wm Gate number of eps - eed VVEnpot = Spe cy and require input @.Oukput 8 Sslukton Ff any Problkm. 3-Deknite z Sclubion rouct be dleasly ARred. a. Effective 5. File # chepy musk be Raikes. 6 Coneck 3 Coneck oukpat rusk be, gerne Poblkim- Selving Strakeciess Top - deseo approach: Tk an approach Ae derign aleodthm tn which ob piokrs te broken clown ants srmaller paste Cor tie the peblern). I—> Tk use, ecornpoxitton appeach . , > The approach t« generally uccd ky atiuctired programy hon er duch ag 6 CoBol dle, > thir” approach box Tedundaney occur. > Plakfown laced tech tk tn uced wortk clewmentation of medal & dbgeing Code, Covere sip Agprachs [> thin opprooch i¢ used te sole Annaler poblime, then delved problena ave inkegittd to yd the Aslation te oO beger problem . ok algertimn must have ~Bllawsing chorackestatix rock uses corn position approach. tke generally uscdin object onented pegs Auchas crane, pithAbvwale ercapulalisy and cota bicbng scTayacaeapereseal to Asie appwadd: Te ia uae Lelia nodules comnplestilig of \ orilhrnes nn tf Aaid to be Effeienk Pea Ramance Analyeie — Ain aloorthin & faek wth Lakes lear Nitne ts Enecuke. Ee Conaunned dees Scop anal Space Complexity gh ve the amount of mmerneny space requived by an algpritin cuing the course OF ankeraclion: oe Compleaily — ob rocans how create the at) ITnetiuction Space - Th te the space reqs Pro9) YAMA + . peda Spee Space required tts shore lala CVeriabless cone lant Conctagt APA ce conoplenite ag thi« pe rrequcxed Rud eae Ine Sqnore Cn a) ee apace ~Pox all impel t sretuemn axay Values . i Laneay Space Com Jeaitye Linea SPA ce ERE og ent Bum Cint ACT ink n) Se variable tna wid “Gs ame and S ARK much Lime tk conse rred te ved fy th Enecalet Amoun spk Sum =07; an value =n words “A of value 4 Por C=0,1<0 544) oo vontable ed wot t : Sums Sum4 ati) j Sum voriable =1 word xekura Sum; 3 Outpuble (+9 F1t12(H 4B) word . — +» — =