THE VICTOTS ONLINE ACADEMY
GEOGRAPHY 6TH CLASS
CHAPTER NO 2:
GLOBE, MAPS AND THEIR USES
1. For best utilization of Earth resources, the knowledge of their location
and geographic interrelationship is essential. For this purpose, globes and
maps are used.
2. Globe is a round-shaped small model of the Earth’s sphere.
3. Map: The expression of Earth features on flat surface (paper, cloth,
leather, etc.), according to a scale is known as Map.
4. The title of a mapmm provides a brief but comprehensive introduction to
the area and features shown on the map.
5. The knowledge of directions is essential for understanding correct
geographical positions.
6. There are four principal directions: East, West, North, and South.
7. True North: It is also called Geographic North and is found with the help
of the Pole Star.
8. The True North is rarely indicated on maps.
9. Magnetic North It is found with the help of an instrument called compass.
10.The ratio which is established between the actual distance on Earth and
the distance on map is called scale.
11.The scale, which is written in the form of a statement, is called statement
scale. For instance: 1cm to10 km etc.
12.Ratio or Fractional Scale: In this type of scale, the unit of distance is not
fixed. Rather, a ratio is determined that can be put into any unit of
distance.
13.Line Scale: In this type of scale, a line of suitable length is drawn and then
divided into equal parts, depending on the length of the actual distance
on Earth.
14.A map is the expression of Earth's features by symbols, which are called
conventional signs.
15.Projections are helpful in minimizing distortions on maps.
16.A projection is the network of latitudes and longitudes on a plane surface.
17.The imaginary lines of latitudes are drawn on a globe from East to West.
18.The 0° latitude is known as Equator.
19.Ninety degrees of latitudes lie to the North of Equator, while the rest
Ninety degrees lie to its South.
20.The imaginary lines of longitudes are drawn on a globe from North Pole
to South Pole.
21.The 0° longitude is known as Prime Meridian.
22.Through the difference in longitude degrees, the difference in local times
of any two places can be found.
23.The world is divided East-West into 24 time zones of 15 Longitude
degrees each.
24.With the serial number of the Time Zones, which lies towards the East of
Prime Meridian, plus (+) sign is assigned; and with those.
25.The longitudinal difference between UK and Pakistan is 75°, so the time
difference is 5 hours.
26.According to the World Time Zones, increase or decrease of one hour
takes place in the local time of areas after each interval of 15 degrees of
Longitudes.
27.The first Time Zone is expressed by the number “0”. It is common
between the eastern and western zones and extends upto 7½ Longitude
on both sides of the Prime Meridian. Neither plus (+) nor minus (-) is used
with it.
28.The last Time Zone is also common between the eastern and western
groups. So, both plus and minus signs are used with it
29.The 180º longitude and the International Date Line are the same. When
sailors cross this line towards the west of it, they add one complete day to
their calendar.
30.The relative location of a place is in terms of its relation to the location of
some other known places.
31.The absolute location is in terms of longitudes and latitudes.
32.The variation in the slope of the earth surface is called “relief”.
33.Contouring: By this method, the altitudes of many places are found first;
and later the places having equal altitudes are joined by separate lines
called contours.
The contours are drawn on a map in equal intervals of altitude;
hence, the contours of a steep slope would be closely spaced.
34.Layer Tinting: By this method, different altitude levels are expressed by
layers of different colors.
By layer tinting, only the altitudinal variations for Contours
(meter height) 25 Peak Peak larger regions (e.g. large mountains,
vast plains or ocean depth etc.) can be expressed. Dark colours
express either the highest or the deepest places.
35.Calendar: The chart of days, weeks, and months of a particular year.
36.Compass: The instrument that shows north direction.
37.Equator: The 0° latitude; the imaginary line that divides the globe into
two halves.
38.Greenwich A locality in the London City of Britain.
39.Latitudes The imaginary lines drawn East-West around a globe.
40.Location: A particular place or position on Earth.
41.Longitudes: The imaginary lines drawn on globe from North Pole to
South Pole.
42.Pole Star: The star which shines exactly above the North Pole.
43.Sphere: A ball-shaped complete body, which has equal dimensions
(length, width, breadth).
