EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT

MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 1

An Investigatory Project Submitted as an Entry of

Cagdianao National High School
Cagdianao, Dinagat Islands
Physical Sence (Team Category)
To Regional Science Fair

Researchers:

GANZA, ELLA CHERISH MARINEL E.

MIRANDA, KYLA H.
VELEZ, MARY ALEN L.

Adviser:
Leizel C. Virtudazo

December 2023
EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 2

Abstract

In the pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives, researchers are exploring innovative

solutions to address the growing concerns associated with conventional energy sources. One

such promising avenue lies in the efficient utilization of coconut meat residue, combined with

scratch paper, to create an environmentally conscious alternative source of charcoal. The

materials were gathered in the locality and the experimentation were done in the science

laboratory room. The investigation into the efficiency of alternative charcoal, as reflected in the

paired sample correlation of 0.009 within the mixture comprising 50 grams of coconut meat

residue, 150 grams of scratch paper, and 900 ml of water, offers valuable insights into the

relationship between the amount of mixture and burning time. This finding suggests that the

specific combination of coconut meat residue, scratch paper, and water in the specified

proportions is associated with a discernible and statistically meaningful connection between the

variables under investigation. The efficiency of charcoal as to the amount of mixtures and their

corresponding heat output, has yielded compelling results. The observed paired sample

correlation of 0.005, 0.002 and 0.007 respectively within the three mixtures, unveils important

insights into the relationship between these components and the resultant heat output. This

finding holds promise for the ongoing exploration of these materials as a viable alternative

source of charcoal, suggesting avenues for optimization and application in sustainable energy

practices and environmentally friendly solution.

Key words: coconut meat residue, scratch paper, alternative charcoal

EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 3

Introduction

Background of the Study

Charcoal, a widely used source of energy for cooking and heating in many parts of the world,

plays a significant role in daily life. Primarily used for heating and cooking purposes, charcoal

emerges as a significant solution to meet the energy needs of communities (Energypedia, 2021).

However, the conventional methods of charcoal production often involve deforestation, leading

to environmental degradation prompting a critical need for innovative and sustainable alternatives.

Coconut shell charcoal is distinguished by its high carbon content, ensuring clean and efficient

energy. With low ash and moisture content, it offers minimal residue and high energy density. It

boasts a prolonged burn time and the ability to generate high temperatures (Devi and Sumithra,

2023). Coconut meat residue derived from coconut shell charcoal could share similar qualities with

traditional coconut shell charcoal. Besides, coconut meat residue is a waste found in the

community such as in the market, bakeries and carinderia. By using coconut meat residue, we can

reduce agricultural waste.

Paper waste is a severe problem in our country. Of the 85 million tons of paper dumped each

year, they fill about 40% of landfills. (Baleforce, 2021). Scratch paper is abundant in our

community, it is widely found in school and streets. Using the scratch paper would lessen the

environmental waste in our community.

In the pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives, researchers and environmentalists

are continually exploring innovative solutions to address the growing concerns associated with

conventional energy sources. One such promising avenue lies in the efficient utilization of
EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 4

coconut meat residue, combined with scratch paper, to create an environmentally conscious

alternative source of charcoal. This fusion not only addresses the issues of waste management

but also provides a sustainable solution for a renewable energy resource.

This drives the researchers to explore the efficacy of coconut meat residue and scratch paper as

an alternative charcoal. It is eco-friendly alternatives and can help minimize agricultural and

environmental waste in the community. This coconut meat residue and scratch paper as an

alternative charcoal for sustainable charcoal production will lessen the environmental impact

caused by the traditional charcoal and reducing waste.

Statement of the Problem

The study was conducted to answer the following questions:

1. How efficient coconut meat residue with scratch paper as an alternative source of charcoal in

terms of the following:

1.1 Amount of mixtures

a. 50 grams coconut meat residue with 150 grams scratch paper & 900ml of water

b. 100 grams coconut meat residue with 100 grams scratch paper & 600ml of water

c. 150 grams coconut meat residue and 50 grams scratch paper & 300ml of water

1.2 burning time

1.3 heat output

2. Is there a significant difference between the amount of mixture and the burning time?

3. Is there a significant difference between the amount of mixture and the heat output?

4. Is there a significant relationship between burning time and heat output?

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Hypotheses

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the amount of mixture and the burning time.

Ho2: There is no significant difference between the amount of mixture and the heat output.

Ho3: There is no significant relationship between burning time and heat.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will be a great benefit of the following.

Business Industry. Coconut meat residue and scratch paper as an alternative charcoal offers a

sustainable solution for businesses in the charcoal industry. Coconut meat residue and scratch

paper usually discarded after use, emerge as promising materials for sustainable charcoal

production.

Environmental Sustainability. Traditional charcoal production often involves deforestation,

contributing to environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. By exploring alternative

sources like coconut meat residue and scratch paper, the study aims to provide a more sustainable

and eco-friendly solution, minimizing the negative impact on ecosystems.

Economic Opportunities. Coconut meat residue and scratch paper charcoal could create income-

generating activities, especially for communities with access to coconut resources.

Future Research. The study's findings will offer a guide for future researchers, helping them

navigate challenges and build upon the successes and shortcomings identified in the exploration

of alternative charcoal production.

People and the community. They can save some money and can create a homemade charcoal

instead of purchasing traditional charcoal in the market, thus help prevent deforestation. They can
EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 6

use the available materials at home and discarded waste such as coconut meat residue and scratch

paper, contributing to reducing waste.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study only focused on exploring sustainable charcoal production by utilizing coconut meat

residue and scratch paper as eco-friendly alternatives. The study consists three conditions: a. 50

grams coconut meat residue with 150 grams scratch paper & 900ml of water; b. 100 grams coconut

meat residue with 100 grams scratch paper & 600ml of water; and c. 150 grams coconut meat

residue and 50 grams scratch paper & 300ml of water.

The study includes three trials for each of the conditions to determine the burning time and the

heat output of each of the conditions. This experiment is only limited to 300 grams of coconut

meat residues, 300 grams of scratch paper and 1800 mL of water only.

The study will be conducted in Cagdianao National High School in Cagdianao Dinagat Islands,

month of September to month of November 2023.

EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 7

Methodology

To produce alternative charcoal using coconut meat residue and scratch paper, the

researchers established the following procedures:

Presentation of Materials and Equipment

Coconut meat residue, scratch paper, calorimeter, thermometer, weighing scale, stainless

tray, alcohol lamp, denatured alcohol, lighter, tong, pot and stainless basin. The remaining needed

materials were borrowed at the school’s science laboratory.

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Collecting Coconut Meat Residue and Scratch Paper.

The researchers accumulated 3 bags of small cellophane of coconut meat residue in the

market and in various carinderia store. The researchers also collected 2 bags of cellophanes of

scratch paper found in the streets and school.

Drying Coconut Meat Residue

The coconut meat residue was spread on trays and been dried in the sun for several days

until the coconut meat residue is thoroughly dried.

Cooking the dried coconut meat residue

The dried coconut meat residue was being weighed based on the conditions of the mixtures.

THREE CONDITIONS OF MIXTURES

A.) 50 grams of coconut meat residue

B.) 100 grams of coconut meat residue

C.) 150 grams of coconut meat residue

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MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 9

After weighing the coconut meat residue, the researchers cooked the dried coconut meat

residue until it turns dark just like the charcoal-like texture.

Blending Scratch Paper

While the coconut meat residue is being cooked, weigh the scratch paper by grams and the

water by mL.

Soak the shredded paper in water for a minute. Once soaked, put the paper in the blender

and its corresponding mL of water. Mix them together.

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MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 10

PVC Molder for Charcoal Formation

Measure the PVC tube to 5 cm long and cut it. Use the made PVC molder to shape the

mixture into briquettes or logs. Ensure that the mixture is packed tightly within the PVC molder,

then used a pestle to pound and harden the particles so that it won’t break after it will be take out

in the molder. And after that, put the formed charcoal to weighing scale that should contains 100

grams each set for each condition.

Drying of the Formed Charcoal

Place the formed charcoal in the sun for several days until it is completely dried.

Oven Drying

To ensure that all the formed charcoal is really dried, place the molded mixtures in the oven on

drying racks or trays. Dry them at a low temperature around 150°C for an hour.
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MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 11

Testing the sustainability of charcoal product in terms of heat output and burning time

The coconut-scratch paper mixtures underwent three trials for biochar production. After

ignition, the setups were assessed for burning capability. As the coconut-scratch paper blend

showed promising results, it underwent further evaluation for flammability and burning time

efficacy, measure with a timer. Then, also assessed the heat output of the charcoal of each

conditions using a calorimeter and thermometer.

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Results

Table 1 displays the outcomes of the experiments where three mixtures were prepared with

varying ratios of coconut meat residue and scratch paper, along with specific amounts of water.

The time durations for which these mixtures burned were recorded.

Burning Time (in seconds)

Amount of mixture
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
50 grams coconut meat residue
with 150 grams scratch paper & 77 24 27 42.67
900ml of water
100 grams coconut meat residue
with 100 grams scratch paper& 253 60 74 129.00
600ml of water
150 grams coconut meat residue
and 50 grams scratch paper & 836 375 304 505.00
300ml of water
Table1. The average burning time of each mixture.

In the experimental setup utilizing 50 grams of coconut meat residue combined with 150 grams

of scratch paper and 900ml of water, the combustion process exhibited a burning time of 42.67

seconds. Increasing the coconut meat residue to 100 grams, while maintaining 100 grams of scratch

paper and 600ml of water, resulted in an extended burning time of 129 seconds. Notably, in the

case of 150 grams of coconut meat residue paired with 50 grams of scratch paper and 300ml of

water, the burning time dramatically increased to 505.00 seconds. These observations underscore

the influence of varying proportions of coconut meat residue, scratch paper, and water on the

combustion efficiency of the tested mixtures.

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The burning times of the mixtures varied significantly, suggesting differences in combustion

efficiency. Mixture C, with the highest coconut meat residue content, demonstrated the longest

average burning time at 505.00 seconds. Mixture B, with an equal ratio of coconut meat residue

and scratch paper, exhibited an average burning time of 129 seconds. Mixture A, with the least

coconut meat residue, had the shortest average burning time at 42.67 seconds.

Temperature in degrees Celsius (0C) Average

Amount of mixture
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Temperature
50 grams coconut meat
residue with 150 grams
33.5 40 38 37
scratch paper & 900ml of
water
100 grams coconut meat
residue with 100 grams
35 37 37 36
scratch paper& 600ml of
water
150 grams coconut meat
residue and 50 grams scratch 38 40 41 40
paper & 300ml of water
Table2. The average final temperature of each mixture

In table 2, three mixtures were prepared with varying ratios of coconut meat residue, scratch

paper, and water. The heat temperatures were recorded during the combustion process.

In the experimental investigation, utilizing a composition of 50 grams of coconut meat residue

alongside 150 grams of scratch paper and 900ml of water resulted in an average temperature of 37

degrees Celsius during the combustion process. When the coconut meat residue was increased to

100 grams, maintaining 100 grams of scratch paper and 600ml of water, the average temperature
EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
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observed was 36 degrees Celsius. Remarkably, in the case of 150 grams of coconut meat residue

paired with 50 grams of scratch paper and 300ml of water, the combustion yielded an elevated

average temperature of 40 degrees Celsius. These temperature variations underscore the nuanced

influence of coconut meat residue, scratch paper, and water proportions on the heat-generating

efficiency of the tested mixtures.

The average heat temperatures of the mixtures varied, suggesting differences in the heat-

generating capacity of the combinations. Mixture C, with the highest coconut meat residue content,

demonstrated the highest average temperature at 40 degrees Celsius. Mixture A, with the least

coconut meat residue, had a slightly lower average temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, while

Mixture B, with an equal ratio of coconut meat residue and scratch paper, showed an average

temperature of 36 degrees Celsius.

Table 3 shows the Heat Released (Q) in Joules of different mixtures.

Mass
of Final Initial Heat
Heat Change in
Amount of water Temperature Temperature Released
capacity Temperature
mixture in in degrees in degrees (Q) in
(c) (0C)
grams Celsius (0C) Celsius (0C) Joules
(m)
50 grams coconut
meat residue with
150 grams 50 4.18 37 29 8 1706.83
scratch paper &
900ml of water
100 grams
coconut meat
residue with 100
50 4.18 36 29 7 1532.67
grams scratch
paper& 600ml of
water
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150 grams
coconut meat
residue and 50
50 4.18 40 29 11 2229.33
grams scratch
paper & 300ml of
water
Table 3. Heat Released (Q) in Joules of different mixtures.

The heat release values (Q) for three different mixtures were measured to assess their potential

as a sustainable energy source. For the combination of 50 grams of coconut meat residue with 150

grams of scratch paper & 900ml of water, the recorded heat release was 1706.83 Joules (J). In the

case of 100 grams of coconut meat residue paired with 100 grams of scratch paper & 600ml of

water, the measured heat release amounted to 1532.67 J. Notably, the mixture containing 150

grams of coconut meat residue and 50 grams of scratch paper & 300ml of water exhibited the

highest heat release of 2229.33 J. These heat release values highlight the varying energy potential

of the mixtures, emphasizing the importance of their composition in achieving optimal efficiency.

The obtained data in Table 1 were subjected to Descriptive Statistics to provide insights into

the central tendencies and variabilities within each set of observations. The results of statistical

analysis were summarized in Table 4.

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean SD
BT 1 3 77 836 388.667 397.271
BT 2 3 24 375 153 193.098
BT 3 3 27 304 135 148.233

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of the average burning time of each mixture.

The Descriptive Statistics reveal considerable variability in the burning times (BT) across the

three mixtures. Mixture BT1 has the widest range, spanning from 77 seconds to 836 seconds,

indicating significant variability in combustion duration within the samples.

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The mean burning times (Mean) for each mixture provide insights into the central tendency of

the observed data. Mixture BT1 has the highest mean burning time at 388.67 seconds, followed by

BT2 at 153.00 seconds and BT3 at 135.00 seconds.

Mixture BT1 exhibits the highest variability with an SD of 397.27, suggesting a wider spread

of burning times within the data set.

The maximum and minimum values for each mixture highlight the range of burning times

observed. Mixture BT1, with the highest maximum burning time (836 seconds), contrasts with the

other mixtures, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of mixture ratios.

The obtained data in Table 2 were subjected to descriptive statistics and the results for the

average heat temperature (HT) of each mixture were summarized in Table 5.

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean
SD
HT 1 3 33.5 38 35.5 2.29129
HT 2 3 37 40 39 1.73205
HT 3 3 37 41 38.667 2.08167
Table 5. Descriptive statistics of the average temperature of each mixture.

The minimum and maximum values for each mixture indicate the range of temperatures

observed. Mixture HT1 has the smallest temperature range (33.5 to 38 degrees Celsius), while

Mixture HT3 has the widest range (37 to 41 degrees Celsius). The mean values represent the

central tendency of the observed data. Mixture HT2 has the highest mean temperature at 39 degrees

Celsius, followed by HT3 at 38.67 degrees Celsius and HT1 at 35.5 degrees Celsius.

Mixture HT1 has the highest SD at 2.29129, indicating a moderate level of variability in

temperature compared to the other mixtures.

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In table 6, a paired samples correlation analysis is presented to test the significant difference

between the amount of mixture (MX) and the burning time (BT) for three different pairs of

conditions (BT 1, BT 2, and BT 3).

Paired Samples Correlations

N Mean SD Correlation Sig.
MX A &
3 -2.2 83.612 0.993 0.074
Pair 1 BT 1
MX B &
3 -1.22 132.25 0.975 0.142
Pair 2 BT 1
MX C &
3 -2.22 304.944 0.807 0.402
Pair 3 BT 1
MX A &
3 2.137 271.515 1.000 **0.009
Pair 4 BT 2
MX B &
3 1.137 98.08 0.996 0.059
Pair 5 BT 2
MX C &
3 1.367 102.569 0.877 0.320
Pair 6 BT 2
MX A &
3 1.317 316.633 0.999
Pair 7 BT 3 *0.033
MX B &
Pair 8 BT 3 3 3.167 144.244 0.987 0.101
MX C &
Pair 9 BT 3 3 3.167 79.727 0.843 0.362
Table 6. Correlation of the amount of mixture and burning time

The table above shows that Pairs 4, 7, and potentially 5 show strong correlations with significant

p-values, suggesting a significant difference between the amount of mixture and burning time for

these conditions.

Pairs 3, 6, 8, and 9 have correlations that are moderate to strong but not statistically significant,

suggesting that the difference may not be significant in these cases.

Pairs 1 and 2 have high correlations but are not statistically significant, indicating that the

difference observed in these pairs may be due to chance.

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Table 7 shows the result of a paired samples t-test in examining the differences between the

amount of mixture (MX) and heat output (HR) for three different conditions (Pair 1: MX A - HR,

Pair 2: MX B - HR, Pair 3: MX C - HR).

Paired Samples Test

Sig. (2-
Paired Differences t df
tailed)
Std. Error
Mean SD Lower Upper
Mean
MX
Pair - - - -
A- 175.72 101.4519895 2 0.005*
1 1456.277 1892.79 1019.76 14.3543
HR
MX
Pair - - - -
B- 107.636 62.14370049 2 0.002*
2 1556.277 1823.66 1288.89 25.0432
HR
MX
Pair - - - -
C- 239.361 138.194933 2 0.007*
3 1656.277 2250.88 1061.67 11.9851
HR
Table 7. Paired sample t-test between amount of mixture and heat output

The negative mean differences indicate that the amount of mixture (MX) is associated with a

decrease in heat output (HR) for all three pairs. The t-statistics negative, indicating that the mean

differences are significantly different from zero. The significance levels (Sig.) are all below 0.05,

suggesting that the observed differences are statistically significant. The confidence intervals do

not include zero, reinforcing the significance of the findings. The results suggest that there is a

significant difference in heat output associated with changes in the amount of mixture for all three

conditions (MX A, MX B, MX C).

Table 8 shows the output from a correlation analysis, examining the relationship between heat

output (HT) and burning time (BT) for three different conditions (BT 1, BT 2, and BT 3). The

correlation coefficient (r) using Pearson r and the significance level (Sig.) for each pair are given.
EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
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r Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 HT 1 & BT 1 0.994 0.070
Pair 2 HT 2 & BT 1 0.296 0.809
Pair 3 HT 3 & BT 1 0.893 0.297
Pair 4 HT 1 & BT 2 0.971 0.153
Pair 5 HT 2 & BT 2 0.417 0.726
Pair 6 HT 3 & BT 2 0.944 0.214
Pair 7 HT 1 & BT 3 0.985 0.111
Pair 8 HT 2 & BT 3 0.356 0.768
Pair 9 HT 3 & BT 3 0.92 0.256

At below 0.05 level of significance, Pairs 1, 4, and 7 show strong correlations with p-values

approaching significance (p < 0.05), suggesting a potential significant relationship between heat

output, and burning time for these conditions while Pairs 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 have correlations that

are either weak or not statistically significant, suggesting that the relationship may not be

significant in these cases.

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Discussion

The investigation into the efficiency of coconut meat residue combined with scratch paper as

an alternative source of charcoal, as reflected in the paired sample correlation of 0.009 within the

mixture comprising 50 grams of coconut meat residue, 150 grams of scratch paper, and 900 ml of

water, offers valuable insights into the relationship between the amount of mixture and burning

time. The low significance level of 0.009 implies that the observed correlation is unlikely to have

arisen by random chance alone, indicating at potential practical implications for the composition

of the mixture. This finding suggests that the specific combination of coconut meat residue, scratch

paper, and water in the specified proportions is associated with a discernible and statistically

meaningful connection between the variables under investigation. The significance level reinforces

the reliability of this difference, indicating that it is unlikely to be a mere coincidence. On the other

hand, the identified paired sample correlation of 0.033 for a mixture composed of 50 grams of

coconut meat residue, 150 grams of scratch paper, and 900 ml of water is still statistically

significant and has potentially meaningful difference between these components however, the

small magnitude of the correlation implies that the practical significance is limited and weak.

The examination of the efficiency of coconut meat residue in combination with scratch paper

as an alternative source of charcoal, specifically focusing on the amount of mixtures and their

corresponding heat output, has yielded compelling results. The observed paired sample correlation

of 0.005, 0.002 and 0.007 respectively within the three mixtures, unveils important insights into

the relationship between these components and the resultant heat output. This finding holds

promise for the ongoing exploration of these materials as a viable alternative source of charcoal,

suggesting avenues for optimization and application in sustainable energy practices and

environmentally friendly solution.

EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION: UTILIZING COCONUT
MEAT RESIDUE AND SCRATCH PAPER AS ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 21

As to the relationship between heat output and burning time, the provided data indicates that

the 2-tailed results are not statistically significant across all mixtures. This implies that there is no

strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis, which suggests no significant correlation between

heat output and burning time in the given scenarios.

Conclusion

The following conclusions were drawn after a thorough experimentation:

1. There is a significant difference between the amount of mixture and the burning time.

2. There is a significant difference between the amount of mixture and the heat output.

3. There is no significant relationship between heat output and burning time.

Recommendations

In line with the abovementioned conclusions the following recommendations are provided.

1. Explore additional factors that may influence the relationship between heat output and

burning time, such as material properties, combustion conditions, or external factors.

2. Larger sample sizes or adjustments to experimental conditions might be necessary to

increase the sensitivity of the study and detect meaningful correlations.

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Energypedia, 2021, Cooking with charcoal. Retrieved from:

https://energypedia.info/wiki/Cooking_with_Charcoal

Mrs. M. Malini Devi, Dr. M. Sumithra, 2023, The Study of Total Organic Carbon Content

(TOC) In Various Natural Charcoals. Retrieved from:

https://ijaem.net/issue_dcp/The%20Study%20of%20Total%20Organic%20Carbon%20Conte

nt%20(TOC)%20In%20Various%20Natural%20Charcoals.pdf

Rodriguez, et al. 2023, State of the art on development and improvement of slow carbonization

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165237023004011

Energy education, nd., Charcoal Energy Sources. Retrieved from:

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Charcoal