Int J Ayu Pharm Chem

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Prevention and Control of Oral Diseases by

Ayurvedic Approach
Author: Sonal S. Patel1
Co Authors: Kundan Patel2
1,2
Upgraded PG Department of Shalakya Tantra , Govt. Akhandanand Ayurveda College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT
A healthy mouth is a premise of overall health. The oral cavity can be a mirror image of the body and many
systemic illnesses are manifested in the soft tissues of the mouth. When oral health is compromised, overall
health will be affected. Ayurveda is an integral and most ancient form of medical system which is primarily
aimed at prevention of disease and promotion of health. Its holistic approach towards positive lifestyle
creates its inevitable significance in the present scenario. Thorough oral care is described under the daily
regimen, seasonal regimen for prevention of oral disesas. in Ayurveda classics there is description of daily
regimen like tooth brushing, tongue cleaning, gargling, oil pulling, nasal application of drugs, chewing of
betel leaves, seasonal regimen to pacify doshas, do’s and don’ts related to diet and activities. These
preventive aspects can be practiced in everyday life to prevent and control the oral disorders. Ayurvedic
perspectives regarding maintenance of oral health are explored in this article.

Key Words Dincharya, Danta Dhavan, Danta Majan, Kaval, Pratimarsh Nasya
Received 11th May 22 Accepted 03rd July 22 Published 10th July 2022

INTRODUCTION described 65 oral disease and its treatment which

Oral diseases are those diseases whose indicates the significance of disease occurring in

occurrence is primarily based on the faulty daily the oral cavity2 ,3. Also, Acharya vagbhat has

food habits, faulty routine activities and improper described causes of mukh roga, 75 oral diseases

oral hygiene. Shalakya Tantra is one of the and their treatment4.

specialized branches of Ashtang Ayurveda, which Various causative factors that are mentioned by

describes the treatment of supraclavicular regions ancient Acharyas thousands of years ago are

of the body1. presently the most common cause for oral

The Oral cavity is considered to be one of the disorders, some of which with their correlation to

most important parts of the supraclavicular contemporary lifestyle are mentioned here.

regions of the body because it is the reflector of Aharjanya: Matsya Sevana (Intake of fish),

the body health by acting as gateway of the mahisha, varah Mamas Sevana (Excessive intake

alimentary canal. Acharya Shushruta has of anup meat) cause kapha and rakta dhoshdusti.

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Masha (snigha, guru and madhur rasa yukta), if not done in everyday life may cause Oro dental
Dadhi, Kshira, Ikshurasa disease like tooth sensitivity, cracking of lips,
(Madhur,snigh,kaphakarak)- Sevana cuase kapha dryness of mouth etc. Chardhana (induced
dosh dusti and produced ama formation. foods emesis) in vasant rutu is indicated for expulsion
made from black gram flour, milk and milk of kapha dosha accumulated due to seasonal
products, sugar can products like jaggery etc changes. So vaman karma done in every vasant
easily sticks on the tooth surface, easily ferment rutu may prevent oral disease because of all oral
causing bacterial growth and other pathogenesis disease are mostly caused by kapha dosha.
of Oro dental disease. Anuchita Siravedha (bloodletting) means
In today’s era excessive use of refined flour and improper shiravedha karma may cause rakta
refined sugar especially bakery products and dosha vitiation and cause Oro dental disease.
carbonated drinks, chocolates, chips, canned Among the other oral problems, Oral cancer is a
juices increase prevalence of tartar deposition, major concerning disease that affects although a
gingivitis periodontitis, dental caries and other minority, but the prevalence is increasing in some
oral diseases. If refined floor and sugar rented on countries because of the classical risk factors of
the teeth for long time there occur bacteria smoking and alcohol. Life style influences
growth which cause fermentation of the food including diet, ignorance of oral hygiene, and
debris and produced acid. This acid causes smoking are pivotal to the occurrences of oral
demineralisation of the enamel and ultimately diseases.
carries formation. Also, deposition of mineral in Oral diseases are closely linked to lifestyle. There
this bacterial plaque causes tartar formation is overwhelming evidence that periodontal
which eventually leads to the gingivitis and disease and dental caries affect the majority of
periodontitis. the populations. their prevalence and severity
Viharjanya: Avakshaiya (sleeping with head low vary according to age, sex, race, geographic
position) may result in accumulation of saliva for areas, socioeconomic factors, local and systemic
a long time near teeth and gingiva which may factors, and methods of oral cleansing.
accelerate the tartar formation, dwishito dant People with an improved socio-economic status
dhavan (not cleaning of teeth and gingiva use refined and high sugary diet and use
regularly) it’s the well-known cause of the most carbonated drinks more as compared to low-
of the Oro dental diseases., After dantadhavan income people, so they appear to have more
prayogik dhoompana (medicated smoking) is caries but on the other hand they improve oral
indicated to remove kapha dosha if not doing hygiene in order to have better look and smile.
there may occur diseases of oral cavity due to High caries prevalence and better oral hygiene is
kapha dosha provocation. , Gandush (oil pulling) seen in high societies, whereas in low social
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classes caries occurrence is not high but oral physiological functions like churning,
hygiene is very poor so in low social classes deglutition, taste, speech, metabolism etc., to
people have more oral problems like tartars, ensure that there functions. it is essential to take
gingival and periodontal diseases. care of the oral cavity by maintaining good oral
Oral health in any respect cannot be given less hygiene. Only Ayurveda has mentioned eight
weight due to its low morbidity and mortality, as measures as a part of Dinacharya to keep tongue,
health of tissues (teeth, gums) of the "Mouth" teeth, gums & whole oral cavity (mukha) clean.
(gateway) to our body is essential like other They are Dantadhavana/ dantapavana,
tissues of the body. That’s way that work taken Dantashodhana choorna (manjana),
for oral health related prevalence and promotive Jihvanirlekhana, Gandusha, Kavala,
measures. Pratisarana, Mukhaprakshalana, Tambulasevana
1.Dant dhavan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1.Dantadhavan: cleaning the teeth by the

Brihatrayi (Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita twig(toothbrush) is called danta dhavan. Teeth

and Astanghrdaya samhita), Laghutrayi should be cleaned twice a day, after elimination

(Madhavnidan, Bhavprakash and Sharandhar of urine and faeces in the morning and after

Samhita) with commentaries and other classical consumption of food in the evening. The tip of

texts have been used for this compilation with the twig should be chewed to prepare soft bristle

critical analysis, relevant modern texts, articles and without harming the gum teeth should be

from PubMed, google scholars etc were cleaned one after another starting from the lower

thoroughly searched. tooth5 facing east or northern direction6. The

ORAL HYGIENE METHODS AND ITS twig which is used for dantadhavan should have

IMPORTANCE some special character like it should be straight,

Ayurveda aims first at maintaining a healthy body knotless or having one knot and free from cavity

and preventing ailments by adopting a proper, (caused by insect infection) and size is 12

healthy, life style. To fulfil this aim, the Swasthya Angula. Datum (Brush)told for Dantdhavan

Chatuska has been described in Charaka Samhita should be of Katu (pungent), Tikta(bitter),

Sutrasthana which includes daily regimes in the Kashay (astringent) rasa7. Karanj (pongame

form of Dinacharya, seasonal regimes in the oiltree), Karvir (nerium indicum), Arka (Giant

form of Ritucharya, dietic regimes as well as calotrope), Malti (combretum indicum), Arjuna

behavioural patterns described under (terminalia arjuna), Asana (pterocarpus

Swasthavritta. The components forming the oral marsupium), Kadira (acacia catechu), Nyogdhra

cavity are involved in some of the most important (Ficus bengalensis) Datuna are the best for dant
dhavana8.mouth diseases are caused by mainly
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Kaph Dosh, so pungent, bitter, astringent Ras are Trijataka with honey and Saindhava for person
helpful to prevent most of the oral diseases and with Kapha and Pitta constitutions. For those
additionally its removes Mala and Kapha which with Kapha constitution, Trikatu, with honey and
cause Mukhashuddhi. Saindhava can be used as tooth paste. Massaging
Advantage of dantadhavana: the gums daily with Triphala mixed with Til oil
• It cleans the oral cavity. maintains them in healthy state.
• It neutralizes the Kapha and helps to clear the Advantage of dantamanjana:
viscid mucoid secretions in the mouth.  Perceives the taste better.
• It is a good exercise for periodontal ligament.  Relive tooth ache
By masticating the stem it strengthens the  Removes food debris
muscles of jaw.  Freshen mouth
• It removes food particles. 3. Jihva nirlekhana:
• Perceives the taste better. It is also a part of cleaning the oral cavity.
• Cheap and readily available. Cleaning of tongue is known as ‘Jihva
• Prevents pocket formation. Nirlekhana’. Tongue scrapers, which should not
• Cleansing agent and gum massage action. be sharp edged and are curved, and size is 10
2. Dantamanjana: angula. That are to be made of metals like gold,
Dant majan is the procedure in which gentle silver, copper, tin, and brass10.
rubbing of the tooth and gums surface with the Advantage of jihva nirlekhana
.
help of fingertip is done9 They are substances  Tongue scrapping stimulates the reflex
used with toothbrush or other applicator on tooth points of the tongue.
surface and gingiva for cosmetic and sanitary  Removes bad odour (halitosis).
purposes and for applying specific drugs to tooth
 Improves the sense of taste.
surface for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
 stimulate the secretion of digestive
It is used like Pratisarana. If a person is contra
enzymes.
indicated for Dantadhavan with Datun, then he is
 Removes food debris sticking on the
advised for Pratisarana. As general measure, one
surface.
can use tooth powder consisting of equal quantity
 Clinical evidence also shows that use of
of Ginger, Maricha (black pepper), Pippali (piper
tongue scrapers on a regular basis, has a
longum), Twak (Cinnamomum verum), Lavanga
significant Improvement on eliminating
(syzygium aromaticum), Tamalapatra
anaerobic bacteria and decreases bad odour11.
(Cinnamomum tamal), Triphala, Khadira and
4. Kaval & Gandush
Saindhava which, should be used after mixing it
with Til oil. One can use powders of Triphala,
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Kavala means swishing the liquid in the mouth Aruchi (Tastelessness), Mukhvairasya (Faulty
and gandusha is holding the liquid in the mouth taste), Dourgandh (Halitosis) -
without any movement both are variety of Lalasrav(Excessive salivation),etc...
gargling. Both are auxiliary methods which are  To dislodge food debris.
used to rinse the mouth, dislodge food debris and  To refresh mouth
for other therapeutic purpose. Oil pulling is an  To reduce micro-organism growth
ancient Ayurveda procedure that involves 5.Pratimarsh Nasya
holding oil in the mouth for oral and systemic Administration of drugs by the route of nasal
health benefits12.Oil pulling has been used cavity is termed as nasya, and Snehana dravya is
extensively as a traditional Indian folk remedy used for Pratimarsh Nasya. Pratimarsh Nasya of
for many years to prevent decay, oral malodour, Anu tail or oils indicated for daily use18 in one or
bleeding gums, dryness of throat, cracked lips two drops. It pacifies the Vat Dosh & give
and for strengthening teeth, gums and the unctuousness to head & neck region, so it
jaw13,14.Oil pulling therapy can be done using prevents mainly the degenerative disorders.
oils like sesame oil15 Oil pulling therapy is very Advantage of pratimarsh nasya
effective against plaque induced gingivitis both  strengthens the sense organ
in the clinical and microbiological  purify the supra clavicular region
assessment16,17.  strengthens tissue and muscle of mouth
- Til oil or Mamsa Rasa is best Gandusha 6.Tambul sevan
material for every day. Tambula Sevana is a routine practice conducted
- Gandusha of Madhu cleans the over mucoidal since long been in Indian society. As per
secretion traditional Ayurveda classic chewing of betel
- Gandusha of kanji cleans the debris and reduce leaves with Karpura (Cinnamomum camphora),
foul smell. Kankola (pipe cubeba), Jatiphala (myristica
- Gandusha of Kshara reduce the Sanchaya of fragrans), Lavanga (syzygium aromaticum),
Kapha. Katuka, Poogaphala (areca catechu) & ela
- Gandusha of lukewarm ware reduce the (Elettaria cardamomum) offers beneficial effect
heaviness of mouth such as
Advantage of gargle: Advantage of tambul sevan
 Sneh Gandush prevents Vataj disorders of  cleaning of mouth.
mouth -cracking of lips, dryness of mouth -  provide good smell.
Swarbhed (loss of voice), dantaharsha
 improve complexion.
 Kaval of bark of Khadir, Arimed & Kshiri
 clean throat and tongue.
Vraksh..-Prevents mainly Kaphaj disorders,
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 it also mitigates excess salivation which Jangala mamsarasa (meat of animals of
offer good effect for heart and cures diseases of arid,desert-like), Satavari (asparahus racemosus),
throat. Karavellaka (bitter gourd), Patola (pointed
As per Acharya Vagbhatta Tambula Sevana gourd), Karpura Jala (camphora water),
affect pathological symptoms such as; Ushnodaka (hot water), Tambula (betel leaves),
aruchi(anorexia), Mukhadaurgandhya (bad smell Ghrita (ghee), Khadir (aacacia catechu), Katu
frome mouth) and Mukhavaishadya (not proper (pugent), Tikta (bitter) Dravyas.
cleaning mouth)19, 20.  One should be encouraged for Ghrita
RITU CHARYA: bhojana owed to its Rasayana and Vata Pitta
Due to climatic changes, many changes occur in Shamana effects.
physiology of oral cavity which may lead to  Take enough water to prevent dryness of
many diseases. When one Ritu is completed and mouth.
another one is commenced, the changes in APATHYA:
atmosphere trigger off many ailments. For getting  Danta Kashtha during an oral disease
rid out of these, Acharya has mentioned Ritu conditions, Amla Dravya, Matsya(fish), Anupa
Charya under the heading of Ritu Sandhi. One Mamsa, Dadhi (curd), Kshira (milk), Guda
should follow these for prevention of mukhroga. (gaggery), Masha (black gram), Ruksha (dry
Seasonal purification for vitiated kapha dosha substance), Kathina (hard) Dravyas, Guru (heavy
vamana(emesis) in vasant(spring season), meal), Abhishyandhi Ahara (sticky foods),
shirovirechana nasya( nasal istilation of drug) in Divaswapna (day sleep), Adhomukhashayana
vasant (spring season) to eliminate kapha dosha ((sleeping with head low position) are Apathya in
from supraclavicular region, virechana(laxative) Mukharoga.
in sharad (autum season), basti in varsha (rainy  Excessive use of Kashaya rasa, Katu rasa
season) are indicated in our classics. (pugent), Ruksha (dray), Vikasi, Ushna (hot),
PATHYA AND APATHYA (wholesome and Tikshna dravyas, tobacco and its related products
unwholesome) FOR HEALTHY ORAL like gutka, mawa, panmasala etc. and excessive
CAVITY use of chilies and spicy food must be avoided.
PATHYA:
 Swedana, Virechana, Vamana (induces DISCUSSION
emesis), Gandusha (Gargling), Pratisarana, In the present scenario the lifestyle of people is
Kavala, Raktamokshana(blood latting therapy), occupied of hectic schedules. oral disorders are
Nasya, Dhoomapana,. most likely to occur in certain people who does
 Trunadhanya (cereals), Yava(barly), not maintain oral hygiene properly every day.
Mudga (green gram), Kulattha (hoarse gram),
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from the forgoing it is clear that thousands of Pharmacological actions like Anti-fungal, anti-
years ago, Ayurvedic treatises had very broad bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour22 in
knowledge regarding mukha rogas including its modern and Ayurvedic science mention about
prevention and treatment. The teachings and Preventive and curative effect of Danta Dhavana
principles which were put forth in ancient times Dravya. For preventive aspect most of above-
to keep one’s health disease free, the exact same mentioned drugs having anti-oxidant properties
philosophy is implicated in modern times. But to and for curative aspect most of drugs having
lead a luxurious life in the present era, money has Anti-inflammatory, Anti- fungal, Anti-Bacterial
got precedence, in running after this precedence action. So it probably cures gingivitis,
man has scarcity of time for personal life. This periodontist, dental caries like oral disorders.
scarcity of time progresses with negligence of Danta manjan: triphala having rich in various
health. Ayurveda’s simplicity, inclination towards anti-oxidant such as ascorbic, ellagic, gallic, as
natural modalities and a consideration of other well as chebulic acid. This herbal mixture has
causes of an ailment are possibly the best reason been recommended for treating various diseases
explaining its popularity. Changes should be including microbial infection. triphala also has
made in diet, behaviour and life style. While been established in healing property. On the
adopting the adjustments one can best follow the contrarary Most of the toothpaste in use today are
principles of Dinacharya (daily Madhur rasa yukta which increase bacterial
regimen),Rutuchrya (seasonal regimen) and growth and produces disease.
pathya pathya (dos and don’ts). Few Jihva nirlekhan: Tongue scraping directly
modifications in our daily routine can keep us influence oral hygiene that clearing mouth debris
away from common oral problems. Ayurveda is a and food practical and cleaning cotted tongue.
treasure of herbal formulations and other Nowadays we see that stainless steel and plastic
therapeutic measures, but keeping modern life- tongue scrape is more use in practise which is not
style in mind, where man has lack of time for healthy for body and small particle of that
himself, measures which can be easily plastics goes in the body which also cause harm
incorporated in routine are discussed here. to the body.
Dantdhavan: Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) having Kaval and gandush: People very rarely practise
Properties like Kapha-Vatahara, Krimighana, kaval and gandush according to classics.
Kandughna and Pharmacological actions like Gargling is practices today that too mainly with
Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Anti-ulcer fresh water but rarely with warm water. Achrya
activity21 Nimba(Azadirachta indica) having give snehan kaval for daily use like tila tail is
Properties like Kaphapittahara, Krimighna, give nourishment and strength to the oral
deepana, Vranahara, Chardihara, Vishahra and mucosa and muscles. Tila has calcium
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component so it causes remineralization of the varsha (rainy season) causes pacification of vata
enamel. dosha.
Nasya: Acharya Vagbhatta has given some Pathya pathya: most of the drug mention in
detailed about the mode of action of nasya which wholesome diet have katu and tikta rasa which
explain that nasa being gate way of shira, the cause ama pachan and pacify rakta dhatu which
drug administrated through nostril reaches are involved in the pathogenesis of mukhroga.
shrigatak marma, shira marma by nasa shrotas Most of the drugs mention in unwholesome diet
and spared in the head, eye, ear, throat and are having guru, abhisyandi guna and Madhur
stretches the morbid dosha from supra clavicular rasa which cause ama formation, srotorodha and
region. And also nourish all indriyas. nasya if also bacterial plaque formation which lead to
practised every day. diseases like dental caries and other oro dental
Tambul sevan: Tambul sevan in the context of diseases.
Dinacharya (daily regimen) for the maintenance
of perfect oral hygiene, for good taste and as a CONCLUSION
prevention of diseases of the oral cavity and A few simple regimens like danta dhavan (tooth
throat. It too acts as post meal digestive bruising), manjan, jihvanirnekhan (cleaning the
stimulant, aphrodisiac and improves physical and tongue), kavan and gandusha (oil pulling),
mental stamina. It has Deepana , Rochana pratimarsh nasya (nasal application of drugs),
(appetizing), Kaphaghna, M,ukhaVaishadyakara tambul sevan (chewing of betel leaves), should
i.e mouth cleansing properties.. be promoted as effective measures for the
Rutucharya: Body purification therapy like prevention of lifestyle related oral disorders and
vaman, virechana, raktamokshana, nasya is maintenance of oral health. Various practices of
taken for seasonal purification of dosha for such simple techniques with appropriate lifestyle
preventive aspect and in disease condition for modifications along with inclusion of proper diet
prevention of diseases. Seasonal purification for can prevent oral diseases as is seen in this review.
vitiated kapha dosha vamana(emesis) in
vasant(spring season), shirovirechana nasya(
nasal istilation of drug) in vasant (spring season)
to eliminate kapha dosha from supraclavicular
region out. Which is the main dosha for Oro
dental disease., virechana(laxative) in sharad
(autum season) eliminate pitta dosha and
ultimately affect the raktaprasadana. basti in

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