GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 5 REFERENCE defining relative clauses We use a defining relative clause to specify which person, thing, ‘animal, place or time we mean. We use + who for people The teacher who teaches this course is very experienced + which for things or animals. Te homework which he gave us last week was too dificult. + wnere or places. The classroom where we have lessons onthe first floor + when for times. Ikever forget the day when | got my exam results. + whose for possession. “The students whose trip was cancelled were very disappointed. ‘Weecan use thot instead of who or which Students who/that pass the exam can move upto the next class. ‘The book which/that he lent me was reall interesting, ‘We can leave out who, which and thot when they are the object of the verb, We can leave them out when they ae the subject of ‘the verb, We can'tleave out where, when or whose. “The students (who/that) she teaches all enjoy her lessons. (students= the objec of the verb; we can leave out the relative pronoun} ‘The teacher who/that takes us for biology is amazing! (teacher = the subject of the verb; we can't leave out the relative pronoun) non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative causes add extra information about a person hina, animal, place or time. We use commas to separate ‘the non-defining relative clause from the main clause. In non-defning relative clauses, we use who for people and which for things and animals. We ean se that. ‘The new timetable, which was introduced lat year, s more fexble Carla, who ia student atthe school, welcomes the changes to the timetable. ‘We can emit the relative pronoun in nonlin elatve causes 182 reduced relative clauses ‘We can sometimes use a reduced relative clause instead of a full relative clause, We form a reduced relative clauce with the prerent ‘or past participle of the verb, The form isthe same for all persons Ifthe verb in the full relative clause isin the active, we use the present participle in the reduced relative clause People who live in this area all support the new college. ~ People living in this area all support the new college. ‘Anyone who experiences problems should talk to the head ‘teacher. “+ Anyone experiencing problems should talk to the head teacher. We can only use @ reduced relative clause if the relative pronoun Is the subject, NOT the object of the verb in the relative clause. ‘Compare: “The people who are organising the concert are very excited. (people = the subject; we can use a reduced relative clause) > The people organising the concert are all very excited. ‘The people who they are inviting to the concert ll ive locally. (people = the object; we can't use a reduced relative clause) Ifthe verb in the full relative clause isn the passive, we use the past participle in the reduced relative clause. ‘The books that are used by the students all belong to the school > The books used by the students all belong to the school ‘The students who were invited to take part in the scheme al benefited from it. > The students invited to take part in the scheme all benefited fromit,PRACTICE defining and non-defining relative clauses [ll choose the correct words to complete the sentences. Are ‘the relative clauses defining (D) or non-defining (ND)? 1 Games that / wo develop students concentration can nelp mprove grades Ga tothe muse rem, which whan next tha all ‘ernoonsare often atime where / when students servlet concentrate Students who / whose ideas are respected will be keener to share them in lass. The library, where /which students can go to read quietly, ison the frst floor. {6 Mrs Low, who / that teaches maths, i a great teacher. Biota the sentences using defining or non-defining relative tlauses. More than one relative pronoun may be possible. Gan any relative pronouns be omitted? Last summer had a sling lesson, was on holiday then, Ime the clothes designer. Her designs won te award My bother isreay int scence He eighteen I told her abou the video game. got for my birthday rir Samson isthe teacher. He teacnes me French In Germany hire don start school uti they are seven, | grew up there. ° [El complete the article with relative clauses, Use the Information below to form each ising relative clause Develop your creative skills! Alot of the jobs "that people do.today. require creative thinking skis Beng abit lear information by hear, will pat be enough to get an interesting Jebin the fiture Young people,” vue Should focus on developing their creative think HES t00. Reading isa great place to start, as people* ‘are more likely to come up with great ideas. rama and art activites are also helpful ~in fac, anything that gets you ‘thinking, The summer holidays time’ So, what are you wating for? Check out your local museums ar galeries and ars centres, “and get creative this summer! People do these jobs today. This sa useful skill for getting through exams. Their brains are still growing. They have a well-developed imagination. Lots of creative activities are organised then. You can find details of courses and activities there reduced relative clauses [Ei choose the correct words to complete the sentence, 1 The school warts to inerease the number f students ‘udying who studying / stale languages The food which served served /servingin the school Cater ort always hey ‘Students who are giving / giving / given more homework dont necessary et beter rages ‘The subjects that taught / that are teaching / taught in. dehool shuld be elvan tothe students You need to prepare forthe exams taking / that taken that ye taking next ter ‘The number of schools teaching / taught / that are taught computer programming has inceased 2 ‘Tick the four sentences that canbe rewritten using reduced relative causes. Then rewrite these four sentences using Feduced relative clauses. 1 Seudents wh are aughithow to cookat school are more ely to eat heathy {passed al the exams which thad evsed for There werea lot of students whe were having problems with thelrhomewort The teachers who are employed by the school al enjoy working there. | went back ovis the primary school that had attended Stucents who want tojon the school rip should ade ther name to thelist. 2 3 [Ei complete the article withthe correct participle form of these verb, achieve ask behave notice offer spend ‘The number of schools __yoga to students is increasing, and some schools believe the results are very encouraging. Ina stu none London school. students at least an hour a week doing yoga said tie definitely Fett calmer anc able to concentrate better Teachers?... to comment on the benefits ofthe ciasses reported that there seemed tobe fewer students*_ badly in lasses. And the benefits p teachers are not jst in behaviour. The average grades by students also improved after the yoga classes were introduced 183