a scope Of Syllabus ‘i il Waste Managemer |e Impact of waste a '¢ Methods of safe disposa. © Biodegradable : Biodeg © Segregation : Segreg. © Dumping : Dum; eu Se and marine) life, "ation : Spoig ie a at Jo Need for waste man, 1 of landscape-polluton, imams c.nne 3 Pollution, heath ha ‘agement, oe 'Y material or substance that is of no further domestic waste is dum Ped on land inthe for © Waste management : hoe Sine Waste mar waste materials, agement is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of fruits and vegetables, Non-Biodegradable : Non-biodegradable waste includes that material which does not breakdown or decompose in the soll, ©, polythene bags and synthetic clothes. ation refers to the separation of waste into different categories of waste. Segregation depends upon the waste disposal technique. The most popular segregation is biodegradable and nom: adable waste includes that material which breakdowm or decompose in the soil, €.9., | biodegradable, ‘an activity of depositing waste in an area, Composting : Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert | degradable organic waste into humus-lke substance. Reduce : By reduce consumption of natural resources. Reuse : Reuse means using a product more than one either for the same purpose. Recycle : Recycle involves the collection of used and discard materials processing these materials and making them into new products. | Summary ofthe Chapter 2/7 ster whether solid, emitted or deposited inthe environment in such volume, Bese ca 3 which "s discharged, constituency or manner as to cause an alteration of the iquid, gaseous or radioact environment. 229Source of Waste Waste is generated from a number of sources. The major sources of waste are : (1) Domestic Waste : Waste comprising of garbage and rubbish (such as bottles, cans, clothing, compost, disposables, food packaging, food scraps, newspapers and magazines and yard trimmings) that originates from private homes or apartments. It may also contain household hazardous waste. Also contain domestic waste or residential waste. (2) Industrial Waste : Solid, semi-solid or ‘gaseous, unwanted or residual materials from industrial operations. Mining operations, cement factories, oil refineries, construction units, thermal plants, nuclear power plant, textile industry, iron and steel industry, tanneries and distilleries are the other important industrial waste. (3) Agricultural Waste : Unusable materials, liquid or solid, produced as a result of various agricultural operations is termed as agricultural waste, (4) Municipal Waste : It includes solid and liquid waste generated by homes and offices. Classification of Waste © Biodegradable Waste © Non-biodegradable Waste © Biomedical Waste Biodegradable Waste 1. These can be decomposed through the action of bacteria, fungi and other living organisms. 2. These include fruit and vegetable peels, grass wood paper, clothes, dead remains of plants and animals, etc. 3. Most of these don’t cause much harm to the environment. Non-biodegradable Waste 1, These cannot be decomposed through the action of bacteria, fungi, and other living organisms. 2. These include plastic, cans, glass, styrofoam, etc. 3. Most of these are very harmful for the environment, Waste and Spollage of Landscape Landscape spoilage refers to the unpleasant looks presented by an area. It adversely affects the health of people and their living standard. Pollution from municipal waste and its effects ; Municipal waste, commonly known as trash or garbage, includes commercial and residential wastes generated in ‘a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form exchiding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated biomedical wastes. Main Source of Municipal Waste © Household waste Commercials Street sweeping Hotels and restaurants Clinies and dispensaries Construction and demolition Horticulture Sludge Pollution from industrial waste and its effects : Industrial waste originates from a number of sources like factories, mills, tanneries, mines, etc. It is toxic and hazardous in nature and therefore demands immediate attention. It can be solid, liquid and gaseous in form, Chief sources of industrial waste are chemical units, thermal power plants, petrochemical plants, oil refineries, steel industry, paints, batteries, etc. Radioactive Pollution : The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical pollution of air, water and the other radioactive materials. The ability of certain ‘materials to emit the proton, gamma rays and electrons by their nuclei is known as the radioactivity. Those ‘materials are known as the radioactive elements. The environmental radiations can be from different sources and can be natural or man-made, Pollution and marine life : The impact of human activities has resulted in pollution of every square mile of Earth’s oceans. The pollution of water bodies affects the marine life and humans alike. In the present time, marine life is seriously getting affected by the oil spills, garbage dumping, accumulation of toxic materials and industrial wastes in the ocean. Need for Waste Management eos eee. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. It relates to materials produced by man and to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics, etc. The amount of waste is increasing in tune with the rapidly growing industrialization and urbanization. Proper disposal of waste thus becomes a need for all the countries, All types of waste continue to pose memes 2:30) san cncsisssssnSSSSSNRNmasamas (CSE Self-Study In GEOGRAPHY ~ 10 m=. i hualene to the environmen, P , J that waste ‘eople | ylorstane Prevention have yet ty . wae management, 48 the best solution to [ . Forms of Waste | Method of Direse a] rT |, Solid waste Segregation, dumping, india, OVE a Million " testio * ortunitios in the area of ant find livelihood ‘| ora ing. incl owe! irwost collection, Popularly Knog rn” 2 Sage |. Liquid state F fiyent treatment jeocling through well-organised Sytem tPicking and he ee wt , |. Gaseous state | Use of scrubbers when this thinking is devely electrostatic precipitaters ese’ ped al syaste re-use’ then the problem of waste nent Me jcalimost solved. But still this ig ite haga IRs of waste management ‘Sight in the near future Three efforts are emphasized for waste management. r ‘ The growth Of waste is on the rise and waste Gee Reduction scatment technologies have not been adopted yet ‘the traditional methods of waste disposal ate sti (il) Reuse shich prove futile in handling huge volumes pce (iil) Recycle : Source Reduction : Source reduction refers to any fyen the government is not well hes technology of waste management“? 8° New kinds of wastes are growing every year as a result of new packing materials. Domestic waste is increasing in volume. Agricultural waste is not handled S°!id waste. properly. Industrial waste is becoming more toxic, __ Reeyeling and reuse : Recycling involves the Ewaste is growing at alarming rates and there is Ollection of used and discarded materials processing 1 proper method to handle-this waste. The effect these materials and making them into new producss. of nuclear waste is beyond control. All these threats It reduces the amount of waste that is thrown into the demand urgent need and quick action for the waste Community dustbins thereby making the environment management so that the environment can be made cleaner and the air more fresh to breathe. ubitable for our coming generations. change in the design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) to reduce their amount or toxicity before they become municipal 29SS SESS Competency Based Questions (A) Multiple Choice Questions : Select the correct answer from the given options : Q3. Which of the following methods of waste management is called “landfill”? Q.. Which of the following methods is not used for disposal of solid waste ? (Reel ofow (c) Composting (@ Dumping (a) Segregation Ans. (d) (©) Dumping Q.4. Which of the following is not True as . regards (©) Efffuent treatment before discharge Compositing ? % (® This is one of the oldest forms of disposing by Composting non- biodegradable waste. © (i) It increases the soil’s ability to hold water vee Refers 0 the separation of wate bs] and makes the sll easier to cultivate different categories of wa! ctin (a) Only (i) (6) Only (ii) (a) Dumping () Segregat (c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (), Nor (ii) (© Composting. (@) Reuse Ans. (a) ) IEStudy in GEOGRAPHY 1 AS 231 ceQs. Ans. Q6. Ans. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. Qs. Ans. Q.10. Ans. Qui. a a biological process which converts degradable organic waste into humus like substance. (a) Composting (c) Reuse (@) Donating old, working computers to a school as an example of : (b) Reduce (@) Segregation (a) Reuse (b) Reduce (6) Recycle (a) Dumping @ ‘Which of the following is not a form of solid waste ? (a) Garbage of food (b) Dead animals (c) Construction debris (d) Oil spilling @ Identify non-biodegradable waste material from the following. (@) Vegetables (6) Paper (c) Spray cans (@) Wood © Which of the following is not associated with recycling ? (a) Collection of waste from doorsteps, commercial places etc. (b) Switching off lights and fans when not in use. (6) Collection of waste from community dumps (d) Organic kitchen waste is thrown in compact pits to make manure, (b) Which of the following steps can be taken by ‘an individual to reduce waste at home ? (0 Segregation (if) Compositing (a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii) : (©) Both (i) and (if) (d) Neither (), Nor (if) © Which of the following is TRUE as regards Biodegradable waste? (@ These can be decomposed through the action of bacteria, fungi and other living organisms, Ans. Q.12. Ans. Qu. Ans. Qua. Ans. Qs. Ans, Q.16, Ans, Quy, (ii Most of these are very harmful for the environment. (a) Only (i) (b) Only (if) (c) Both (i) & (if) (@ Neither (i) nor (if) @ Which of the following is not a biodegradable waste? (a) Clothes (6) Glass (c) Grass (d) Wood @ Which of the following is not an impact of waste accumulation on the landscape ? ( It infects the miners and potters with silicosis, a lung disease. (ii) It damages the aesthetics of the area ang gives it an unpleasant look. (a) Only (i) (6) Only (ii) (©) Both (i) & (i) —_(@) Neither () nor (i) ® Which of the following is not a source of air pollution ? @ Methane (6) Drilling of oil (©) Carbon dioxide (@) Vehicular exhaust ® Which of the following are the sources of ‘municipal waste ? (0 Hotels (i) Mining (iii) Household waste (iv) Transportation (@ (@ and (iv) (b) Gi) and (iii) (©) @ and (iii) @ Gi) and (iv) © Which of the following is not a source of marine pollution ? (@) Disposal of sewage (6) Industrial waste (c) Vehicular exhaust (d) Drilling of oil © ‘Which of the following is TRUE as regards aif Pollution and its effects ? (® Polluted alr leads to many diseases like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema etc. pemmmmenes 232 ensues Iesesettstudy in GeocrapiY- 20°moni) hee am a 18. Which of the following method. of waste OO Fisposal is harmful) oa e (a) Composting (4) Segregation (c) Dumping (4) Vermicomposting ans. © ; Ans. 1%, Which, of the following is a biodegradable @.4 aste ? 4. we JICSE 2024] (a) Broken glass () Wastepaper (©) Polythene (a) Plastic bags ans. (5) (8) Assertion & Reasoning Based Questions : For question numbers 1 to 4, two statements are given - one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other js labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) a8 Ans. given below : (ay A fe tne Boat Rs false (8) FIs reason for A. (e) Both A and Rare falve Kd) Onty Ris tree, A bs false wert + We dat ie ee wt OF PAT. Reason ; It is a Biodegradable waste @ ‘Assertion ¢ Duenping is the best way fir waste disposal. Renson ¢ It i the cheapest method of disposal, a) ‘Assertion : Use of organic fertilisers: should be encouraged Reason : It helps in saving soil ) Assertion : Segre used and discard materials. It reduces waste that is thrown into the collection of Reason : ‘environment. @ Very Short Answer Type Questions "(1 2 marks each) Q.1. What is waste ? Which is most common place Qu4. of disposal ? Ans, Waste is any material or substance that is of no further use and has been discarded. Most of the domestic waste is dumped on land in An the form of refuse. Qs. Q2. Give two reasons as to why there is need for 4. safe waste disposal. LICSE 2018] Ans, @ Dumping of waste spoils the landscape of the ae Q.6, Dumping of waste causes diseases like Ans, diarrhoea, malaria, plague ete Qn. Q.3. Mention the types of waste on the basis of decomposition. Ans, Ans, Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable "= IcseSelt-study in GEOGRAPHY 20 What is blodegradable waste 7 Give two examples. LICSE 2015, 2016} Biodegradable waste includes that material which breakdown or decompose in the soil, ¢.g.,_ fruits and vegetables. What is non-biodegradable waste ? Give two examples. Non-biodegradable waste includes that material which does not breakdown or decompose in the soil, e.g., polythene bags and synthetic clothes Mention any two sources of waste ICSE 2016] Domestic and industrial waste, How indiscriminate dumping of waste cause adverse effects on public health ? (i) Diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, malaria and plague are the result of such dumping of wastes. ott nina Slice — sensi aanQs. Ans. Qs. Ans, Q.10. Ans. Qu. Ans. Qu. Ans. Qu13. Ans. Q.14. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q.16. Ans. Qu7. Ans. (ii) Areas of waste accumulation normally become the breeding place of insects, rats, flies, ete What are the main sources of Municipal Waste ? Mention any four. Household waste, commercials, street sweeping, hotels and restaurants, clinics and dispensaries, construction and demolition, horticulture and sludge. ‘What is open dumping ? An open dumping is defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed off in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open buming and exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavenges. Name the gases contributing potentially to Global Warming and Climate Change phenomenon. Carbon dioxide and methane. Mention any four sources of industrial waste. Chemical units, thermal power plants, petrochemical plants and oil refineries. ‘What is a radioactive pollution? ‘The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical pollution of air, water by the radioactive materials. The ability of certain materials to emit the proton, gamma rays and electrons by their nuclei is known as the radioactivity. What is Eutrophication ? ICSE 2017] The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates is known as eutrophication. ‘Name the diseases leads by polluted air. Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer, Mention any two harmful gases. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide Mention any four sources that lead to radioactive pollution. Nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, transportation, disposal of nuclear waste and uranium mining, Mention any three sources of marine pollution. Drilling of oil, accidental and deliberate discharge of crude oil and dumping of industrial waste into ocean, Qua. Ans, Quy. Ans. Q.20. Ans. Qu. Ans. Q.22. Ans. Q23. Ans. Q24. Ans. Q25, Ans, Q.26, Ans, Q.27. Ans, ‘What is biomagnifications ‘The increasing concentratic as toxic chemical, in the tissues successively higher levels in a food chain, result of biomagnifications, organisms at the top of the food chain generally suffer greater harm from persistent toxin or pollutant than those at lower level. Name the gases released in the process of mining. Methane and carbon monoxide. Mention any two serious effects of radiation, (d Radiation can lead to severe health hazards, (i) Effects of non-ionizing radiation at low levels are certain but ionizing radiation at high levels ‘can cause cancer and increase in chromosome damage. How does groundwater get polluted ? Various types of chemicals are released as waste by the factories and agricultural practices. Many of these chemicals are soluble in water. The water slowly seeps down to join underground water. Name any two organisms that spread the virus among people. Mosquitoes and flies How do workers in matchbox factory get affected from pollution ? Workers that work in the matchbox factory is, exposed to phosphorous which causes bone diseases. What is oil spilling ? Release of liquid petroleum/mineral oil into the environment is called oil spilling. Mention any four sources of oil pollution. Oil spill, garbage dumping, accumulation of toxic materials and industrial waste. ‘Which is the most serious pollutant in the air? Sulphur dioxide, Mention any two ill effects of sulphur dioxide. (O In air, most serious pollutant is the sulphur dioxide. Its concentration in human body causes cough, breathlessness and spasm of larynx. It also causes irritation in eyes. (@ It also becomes an allergic agent. When it reacts with some compounds, it makes sulphuric acid which can damage the lungs. S26 ee SE syn ctootan 10as Ans: 02%. Ans: 30. Ans. gal. Ans. Q32. Ans. 033. Ans. Q34. Ans. Q35. ‘Ans. 036. Ans. Q37. Ans, Q38. Ans, Q39, Ans, ma ICSE Self YS ‘Self-Study in GEOGRAPI 25 a Mention any two ha monoxide. (i It affects the ox blood. (id) In some cases it can the vision also, oe rmful effects of carbon ‘Ygen carrying capacity of negative impact on Name a pollutant which is released by vehicles. Lead. State the main Serer objective of the pert Fe minim ne ae eneration of gaseous waste. mmon dise orgnsous pollution, wrt cased as a rez Asthma and bronchitis, ” ae Nieto cause of the following ? G e Bhopal Tragedy. HICSE 2013] (i) The Minamata Disease, (ii) The Chernobyl Disaster. () Methyl Isocynate gas (i) Mercury (iii) Nuclear radiation, ‘What is Waste Management ? Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. Mention the forms of safe disposal of waste. Solid, liquid and gaseous. Mention any three methods of sol disposal. ‘Segregation, dumping and composting, What is segregation? [ICSE 2016, 2018] Segregation refers to the separation of waste into different categories of waste. Segregation depends upon the waste disposal technique. The most popular segregation is biodegradable and non- biodegradable. Mention any three forms of solid waste. Garbage, construction debris and industrial waste like chemicals. What is dumping ? [ICSE 2018] Dumping is an activity of depositing waste in an area, What is composting? _—_/ICSE 2016, 2018] Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into humus-like substance. waste Q.40. Ans. Qa. Ans. Q.a2. Ans. ( Q.43. Ans. Q.44. Ans. Ans. Q.46. Ans. Qa7. Ans. 2.48. Ans. Q.49. Ans. Q.50. Ans. Name the 3Rs of waste management. Source Reduction, Reuse and Recycle What is recycling ? [ICSE 2017} Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials, processing these materials sind making them into new products. It reduces the mount of waste that is thrown into the community usbins thereby making the environment cleaner and the air fresher to breathe. . Mention the steps involved in the process Prior to recycling. ( Collection of waste commercial places, etc. (ii) Collection of waste from (if) Collection/picking up 0! disposal sites. ‘Name any four products which can and reused. Old copies, bottles, plates and clothes. Mention any two advantages of waste recycling. (i It leads to less utilization of raw materials. (ii) Itreduces environmental impacts arising from waste treatment and disposal. Name any three items which can be recycled. Paper, plastic and glass. “Waste segregation is important”. Give a reason to support your answer. [ICSE 2015] Waste segregation is important because under this, waste is segregated into different categories like biodegradable and non-biodegrable. It increases recycling process. State one source of gaseous waste. ICSE 2015] from doorsteps, community dumps. f waste from final be recycled Vehicles. Define Sewage. [ICSE 2017] The waste water discharge from domestic premises like residence, institutions and commercial establishments in known as sewage. Methane is an air pollutant that causes Greenhouse effect. Name three sources of this gas. Cattle shed, swamps, coal mines, decomposition of vegetable matter, landfills, bio-mass, paddy-fields, wet lands natural gas, oil field, fermentation, ? Mention any one initiative taken by the Government to manage waste. /ICSE 2023] Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission), which isa national campaign aimed at promotingcleanliness, hygiene, and the proper management of waste. The initiative includes various programs such as constructing toilets, waste segregation and recycling. Q.51. Why should Waste Management be practiced in every school? Waste management should be practiced in every school because it helps to promote environmental awareness and responsibility among students and also helps to reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment. Q.52. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of dumping of waste, © Advantage of waste dumping : Low-cost method of waste disposal. © Disadvantage of waste dumping : Dumping of waste spoils the landscape of the area, ‘What do you understand by landscape spoilage ? Landscape spoilage refers to the unpleasant looks presented by an area. It adversely affects the health of people and their living standard. Short Answer Ans. Ans, Q.4, “The waste accumulation damages the aesthetic of the area.” Justify by giving two reasons. CSE 2014, (When the waste is dumped in an improper way, the landscape of the area gives unpleasant look. (ii) The uncontrolled dumping of urban waste damages the beauty of the countryside, Q.55, Mention any two health effects of open dumping, Ans. (i) Rodents, insects and other vermin attracted to open dump sites may pose health risks, Dump sites with scrap tires provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can multiply 100 times faster than normal in the warm stagnant water, (i) If solid waste is burnt it may release harmful gases which can harm the health of nearby people. Q.56. Mention any four sources of industrial waste, ‘Ans. Chemical units, thermal power’ plants, petrochemical plants and oil refineries. estions | Ans. @ or 4 marks each) Qu. Ans, Why is there a need for waste management in large metropolitan cities ? The amount of waste is increasing in the tune with the rapidly growing industrialisation and urbanisation, ICSE 20224 (© New kinds of wastes are growing every year as a result of new packing materials, Domestic waste is increasing in volume, (i) E-waste is growing at alarming rates and there is no proper method to handle this waste. (Gif) All these threats demand urgent need and quick action for the waste management so that the environment can be made habitable for our coming generations. Q2. Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste, Biodegradable Waste ans. [ Non-biodegradable Waste (8) These can be decomposed through the action of bacteria fungi and other living organism. (i) These include fruit and vegetable peels, grass, ‘wood, paper, clothes, dead remains of plants and animals, etc, (Gi) Most of these don’t cause much harm to the | (if) Most of these are very harmful for the environment. environment. (0 These cannot be decomposed through the action of bacteria, fungi, and other living organisms (Gi) These include plastic, cans, glass, Styrofoam, etc. Q.3. Mention any three effects of solid waste. Ans. diseases like diarrhea, cholera, etc. (ii) Mosquitoes are known for spreading malaria, (iti) Flies carry the virus and spread 236 (9 Numerous insects, bacteria and virus grow on the routing waste which are capable of spreading several the adjoining areas. People fall sick and start vomiting, ASST {CSE Self-Study In GEOGRAPHY —10 mamaga. Explain the effects of Cas. () Agricultural ag waste. ricultural waste, properly and affects yt tis not handed , : vironment wa Ate harvesting thet tte adversely. tural waste, Fann, is the major 'ers often burn this lls the much needed (ii) the health of peopl, floats in air and affects releases a lot of ‘Waste Its particles remain Suspend affects the health of people ec asthmatic patients, Many farme . in diy fering which makes the i Qs. Mention any three eff i easiness fects of mining and Ans. (@ Workers are infected with silicosis, a lung disease, (i) People who work in the deep mines i p mines inhal the fine coal dust. It leads toa disease called black lungs, Many gases are also released in the process of mining lil ing like meth: id : ane an (iii) Workers that work in the matchbox factory are exposed to phosphorus which causes bone diseases. Mention some benefits of composting. LICSE 2023, 2024] Q6. Or Why is composting considered a safe method of waste disposal ? [ICSE 2022] . (i) It supplies essential elements needed by the plants. (id) Ithelps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity or the excessive use of chemical fertilizer. (iif) It makes soil easier to cultivate. (iv) It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter. It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered. (0) Ithelps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden. How can waste be reused ? Explain with the help of an example. [ICSE 2018] Or Why should we reuse waste ?/ICSE. 2022, 2023] Q7. m_ICSE Self-study In GEOGRAPHY ~ 10 ssn Ans. Qs. sed by recycling. For example © Waste can be reus ines can be recycled old newspapers, magazil and the paper produced can be Fe © Reuse reduces the generation of waste. (a) What impact does the waste accumulation have on the following ¢ [ICSE 2019 ( Quality of air around us. (ii) Quality of water around us. (6) Mention two ways in which the decomposition of waste in open areas can affect human gases. {ICSE 2019] (©) @ What can an individual do to reduce waste at home ? ICSE 2019] (i) Why must segregation of waste be done before disposal ? (iii) How has composting proven great help in managing waste ° (@) Give a reason for each of the following : used. to be a [ICSE 2019] (i Trees must be planted in the industrial area. (i) Chemical fertilizers must be replaced by organic manure. (iii) Plastic and polythene products must be banned. ‘Ans. (a) (#) Waste lowers the quality of air around us. Solid waste releases methane and other harmful gases. (ii) Toxic waste has direct effect on marine fe and affects the human beings indirectly. When the harmfill toxic waste is dumped into the ocean, the fishes could consume the poisonous chemicals. When the fish is eaten by humans, this could lead to food poisoning. (© (@ Rodents, insects and other vermin attracted to open dump sites may pose health risks. Dump sites with scrap tyres provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can multiply 100 times faster than normal in the warm stagnant water. (ii) If solid waste is bunt it may release harmful gases which can harm the health of nearby people. 237(a) How can farm waste be made useful ? (6) How is dumping of waste harmful ? (2) (i Farm waste can be converted into manure (ii) They can be used for the generation of biogas. (b) Waste accumulation causes foul smell, increase in the temperature and increase in the number of rodents and flies. Mention three ways to reduce waste generation at home. (Practice reduce, reuse and recycle (selling old products to reduce waste). ~ Convert biodegradable waste to manure, Create biogas plant to reduce kitchen waste. ( Gi 11. Explain recycling as a method of waste management with the help of an example. Or How is recycling of waste helpful ? Give an example of recycling of was ICSE 2023] . Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials processing these materials and making them into new products. For example, we can use our kitchen waste to produce biogas. By doing this we can save other sources of energy. waste from doorsteps, mercial places, etc. ing up of waste from final 13. What are the major advantages of waste recycling ? © Leads to less utilization of raw materials, © Reduces environmental impacts arising from ‘waste treatment and disposal. s cleaner and healthier, © Saves landfill space. |. State steps involved in segregation, © Scgregating biodegradable and non- biodegradable materials. © Separating waste according to their features like sharp edged, inflammable. © Separating recyclable and non-recyclable. State advantages of reuse as a method of waste management. ;. Using a product or any other thing for its original or for other purpose is known as reuse. For example, kitchen’s waste water can be reused for gardening, Advantages : © It saves natural resources. © Put lot of pressure on environment. © Increases life span of investment. .16. With reference to methods of safe disposal state advantages of segregation. © Itminimises the size of the waste. © After segregation waste can be recycled easi © Biodegradable waste can be separated. State any three limitations of dumping. © Iti the main source of air and water pollution © Open dumping become a major health hazard. © It spoils landscape of the area or region. . State any two advantages of reduce and reuse as a method of waste management. © It minimise waste in the environment. © Itsaves natural resource, gees 238 (enema SSRN CSE Self-Study In GEOGRAPHY - 10 mamma20. Ans. ut. Ans. Q22. Ans. Q.23, Ans, , Explain reduce as q management by giving on method of waste jeduce means ‘B One example. rice the use of 8 8s For example, ce the use of petro wy ample, ifwe fe : @ Foreignenchinge Environment eCheck pollution State any three prec; while segregating ane ‘one should take fe One should segre Bate biodey biodegradable waste carefully. a @ Toxic waste like chemic: als, batteri segregated with utmosteare e One should use diffe eee oceans containers for Out of dumping and composting which is a better way managing waste, Give two reasons. Composting is better as © Dumping contaminates air, water and soil. © Dumping causes spoilage of landscape. © Composting is better as it recycles nutrients and retums them to the soil. © Composting enriches the soil and also prevent soil erosion. Mention any three ill effects of radioactive substances. MCSE 2015] (@ The iodine may affect the White Blood Cells, bone marrow, spleen, lymph, skin cancer, sterility, eye and damage to the lung. (i) The strontium has the ability to aggregate in the bones and form a bone cancer and leads to tissue degeneration. (iii) The radioactive materials are passed through the land to water and cause an adverse effect on the aquatic animals. They reach to human through the food chain. (jv) The nuclear power generates a lot of energy which is used to run turbines and produces electricity. The fuel and the coolant produce a large amount of pollution in the environment, Mention any three causes of marine pollution. (i Drilling of oil can lead to oil spill which can destroy the marine life. Once oil is spilled it can neither be removed nor can it be contained because oil and water do not mix. Q.24, Mention any three Ans. (@ Oil spilling is discharge of crude ships is regarded pollution of the (ii) Accidental and deliberate oil into the ocean by caro as one of the prime causes ©! water body. (iii) Dumping of ind another reason for marin‘ wastes often contain toxic mercury, dioxin and radioac which contaminate the water 0 iments from mi rustrial wastes into ocean is ¢ pollution. The ‘materials such as tive materials, focean. ining leads to (iv) Deposition of sedi ‘ocean pollution. effects of marine pollution. hazardous for the marine life. Itseriously affects the life cycle of coral reefs ‘ean. The oil spilled in the thriving in the oc ecan eould clog up the gills of fishes, thereby ion. It affects the process preventing respirat races: Of photosynthesis of marine plants, since it blocks the sunlight. (ii) Toxic waste has direct and affects the human beings indirectly. When the harmful toxic waste is dumped into the ocean, the fishes could consume the poisonous chemicals. When the fish is eaten by humans, this could lead to food poisoning. (iii) Carbon dioxide is hazardous for marine life including coral reefs and free-swimming algae. (jv) Plastics dumped into ocean can affect the marine life seriously. Plastic items such as bottles and bags could choke and suffocate the sea animals, as they eat them thinking that they are food. Plastics are known to be a major cause for the death of turtles, as they swallow the floating bags, mistaking them for jelly fish. () Dumping of industrial wastes such as pesticides, especially DDT can accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals. This could lead to the failure in the reproductive system of mammals and birds. ffect on marine life Q.25, “Terrestrial life is affected with the waste.” Explain, . Pollutants of waste enter the environment and become a part of food chain which accumulates SESE St lo GEDA 0 LT, 22) somQ.26. Ans. Q.28. () With reference to the picture below, answer the questions that follow : in the of organisms at different levels. For example, insecticides and pesticides used by farmer mix with the water. Animals drinking water may get infected. Plants growing in area may absorb these chemicals and Humans consuming these plants may also get infected What is acid rain ? Mention two of its effects. HICSE 2014 Acid rain is a corrosive type of air pollution which occurs when oxides of sulphur and nitroget combine with the moisture of atmosphere. Effects : 1. Acid rain severely damages the various ecosystems in many parts of the world. Many forests and lakes have been damaged by it. 2, When acid rain pours on soil nutrients of the soil and reduces its fe Ans. Q.27. Mention one way in which waste accumulation as an effect on the following : HICSE 2018; ics dumped into ocean ine life seriously. Plastic w Landscape : accumulation damages the aesthetics of the area. When the waste is dumped in an improper way, the landscape of the area gives unpleasant look The uncontrolled dumping of urban waste damages the beauty of the countryside, Questions Based on Skill HICSE 2024 (@) Which waste management method is depicted here ? (®) State one way in which this method may be implemented at our home, (i) Explain how waste accumulation can be ‘harmful. (Any two points) fama | 240 seneceaeeceesmema cad ana ma Gii) Explain how waste generated in following sectors may be made useful. (Give one example for each) (a) Household (© Agriculture () (a) Give two uses of composting. () Why are landfills set up far away from the city? (Any two reasons) (6) Industry ICSE Self-Study in GEOGRAPHY ~ 10 ==(i) (@) Segregation (b) by using dusting Gi) & Aquatic Lite + pig ovean can affect th Plastic items such could choke and animals, as they they are food, © Terrestrial 1 Anse suff eat them thin e Life : Contains a lot of toxi leaches into the g dustrial waste material whic land affec rodents, and microorganisms, the plants, ° Landscape ; The ‘Waste accumulation damages the aesthetics of the area, Wh the waste . dumped in an in ; the lndscap ofthe aa sie ples look. The uncontrolled dumping of urban waste damages the beauty of the countryside, Household waste can be made useful through recycling and composting. For iti) (@) as fru fo compost organic fertilizer. (by In | waste can be ma J repurposing. One through recycling, example is the recy generated by industries Agricultural waste can be made uset through various methods such as conversioi like rice husks, sug: crop stalks can be used as feedstock for biomass power plants or converted into biofuels such as biogas or bioethanol. © Soil Enrichment © Waste Redu © Public Health Concerns © Land Availability 12 of scrap metal fe) For instance, crop residues ane bagasse. and () @) ion ) EXTRACT BASED QUESTIONS Read the following extracts/sources carefully and answer the following questions : Extract 1: The increase in waste generation as a by-product of economic development has led to various subordinate legislations for regulating the manner of disposal and dealing with generated waste. With rapid urbanisation, the country is facing massive waste management challenge. Over 377 million urban people live in 7935 towns and cities and generate 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste per annum. Only 43 million tonnes (MT) of the waste is collected, 11.9 MT is treated and 31 MT is dumped in landfill sites. Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centres clean, municipal authorities deposit However, almost al ICSE Self-study in GEOGRAPHY ~ 10 solid waste at a dumpyard within or outside the city haphazardly. Experts believe that India is following a flawed system of waste disposal and management. Q.1. State any two reasons which are responsible for waste generation. Ans, @ Economic development as people are consuming more and more goods. © Urbanisation, Q.2. Experts believe that India is following a flawed system of waste disposal and management. Do you agree ? Justify. Ans, Yes I do agree. Most of the waste is dumped in landfill sites causing heavy damage to the environment. Extract 2: India Is facing a serious issue as it grapples with finding a solution to waste mana; try's population generates 62 million tonnes of ment, The coun- 241waste annually. Only 70% is collected, and 12m lion tonnes are treated. Unfortunately, 31 milli waste is expected to rise to 165 mi 2030, The numbers indeed indicate that huge i ¢ to tackle. Rapid urbanisation is one of the primary reasons for the surge in solid waste production. As more and more people move from rural fo urban areas, India’s cities are becoming overloaded with people, Ieading to a steady rise in population and waste generation, Waste disposal is a problem, as cities lack adequate garbage collection infrastructure. Though waste segregation is mandated in several states, only about 30% of waste is sorted correctly, meaning plastic ends up in landfills instead of being reeycled. Q.1, What is waste ? or substai is been discarded. fe two reasons for the surge of waste India . sation is one of the primary reasons for the surge in solid waste production, © Indust Q.3. Suggest any three ways to manage waste, ‘Ans. @ Preventing and minimising waste disposal © Sewage treatment. © Sanitary landfill sation. go000 242 ICSE Self-study in GEOGRAPHY 10