A PROJECT REPORT ON “INVERTER” Acknowledgement We offer our sincere & heartily thanks, with a deep sense of gratitude to our guide for his valuable direction & guidance to our Project, his meticulous attention towards our project work without taking care of his valuable time. We are grateful to the H.O.D.. for providing all facilities to carry out this project work & whose encouraging part has been perpetual source of inspiration. We are thankful to our project coordinator & for their encouragement towards our project. Last not but not Least we thank our Electrical Eng. Staff & Friends. We were indebted for their constant help, encouragement & without whom this project would not have been a success.Content Chapter 1; Project Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2. Problem Statement 1.3 Project Objectives 1.4 Literature Survey Chapter 2: Information and Working 2.1 System Information 2.2. Technical Information 2.3. Working of Inverter 2.4 Battery Charging Chapter 3: Analysis and Cost 3.1 Performance Analysis 3.2 Cost 3.3 Photo GalleryChapter 4: Advantages and Disadvantages 4.1 Advantages of Inverter 4.2 Disadvantages of Inverter 4.3 Applications of Inverter Chapter 5: Conclusion &Future scope 5.1 Future scope 5.2. Conclusion 5.3 References 36 37Chapter 1 Project OverviewThe output of battery source is a 12 volt DC and the required AC volt for AC appliances is a 220V AC (50 Hz). The function of inverter is to convert 12 DC to 220V AC which should have pure sine wave oscillation at 50 hertz like the ordinary household electrical outlet. The method that we are applying in our experiment is, converting the low voltage DC power to AC, and then using a transformer to boost the voltage to 220V AC. In today's market, there are two different types of inverters, modified sine wave and pure sine wave inverter. The modified sine wave is similar to a square wave which is less efficient in power consumption. It produces high number of harmonics which affects the devices, hence, reducing its life time. Whereas, a pure sin wave inverter reduces the harmonics to minimum, thus increasing the efficiency of power consumption and life time of AC appliances. It also reduces. the audible and electrical noise in audible equipment, TV's, Fluorescent lights and allows inductive load, like fan to run faster and quieter.. It can be noted that the square wave has the minimum amplitude, that is, maximum distortion. The modified sin wave is quite similar to square, but it rests at zero for moment then rises or falls, it's less di storted then the square. Whereas, the pure sin wave shown, have zero distortion (maximum amplitude) compared to the rest two with pure oscillation of sine wave.PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1. To ensure there is uninterruptible power supply to the computer system. 2. To prevent loss of data in case of power outage.LITERATURE SURVEY PROCESS OF PROJECT SELECTION AC electrical power supply can be used most electronic devices. It will be difficult to use these devices that electric goes off. This problem can be solved by the use of inverter. DC to AC converter known as an inverter. This function of inverter is to change DC input voltage to a symmetrical AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. There are various kind of watt in the inverter according to P=VI. Watt is dependent on the current. The using of watt gets form transformer, coil wire depending on the ampere. There are various types of inverter, and they are classifying according to the No. of the phases. Use of power of semiconductor devices, communication principles and output waveforms. We will first look single phase inverter. Secondly, we will discuss voltage source inverter(VSI) and current source inverter(CSI). Inverter are used many different industrial applications including the speed control of induction and synchronous motors, induction heating, aircraft power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies(UPS) and high voltage DC transmission. Town and countries which have no sufficiently light use inverter. It is an essential device to increase for lives. So, we study inverter and then we can know electrical and electronic knowledge.Chapter 2 INFORMATION AND WORKING 10OVERVIEW The post is about 12V to 220V AC inverter circuit designed with few easily available components. Inverters are often needed at places where it is not possible to get AC supply from the Mains. An inverter circuit is used to convert the DC power to AC power. Inverter circuits are very much helpful to produce high voltage using low voltage DC supply or Battery. The 12V DC to 220V AC inverter circuit is designed using IC CD4047. The IC CD4047 acts as a switching pulse oscillating device. The n-channel power MOSFET IRFZ44n acts as a switch. The 12-0-12V secondary transformer inversely used as a Step-up transformer from converting low AC to High Ac.PROBLEM STATEMENT In the market and application of power inverters, there are many choices. These range from the very expensive to the least expensive with varying degrees of quality, efficiency and power output capabilities. High quality combined with high efficiency exists thought is often at a high monetary cost. Our goal is to fill a place which seems to be lacking in the power inverter market and applications one for a fairly efficient, inexpensive inverter with a pure sine wave output aimed at powering domestic appliances in the event of power outages and energy crisis. Utilizing analogue components to achieve a clean sinusoid output with very little switching noise shared with the low-priced manufacturing that comes with an analogue method.Ft i 12.0-12 Volt Secondary The Circuit Diagram shown above is the tested 12V DC to 220V AC Inverter Circuit. It uses 2 power IRFZ44 MOSFETs for driving the output power and the 4047 IC as an astable multi-vibrator operating at a frequency of around 50 Hz. The 10 and 11 pin outputs of the IC directly drive power MOSFETs that are used in push-pull configuration. Use suitable heat- sinks for MOSFETs as it will produce a huge amount of heat. The output transformer has a 12V-0-12V, 1 Amps on the secondary and 220V on the primary.©4047 - CMOS Low Power Mu rator CD4047 is a CMOS Low Power monostable/astable multivibrator mainly used for converting DC current signal to AC signal. It comes with a high voltage rating around 20-V. CD4047 is a 14 pin IC that operates on a logic techniques with an ability to allow negative or positive edge-triggered monostable multivibrator action layered with retriggering and external counting options. Accurate and complemented buffered output with low power consumption make this IC an ideal choice for Frequency Division and Time Delay applications. There is a sheer difference involved when IC works in monostable and astable mode. In monostable mode, the inverter 2Bneeds a trigger signal for generating the output pulse, but an astable multivibrator doesn't require trigger signal for every output pulse. More often than not, an astable multivibrator can be called as an oscillator. There are 14 pins available on the IC where Vss is a ground pin and Vdd is a voltage supply pin. There are six inputs including trigger’, trigger, astable, astable', external reset and retrigger. While buffer outputs include three outputs mentioned as Q, Q', and Oscillator. Both astable and astable' take part for triggering the operation by keeping high level on the former and low level on the later. c Vdd R Osc Out R-C Common Retrigger Astable cb4047 Q Q Trigger Ext, Reset Vss + Trigger CD4047 Pinout 2, IREZ44 Power MOSFETIn this project we need 2 Power MOSFET. According to the IRFZ44 datasheet this is a third generation Power MOSFET that provide the best combination of fast switching, ruggedized device design, low on-resistance and cost-effectiveness. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry. Power MOSFETs are widely used in transportation technology, which include a wide range of vehicles. In the automotive industry, power MOSFETs are widely used in automotive electronics. Power MOSFETs are commonly used for a wide range of other applications. When MOSFETS failthey often go short-circuit drain-to-gate. This can put the drain voltage back onto the gate where of course it feeds into the drive circuitry, possibly blowing that section. 15A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. This is mainly a step up transformer. A transformer that increases the voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. A transformer is a piece of static electrical equipment which transforms electrical energy (from primary side windings) to the magnetic energy (in the transformer’s magnetic core) and again to the electrical energy (on the secondary transformer side). A step-uptransformer has a wide variety of applications in electrical systems and transmission lines. 1, 22K Variable Resi It is a variable resistor. A variable resistor is the type of resistor which changes the flow of current in a controlled manner by offering a wide range of resistances. As the resistance increases in the variable resistor the current through the circuit decreases and vice versa. They can also be used to control the voltage across devices in a circuit too. Therefore, in applications where current control or voltage control is needed, these type of resistors come handy. These resistors offer a different resistance value, which means their resistance values can be adjusted to different values so as to provide the necessary control of current and/or voltage.To do so, a resistive strip is placed in between two fixed terminals of the device, a third terminal which is a movable one, is made to glide over this strip 5. 1000 /10W Resistors It is generally a wire wound resistor. In this project we need 2 wire wound resistors. A wire-wound resistor is an electrical passive device that limits or restricts current flow in a circuit. Wire-wound resistors are constructed using a conductive wire. The conductive wire is then wound around a non-conductive core. The conductive wire can be made of varying alloys and thickness to control the resistance value. Wire-wound resistors are typically used in high power and industrial applications such as circuit breakers and fuses. We offer over 20 different series in wire-wound construction. which can be chosen based on mounting, application, and resistance range. Different types of wire-wound resistors include Precision, Axial, Tubular, Surface-mount, and Adjustable, which all have good stabilityand resistance range, and are produced in many wattage sizes. The higher wattage wire wound resistors are used in High Current/Braking applications. 6.0.22uF Capacitors A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers ofceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two application classes: e Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit applications. © Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, and coupling applications.Arechargeable battery, storage battery, orsecondary cell, (or archaically accumulator) is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a_ reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeablebatteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit. The electrolytemay serve as a simple buffer for internal ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and nickel- cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in lead-acid cells. The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. The voltage of the source must be higher than that of the battery to force current to flow into it, but not too much higher or the battery may be damaged. Devices which use rechargeable batteries include automobile starters, portable consumer devices, light vehicles (such as motorized wheelchairs, golf carts, electric bicycles, and __ electric forklifts), tools, uninterruptible power supplies, and battery storage power stations. Emerging applications in hybrid internal combustion-battery and electric avehicles drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, and increase lifetime. Arelay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be 2controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long- distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. The IC CD 4047 is configured in astable multivibrator mode with the help of variable resistor RV1 and capacitor Cl. By varying the value of RV1 we can get a different range of output pulse at Q and Q’ pins of CD4047. Consequently, there is a variation in the output voltage at the transformer. The n-channel power MOSFETs IRFZ44 Drain pins are connected with the transformer secondary pins and common pin in the secondary 23winding is connected with battery positive. Both MOSFET source pins are connected to the negative terminal of the battery. When the alternate square pulse from Q & Q’ drives the MOSFET, it switches ON. Then the secondary winding is forced to induce an alternate magnetic field. This magnetic field induced produces high altemate voltage around 220V. BATTERY CHARGING The inverter that we use is a combination of three circuits. 1. An inverter which can convert DC voltage coming from the battery to household mains voltage. 2. A battery charging circuit that uses the mains power to charge the battery bank, by providing an appropriate voltage across the battery bank terminals. 3. A relay system: The relay system in the inverter is just as important as the immigration department in a country. When the mains power is being supplied, the relays are in a particular position that helps in powering the battery charger circuit that makes sure that the battery bank is completely charged and also adopts pulse charging and trickle charging to keep the batteries topped up to the 100% mark. 24When the power is cut, the relay system changes the position in such a way that now the inverter circuit is receiving power from the battery bank. The inverter circuit is now able to power up the entire set of appliances. So the combination of these three circuits helps in making the inverter a useful household device. Chapter 3 ANALYSIS AND COST 25PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS A no-loads test was done on the inverter initially after completion; the output of the transformer was measured (Tables 1-8). The branded inverter and the locally constructed were subject to two kinds of loads to determine the efficiency, how long the inverter systems can power the loads. + The resistive loads which are electric incandescent bulbs and soldering iron. + The inductive load which are electric fan and drilling machine. The tests carried out on both the branded and the locally constructed inverter and the readings taken with the use of multimeter are as follows: The tables of values were taken with the following conditions in place. + The branded inverter was supplied with 12v battery source. * There was no public utility supply to the inverter.Input voltage 12V Output voltage 230V_ Current drawn from the battery LIA Frequenc S0Hz Open circuit voltage 19.90V Short circuit current 5.23A COSTING Sr Equipment Quantity | Price (Rs) Total No. Price 1. IC CD 4047 1 AO/- 40/- 2. IRFZ44 Power MOSFET 2 200/- 400/- 3. 12-0-12, 10A Centre 1 400/- 400/- Tapped Transformer 4.__| 22K ohm Variable Resistor 1 10/- 10/- 5. 100 ohm/10 W Resistor 2 18/- 36/- 6. 0.22uf Capacitor 1 5/- S/- 7. 18 pin dip IC Socket base 1 20/- 20/- connector 8. 12V Rechargeable Battery 1 5500/- 5500/- 9. PCB Board 1 A0/- 40/- 10. 3 Pin PCB Mount Screw 1 15/- 15/- Terminal block connectors u. Wires - 200/- 200/- 12. Plywood Box - 1500/- 1500/- 13. Relay 1 50/- 50/- Total Cost_| 8216/- 27rd r}Chapter 4 APPLICATIONS OF INVERTER1. About 30 per cent to 50 per cent cheaper to run as it consumes less power compared to a conventional AC 2. No voltage fluctuation 3. Efficient cooling and heating 4. Can be run on solar panels 5. Apart from savings in monthly electricity bill, there is huge savings on fuel if run on backup generator 6. The additional price paid for an inverter AC gets recovered in electricity bills within a few months 7. Safe for household wiring due to lower power consumption 8. Suitable for large and small rooms DISAdvantages of inverter 1. If room is not insulated, power consumption increases and so does the electricity bill. 2. Efficiency decreases at noon if weather is extremely hot (over 45 degrees C). 3. Relatively expensive repair and maintenance due to the expensive service support and the components used. APPLICATION of inverter 30Typical applications for inverters are: © — Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools. °® Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar generating systems to convert DC power to AC power. . Use within any larger electronic system where an engineering need exists for deriving an AC source froma DC source. e Frequency conversion - if a user in (say) a 50 Hz country needs a 60 Hz supply to power equipment that is frequency-specific, such as a small motor or some electronics, it is possible to convert the frequency by running an inverter with a 60 Hz output from a DC source such as a 12V power supply running from the 50 Hz mains,F Chapter 5 TURE PEAs whole world is facing a problem of global warming and energy crisis, our project will help to reduce these problems by using energy to generate electricity. Prototype voltage is limited & current is also limited that can be improved by connecting more battery banks & PV arrays. The same concept can be used to develop the inverter for 6-36-kV system by changing the number of secondary windings and the number of levels. Research should be carried out to fulfill the future energy demand since it is economic and renewable. Voltage can be matched with the grid and power can be transferred from battery to grid In the future if we are successful in generating higher power with less solar panels then this method for transmission of power from solar plant will be cost effective and maintenance free. LUSION 33,After designing our simple DC to AC inverter we have observed that the converter is converting the 12v DC supply to AC through proper circuit and then by using 9v to 220v center trapped transformer we are increasing the voltage and thus we can glow a led for a certain time period. AC can’t be stored for future use whereas DC can be stored in battery & it can be converted back to AC by using power inverters when require. Thus finally we have successfully completed our project & by observing its results we can say that it’s a very important power cut solution for this era & also potential material for coming years References