D.A.

V CENTENERY PUBLIC SCHOOL,

SIRSA

BIOLODY PROJECT
ON

CANCER

Submitted To:
Submitted by:
Mr. Vinod Rashmi
10+2 (Medical)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank principal RAJIV

UTRIJA to inspire us always like a lighthouse in a

ocean. He gave us good for future. I shall be always

grateful to him.

I wish to express my deepest sense to gratitude to

my teacher Mr. Vinod for the invaluable blessing

and guidance rendered by her for assembling of my

project.

I am also thankful to the laboratory teacher

Richipal for his ever helping nature for providing

us with necessary tools for performing our

experiment.
 Rashmi

10+2 (Medical)

FORWARD

This project is submitted in practical fulfillment of

requirement and down for course prescribed for
Biology project, examination 2010-11 under the
guidance of our respected teacher.

Internal Examiner________________

External Examiner______________________
 WHAT IS CANCER
Cancer is develops when cells in a part of the body
given to grow out of control although there are
many kind of cancer, they all start because of out
of control growth of abnormal cells.

Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an

orderly fashion. During the early year of a person’s
life, normal cell divide more rapidly until the person
becomes an adult. After that cells in most parts of
the body divide only to replace worn out or dying
cells and to repair injuries.

Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide,

they are different from normal cells. Instead of
dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to
from new abnormal cells. Cancer cells develop
because of damage of DNA. This substance is in
every cell and directs all activities. Most of the time
when DNA become damaged the body is able to
repair it, In Cancer cells the damaged DNA is not
repaired, People can inherit damaged DNA which
accounts for inherited cancers. More often though a
person’s DNA becomes damaged by exposure to
something in the environment like smoking.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF CANCER

What are symptoms and signs?

A symptom is an indication of disease, illness,

injury, or that something is not right in the body.
Symptoms are left or noticed by a person, but may
not easily be noticed by anyone else. For example,
chills, weakness, achiness, shortness of breath and
a cough are possible symptoms of pneumonia.

How does cancer produce signs and

symptoms?
Cancer is a group of disease that may cause almost
any sign or symptom. The sign and symptom will
depend on where the cancer is the size of the
cancer, and how much it effect, the surrounding
organs or structures. If a cancer spreads
metastasizes then symptoms may appear in
different parts of the body.
As a cancer grows it begin to push on nearly
organs, blood Bessel, and reverses. This pressures
creates some of the signs and symptoms of cancer.
If the cancer is an critical area, such as certain
parts of brain, even the smallest tumor can
produce early symptoms.

HOW IS CANCER TREATED

The four major types of treatment for cancer are
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and biologic
therapies. You might also have heart about
hormones therapies such as tamoxiten and
transplant option such as those done with bone
marrow.

WHAT TREATMENT WILL BE FOR ME?

Your cancer treatment will be entirely based on
your unique situation. Certain types of cancer
respond very differently types of treatment , so
determining the types of treatment will be most
effective. The cancer stage (how widespread it is )
will also determine than later-stage ones. Your
overall health your life style and your personal
preferences will also play a part in deceding which
treatment option will be best for you. Not at all
type of treatment will be effective in your situation,
so be sure that your understand your option. Don’t
be afraid to ask questions, it is your right to know
what treatment are most likely to help you and
what their side effects may be.
WHAT SHOULD I ASK MY DOCTOR ABOUT
CANCER
The following are examples of question to ask
during the discussion.
Cancer usually forms of a tumer. Some cancers,
like leukemia do not form cancer. Instead these
cancer cells involve the blood and blood forming
organs and circulate though other tissues where
they grow.

Often cancer cells treavel to other parts if the body

where they being to grow and replace normal
tissues. This process is called metastasis.
Regardless of where a cancer may spread, however
it is always named for the place it began. For
instance breast cancer that spreads to the liver is
still called breast cancer, not liver cancer.

Not all tumors are cancerous. Benigh

(Noncancerous) tumors do not spread
(metastasize) to other parts of the body and with
very rare exception are not life threatening.
Different type of cancer can behave very
differently. For example, lung cancer and breast
cancer are very different diseases. The grow at
different rates and respond to different treatments.
That is way people with cancer need treatment that
is aimed at their particular kind of cancer.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the
united states. Half of all men and one third of all
women in the United States will develop cancer
during their lifetimes. Today millions of people are
having with cancer or have had cancer. The risk of
developing most types of cancer can be reduced by
change in the person’s lifestyle, for example by
quitting smoking and eating a better diet. The
sooner a cancer is fond and treatment begins, the
better are the changes for many years.

WHO GETS CANCER?

Over one million people get cancer each year.
Approximately one out of every two American men
and one out of every three American women will
have some types of cancer at some point during
their lifetime. Anyone can get cancer at any age;
however about 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in
people are age of 55 and older. Although cancer
occurs in American of all racial and ethnic groups,
the rate of cancer occurrence (called the incidence
rate) various from group to group.

Today, millions of people are living with cancer or

have been cured of the disease. The sooner a
cancer is found and the sooner treatment begins,
the better a patient’s chances are a cure. That’s
why early detection of cancer is such an important
weapon in the fight against cancer.
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR
CANCER
Different kinds of cancer have different risk factors.
Some of the major risk factor include following:-
• Cancer of the lung, mouth, laryns bladder,
kidney, cervis, esophagus and pancreas are
rated to tobacco use, include cigarettes,
cigar, chewing tobacco and snuff. Smoking
alone cause one third of all cancer deaths.
• Skin cancer is related to unprotected
exposure to strong sunlight.
• Breast cancer risk factors include several
factors : age changes in hormone levels
through out life, such as age at first
menstruation, number of pregnancies and age
at menopause obesity and physical activity.
Some study has also shown a connection
between alcohol consumption and an
increased risk of breast cancer. Also women
with mother or sister who have had breast
cancer are more likely to develop the disease
themselves.
 • While all men are at risk for prostate cancer,
several factors can increase the chance of
developing the disease such as age, race and
diet. The chance of getting prostate cancer
goes up with age. Prostate cancer is more
common among African – American men than
among while men (we do not yet know why
this is so) a high fat diet may play a part in
causing prostate cancer are more likely to it
prostate cancer themselves.
CAN CANCER BE PREVENTED?

Smoking and drinking alcohol cause some people

to get certain types of cancer. These cancer might
be prevented by avoiding tobacco and alcohol. The
best idea is to never use tobacco at all. Cigarettes,
cigar, Pipes and smokeless tobacco cause cancer
and should not be used people who already smoke
should try to quit. Former smokes have less risk of
cancer than do people who continue to smoke.

The chance of getting skin cancer can be lowered

by staying in the shade as much as you can
wearing a hat and shirt when you are in the sun
and using sunscreen.

We know that our diet (what we eat) is linked to

some types of cancer. Although the exact reasons
are not yet clear. The best advise is to eat a lot of
fresh fruit and vegetable and whole grains like
pasta and bread and to cut down high fat foods.

There are tests called screening examinations, that

adults should have in order to find cancer early. If
cancer early it can often be cured.

WHAT CAUSES CANCER

Some kinds of cancer are caused by things people
do smoking can cause cancers of the lungs, mouth,
throat, bladder, kidneys and several other organs,
as well as heart disease and stroke. While not
everyone who smokes will get cancer, smoking
increase a person’s chance of getting the disease,
drinking a lot of the alcohol has also been shown to
increase a person’s chance of getting cancer of the
mouth, threat and some other organs. This is
especially true if the person drinks and smokes.

Radiation (X-rays) can cause cancer, but the x-rays

used by the doctor or dentist are safe. Too much
exposure to sunlight without any protection can
skin cancer.

In many cases, the exact of cancer remains a

mystery. We know that certain changes in our cells
can cancers to start, but we don’t yet know exactly
how is happens. Many scientists are studying this
problem.