Biology Project ce On CANCER Submitted by SRIYASHREE PANIGRAHI XII-B - 78 Regd.No. - 12650853 V.S. VIDYALAYA SUNABEDA-2021-22oo 949000000000 909004440000000000004000006000000004: POPOPHOSOSOS OO SOS OO OOO OOSOOSOSOOO OOS Certificate This is to certify that Sriyashree Panigrahi of Class XII-B-78 has successfully completed this Project entitled "CANCER" under the guidance of Dr G Vinod Kumar biology department, during the academic year 2021-22. 99O9990O9000000000 Ao Mr .H.K. Seth Dr G. Vinod Kumar (Principle) ( Project Guide) SPST Brkvo OOOO 994900940044000000004000000 POPHOSSOSOHOSOSOOO OO OOOH OOOO OOOOOOS.POSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSOSOSOOOOOSD 40000 oo ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express my greatest gratitude to The people who have me helped and supported me throughout my project. 1 am grateful to my teacher Dr. G .Vinod Kumar- PGT Biology, for his continuous support for the completion of my project. I wish thank my parent for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged to go on my own way. BY SRIYASHREE PANIGRAHI XII-B - 78 9999090 0040000040000040000000000000000000000009 99999900000000004000000004000000000004000000000006 POSSSSSSSSSSSSSOOS SOOO OOOO OOOOOOOSOCONTENTS 1. AIM 2. THEORY * What is cancer? * Some examples of common cancer * Sign and symptoms * Difference between normal & cancer cell * Treatment of cancer 3. BIBLIOGRAPHYWhat is cancer? Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body. These abnormal cells are termed cancer cells, malignant cells, or tumor cells. These cells can infiltrate normal body tissues. Many cancers and the abnormal cells that compose the cancer tissue are further identified by the name of the tissue that the abnormal cells originated from (for example, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer). Cancer is not confined to humans; animals and other living organisms can get cancer. Below is a schematic that shows normal cell division and how when a cell is damaged or altered without repair to its system, the cell usually dies. Also shown is what occurs when such damaged or unrepaired cells do not die and become cancer cells and show uncontrolled division and growth -- a mass of cancer cells develop. Frequently, cancer cells can break away from this original mass of cells, travel through the blood and lymph systems, and lodge in other organs where they can again repeat the uncontrolled growth cycle. This process of cancer cells leaving an area and growing in another body area is termed metastatic spread or metastasis. For example, if breast cancer cells spread to a bone, it means that the individual has metastatic breast cancer to bone. This is not the same as "bone cancer," which would mean the cancer had started in the bone.Some examples of common cancers Breast cancer: (© Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in : the breast. Cancer starts when cells begin to of © grow out of con Breast cancer cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x- ray or felt as a lump. Breast cancer occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get breast cancer, too. Lung cancer (including bronchus): Lung cancer is the second most common. cancer in American men and women. It's also the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for both American men and women. One in every four cancer-related deaths is from lung cancer. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Men who smoke are 23 times more likely to develop lung cancer. Women who smoke are 13 times more likely, both when compared with nonsmokers.Prostate cancer:. Prostate cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of men each year who are middle-aged or older. About 60 percent of the cases occur in men older than age 65. The American Cancer Society imates that 174,650 American men will be newly diagnosed with this condition in 2019. The prostate is a small gland found in a man’s lower abdomen. It's located under the bladder and surrounding the urethra. The prostate is regulated by the hormone testosterone and produces seminal fluid, also known as semen. Semen is the substance containing sperm that exits the urethra during ejaculation. Thyroid cancer: Thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the lower front part of your neck. The hormones it makes are carried throughout your body to help regulate heat and energy. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of four types of thyroid cancer. It’s very rare: The American Thyroid Association notes that this type represents less than 2 percent of all cases of thyroid cancer. It metastasizes, or spreads, quickly to other organs. It’s one of the mostTrusted Source aggressive cancers in humans.Symptoms and signs: Symptoms and signs of cancer depend on the type of cancer, where it is located, and/or where the cancer cells have spread. For example, breast cancer may present as a lump in the breast or as nipple discharge while metastatic breast cancer may present with symptoms of pain (if spread to bones), extreme fatigue (lungs), or seizures (brain). A few patients show no signs or symptoms until the cancer is far advanced. The American Cancer Society describes seven warning signs and/or symptoms that a cancer may be present, and which should prompt a person to seek medical attention. The word CAUTION can help you remember these. + Change in bowel or bladder habits + Asore throat that does not heal Vir ‘\ SF + Unusual bleeding or discharge (for example, nipple secretions or a sore" that will not heal that oozes material)Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, or elsewhere Indigestion (usually chronic) or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in the size, color, or mole shape, or thickness of a wart Nagging cough or hoarseness Other signs or symptoms may also alert you or your doctor to the possibility of your having some form of cancer. These include the following: Unexplained loss of weight or loss of appetite A new type of pain in the bones or other parts of the body that may be steadily worsening, or come and go, but is unlike previous pains one has had before Persistent fatigue, nausea, or vomiting, Unexplained low-grade fevers with may be either persistent or come and go Recurring infections which will not clear wi h usual treatmentCell shape Nucleus Nucleolus Cytoplasm Growth Maturation Blood supply Oxygen Location Normal Cell © Uniform Spheroid shape, single nucleus Single, inconspicuous nucleolus Large cytoplasmic volume Controlled Mature into specialized cells Normal angiogenesis (occurs during development/ healing) Favored (for aerobic respiration) but will undergo anaerobic respiration if required Remain in their intended location Cancer Cell Irregular Irregular shape, multi- nucleation common Multiple, enlarged nucleoli Small cytoplasmic volume Uncontrolled Remain immature and undifferentiated Tumor-induced angiogenesis Not required (thrive in hypoxic conditions), favor anaerobic respiration Can spread to different locations in the body (metastasis)Treatment of cancer There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that you receive will depend on the type of cancer you have and how advanced itis. Some people with cancer will have only one treatment, But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. When you need treatment for cancer, you have a lot to learn and think about. It is normal to feel overwhelmed and confused. But, talking with your doctor and learning about the types of treatment you may have can help you feel more in control. Our Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Treatment may help. CANCER NeRAPY __ TREATMENT IMMUNOTHERAPY ~ OPTIONS swan ‘Ow TARGETED THERAPY© Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible. Chemotherapy, Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (brachytherapy). Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor.A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrowBibliography * https://en.wikipedia.org © https://www.scribd.com