CANCER
Index
S.No. Title
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Types of cancer
4. Most common types of cancer
5. Symptoms
6. Difference between normal and cancer cell
7 Causes of cancer
8. Precaution
9. Treatment
10. Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology Investigatory
Project” on the Topic “Cancer” has been successfully
completed by of class XII under
the guidance of in particular fulfillment
of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 20__-20__.
Teacher-In-charge External examiner
Acknowledgement
· I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals.
· I am highly indebted to my biology teacher, for her
invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts
in all the stages of this project.
· I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
· My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow
classmates in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
Introduction
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with
a potential to invade to other parts of the body. In
contrast being tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body.
They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor
is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated
growth and will often from a mass or lump, but may be
distributed diffusely.
Types of cancer
Cancer types can be classified based on the type of
cell they originated from. Therefore cancer can be
classified into following:
1. Carcinoma
The most common form of cancer, it originates from
the epithelial cell.
2. Sarcoma
Originates from the connective tissues such as
cartilage, fat and bone tissues.
3. Melanoma
Originates from the melanocytes, which are the type
of cell that contains pigments.
4. Lymphoma & leukaemia
Originate from the cells that comprise blood (such as
B-lymphocytes or white blood cells)
Most common types of cancer
1. Bladder cancer
2. Breast cancer
3. Colorectal cancer
4. Kidney cancer
5. Lung cancer
6. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
7. Melanoma
8. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer
9. Pancreatic cancer
10. Prostate cancer
11. Thyroid cancer
12. Uterine cancer
13. Brain cancer
Symptoms
Cancer can be identified by a variety of symptoms. In
some cases, symptoms could vary or may not show any
symptoms. there are few general symptoms:
1. Irregular loss of weight.
2. Recurrent fever.
3. Continuous pain in a certain area.
4. Fatigue.
5. Irregular changes in the skin (pigmentation,
unusual hair growth, red or yellow skin, blotches
etc.)
In women the cancer are quite unique:
1. Changes in the shape or color of the breast.
2. Bleeding out of the menstrual cycle period.
3. Bloating.
4. Blood in stool.
Difference between common and
cancer cell
Characteristics Normal cells Cancer cells
Shape Regular Irregular
Nucleus Proportionate Large, darker
site
Growth In control, Out of control
systematic
Death Mortal Immortal
Maturation Mature Immature-doesn’t
mature
Communication Communicates Doesn’t
communicate
Visibility Visible to Invisible to immune
immune cells cells
Blood supply Angiogenesis Tumor angiogenesis
during repair
Oxygen Requires Doesn’t like or
oxygen require oxygen
glucose Requires some Craves glucose
glucose
Energy Very high Very low (5%)
efficiency (98%)
Amount ATP 38 units of 2 units of ATP
ATP
Cell Alkaline Acidic
environment
Nutrient Fat, ketone, Glucose
preference glucose
Causes of cancer
Like symptoms, there is no conclusive evidence for its
causes. However, scientists have found out certain
things which aggravate the occurrence of this disease.
Some of the common factors are:
1. Genetics.
2. Tobacco and the other related narcotics.
3. Alcohol.
4. Exposure to unnatural radiation (such as UV rays)
for an extended period of time.
5. Diet and lifestyle.
6. Exposure to certain chemical for a long time.
7. Infections.
8. Unhealthy environment.
Precaution
1. Say no to tobacco.
2. Protect your skin from the sun.
3. Eat a healthy diet.
4. Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active.
5. Practice safer sex and avoid risky behaviors.
6. Get immunized (HPV & hepatitis vaccines).
7. Know your family medical history and get regular
cancer screenings.
Treatment
1. Surgery
It is the method used to treat cancer. It is the
procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from
your body that is contained in a area.
2. Radiation therapy
It is also known as radiotherapy. In this procedure
the cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
3. Chemotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or
more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized
chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given
with a curative intent or it may aim to prolong life or
to reduce symptoms.
4. Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your
immune system fight cancer. The immune system
helps your body fight infections and other diseases.
It is made up of white blood cells and organs and
tissues of the lymph system. Immunotherapy is a
type biological therapy.
Bibliography
· Eagle wish
Thanks for watching!
Do like share and subscribe viewers
I wish you luck to explode IN YOUR
EXAMINATION
