EOOW PREPRATION

IMMANUEL N THOMAS
EOOW oral exam STCW 3/1 Unlimited
M notices Syllabus MGN 69
• Marine engineering
• Electrical and control
• Maintenance and repair
• Control the operation of ship and care for persons onboard

MSN 1857- Requirements for engineer officers and

operators Outlines the certification structure and
examination
Training requirements for merchant navy Eng. Officers
MY LAST SHIP • AEG – 450 kw @ 1800 rpm

• M/V BAO WANG - General Cargo ship.

• Imo : 9189720, Flag : Panama.
• Grt: 4947T, Dwt: 7177T.
• Length : 100m, Beam: 19.5m, Depth:
9.3m.

MAIN ENGINE:

• MAK – 6M551 – 6 cylinder, 4strke,

Inline
Engine with Pulse Turbocharging.
• Stroke 450mm, Bore 400mm
• Shaft Power : 1899 kw@450 rpm
• Service speed: 10 knots

SHAFT GEN:
AUXILLARY ENGINE:
• DEUTZ – BA8M816U, 4stroke, 8cylin, Trunk
type
engine.
• No- 2, Power : 282kw each @1200 rpm

EMERGENCY GENERATOR:
• DEUTZ – BA6M816U, 4stroke, 6 cylin,
Trunk
type
• Power 232 kw @ 1200 rpm

BOILER:
• HTI – Vertical composite boiler, smoke
tube
type
• Working Press: 10 bar, Temp : 220 C
Joining the Ship
• Proceed to bridge, handover • I will get the handing over notes which
documents and notes to master contains machineries that I have to
• Location of cabin , nearest escape work on
routes & nearest fire extinguisher • About operation of designated
available.
equipment's and spares availability
• Then a safety familiarization is done on • Maintenance history and planned ones
safety equipment's like life jackets,
immersion suits, escape routes, for future
muster station, life boats • Frequent issues faced during their time of
• Operation of watertight doors and contract
knowledge about raising the • Take soundings of tanks
alarm
• Location of all spares and tools
• Then procced to engine room report
the CE and as per his instruction I will • Starting of life boat engines
ask relieving Engr about the
watchkeeping duties on port and sea
Taking Over The
Watch • Oil mist detector, turbocharger oil level
• Boiler working and gauge glass level
• Wear proper PPE • Air compressor
• Check for funnel smokes • Then conditions of bilges and check all
working pumps
• Check cold storage and EG rooms • Inspect locally the exhaust temperatures of
• Proceed to engine room ME
• Check log book , CE standing orders • Check for oil levels in all equipment
notify Engr about pre checks
• Check purifier (amps, oil levels, any noise
• Procced to expansion tank check level or vibration)
• Check SG room • Then procced to ECR check MSB and check for
• Check refrigerant plant, fwg operation alternators on load and their parameters
• Drain air bottles, drain fuel tanks • Asking Engr about the work done , works
planned, issues faced, open work permits,
• Check the parameters of engine isolated machineries, updates from
bridge and PMS
• Check fire fighting equipment's all in place
• Abnormal noises
Looking For Things In Control Room
•Log book
•Standing orders from CE
•Data logger and alarm print
•Check the notice board for reserves/ fuel tanks in use
•Look at PMS
•Checks on MSB for alarms, generators on load
•Control room ac working
Log Book
PARROT
•Parameters
•Actions
•Running hours
•Reserves oil & fuel
•Observation
•Timing
Handover
• Work
• Issues
• Standing Orders from CE
• Updates from Bridge
• Isolated systems/ machinery
• Planned Work
• Open Work Permits
• Weather
• PMS
Machineries in charge of 4 Engr th

4th Engr handling machineries are given in the SMS and also it is given
in the handing over notes

Certain machineries include :

•Purifier
•Air compressor
•Aux engine and boiler
Smoke
Hazy Grey – Good
Blue – Excessive oil
White – Water
ingress Sparks –
funnel fire
Black – Unburnt fuel/ incomplete combustion
Gauge Glass Blowdown
• Risk Assessment/ Work Permit
• PPE
• Isolate by closing steam valve at top and water valve at bottom
• Drain by opening drain valve (Check there’s no one below you)
• Open water valve and wait for it to run clear then close
• Open Steam Valve to Blowdown Gauge Glass till steam runs clear
• Close Steam Valve
• Close Drain
• Open Water Valve to fill the gauge glass
• Open Steam Valve
• The level will correspond to the water inside the boiler.
Blowing Gauge Glass
•Reduce density of salts and remove dissolved & floating solids
•If not done it leads to foaming, corrosion and priming
Water Level Low in Gauge Glass
• Water completely not dropped out of slight glass, water may be added
• Water drops completely out of sight glass check another sight glass
• If both water disappears, don’t not add water until boiler is cool enough.
• To prevent any possible damage due to rapid cooling of overheated plate
• Fire stopped immediately
• Main steam stop v/v closed
• Blow down & cool down
• Check leakage or locate cause of trouble
• Once boiler cooled enter in and examine for any damage
• After rectifying slowly fill water and restore normal operation
FOUR PILLARS OF IMO
IMO – International Maritime Organization
•SOLAS
•MARPOL
•STCW
•MLC
SOLAS
• Chapter I – General Provisions • Chapter VIII – Nuclear ships
• Chapter II-1 – Construction
• Chapter II-2 – Fire protection, fire • Chapter IX – Management for the Safe
detection and fire extinction Operation of Ships
• Chapter III – Life-saving appliances • Chapter X – Safety measures for high-
and speed craft
arrangements • Chapter XI-1 – Special measures to
enhance maritime Safety
• Chapter IV – Radiocommunications
• Chapter XI-2 – Special measures to
• Chapter V – Safety of navigation enhance maritime security – ISPS
• Chapter VI – Carriage of Cargoes • Chapter XII – Additional safety measures
• Chapter VII – Carriage of dangerous for bulk carriers
goods • Chapter XIII - Verification of compliance
• Chapter XIV - Safety measures for ships
operating in polar waters
ISM
• International Management Code for Safe Operation of Vessel and
Pollution Prevention.
• It comes SOLAS chapter – 9

• ISM has got 16

chapters Main objective

of ISM is :
People
Environment
Property &
Prevent human injury
Convention
•It is the meeting held between IMO member
states, Discuss about : Safety and Environment
Policy.

3 Conventions of IMO:
•SOLAS (1974)
•Pollution Prevention (1973), modified at (1978), MARPOL (1997)
•STCW (1978) – Revisions @ 1995 and 2010
 • One convention is made and
MCA brings it to UK.
• Inform in form of M-Notices
(MIN or MGN)
• Then it is made as bill.
Convention • Bill is passed into assembly
Law and voted by house of
parliament.
• Once voted becomes law.
• Law is deployed as MSN
(Merchant Shipping
Notice).
MLC
5 chapters of MLC:

• Min. requirement for seafarers to work on

• Maritime Labour Convention - ship.
2006
• Conditions of Employment.
- Adopted by IMO from ILO • Accommodation, Recreation , Food
to suit Marine Industry. and Catering.
• Health, Medical care, Welfare and
- (ILO- International Labour Social Security Protection.
Organization) • Compliance and Enforcement
MLC – 2006
• Seafarer’s employment agreement
• Wages for 30 days & min. 2.5 days leave
• No bribes for recruitment
• No personal details on Medical certificate
• Ensuite cabin for female seafarers
• Cabin of decent size with direct sunlight
• No cabins below waterline/ ahead of collision bulkhead
• More than 10 ppl on board must be provided with certified
cook
• Crew welfare onboard ( Gym, recreation activities)
• Onboard and shore complaint procedures
• Career development opportunities
• No repatriation charges unless misconduct
MCA Responsibilities

L oss of lives prevention (COSWP)

I nvestigate issues related to Maritime industry
F ormulate Regulations and M-notices for Uk
E xecutive Agency for Maritime Regulation/Implementation
Rest Hours
MSN 1877

Above age of 18:

• Min. rest of 10 hours for 24 hours
• Min. rest of 77 hours in a week
• It can be split into two where one portion should not be less than 6 hours

MSN 1838

Below age of 18 (16-18) • Min rest hours of 12

• Working hours should not exceed consecutive hours rest in
* 8 hours per day every 24 hours
* 40 hours per week • Rest days of 2 in a week.
* 30 mins rest for every 4.5 hours
* Sufficient time for meals and a break of 1 hour
M-Notices
•MIN – Marine Information Notice.
- gives less information time related info.
•MGN – Marine Guidance Notice.
- gives guidance on best practice & interpretation of law and
safety advices.
•MSN – Merchant Shipping Notice.
- contains UK law to be followed by UK flagged vessels.
•MSN 1857 – Training And Certification Guidance For Engineers
•MNS 1877 – Rest Hours For Seafarers Above 18 Yrs.
•MSN 1838 – Rest Hours For Young Seafarers 16-18 Yrs.
•MSN 1845 – MLC 2006 Provision Of Food And Fresh Water
•MSN 1666 – Fixed Fire Detection And Extinguishing System
•MSN 1667 – Fire Integrity Of Bulkheads
•MSN 1751 – HSSC
•MGN 69 – Syllabus for oral exam
•MGN 550 – Battery Room Safe Design Installation And Operation
•MIN 611 - COVID
•MIN 620 – Online Oral Examination
•MIN 654 – New Oral Exam Syllabus
Flag of Convenience Port State

•Those who follow the min. •Port State is for foreign

standard below IMO standards flagged vessels.
is called as Flag of Convenience. •It inspects to see whether
they follow IMO & local
regulations
Classification Society
•It is a 3rd party non gov. organization
•It gives maintenance for ships called as APMS

APMS - Approved Planned Maintenance

System.
•Audit – is carried out in Compliance of company procedure.

•Survey – is carried out in Compliance of International standard &

MCA standard and it comes with certificate.

•Inspection – is carried out Compliance of reports and certification.

Audit must be carried out within 12 months.

SMS - Safety Management System

•ISM creates SMS for ships and office.

•SMS will be unique for every ship.

Once it is verified that ship follows SMS and ISM code she is issued
with SMC
(Safety Management Certificate).
Functional Requirements of SMS:

Or What is SMS ??
S - Safety and Environmental Policy
O - Operating Procedures for routine jobs
C - Communication Procedures
R - Reporting Procedures
E - Emergency Procedures
M - Management review and audit
Safety Management Certificate
•New ship or new flag or new company takes over the ship SMC is
got or changed
•First the ship should follow SMS and then flag inspection is done
which gives a interim SMC for period of 6months
•Within this 6 months flag state once again comes and checks and
if everything is ok.
•It issues SMC which is valid for 5 yrs.
Responsibilities of 4 Engr in regards to th

ISM
Please Make Coffee Very Rich

• Policies ( for C.E and 2nd Engr)

• Maintenance

• Communication ( very simple & understandable)

• Verification (of check list i.e. SMS)

• Reporting ( anything goes wrong inform 2nd Engr no response inform C.E)
MARPOL ANNEX
6 Annex :
•Regulations for Prevention of pollution by oil
•Regulations for Control of pollution by Noxious liquid substance
in bulk
•Prevention of pollution by Harmful substance carried in sea
in packaged form
•Prevention of pollution by Sewage from ships
•Prevention of pollution by Garbage from ships
•Prevention of Air pollution from ships ( NOx, Sox & ozone depletion)
Special Areas
Annex V: Garbage
Annex I: Oil • Mediterranean Sea
• Mediterranean Sea • Baltic Sea
• Baltic Sea • Black Sea
• Black Sea • Red Sea
• "Gulfs" area
• Red Sea
• North Sea
• "Gulfs" area • Antarctic area (south of latitude 60 degrees south)
• Gulf of Aden • Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf
• Antarctic area of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea
• North West European Waters
• Oman area of the Arabian Sea Annex VI: Prevention of air pollution by ships
• Southern South African waters (Emission Control Areas – 0.10% m/m)
• Baltic Sea (SOx )(NOx)
Annex II: Noxious Liquid • North Sea (SOx)(NOx)
• North American ECA (SOx and PM) (NOx)
Substances • United States Caribbean Sea ECA (SOx and PM)
• Antarctic area • (NOx)
Annex IV: Sewage (Other areas sulphur emission
• Baltic Sea reduced from 3.5 -0.50%
m/m)
Codes in Ship
•We have 4 codes in ship :
ISM
ISPS International
IMDG
COSWP – UK
law
COSWP- code of safe working
practices for merchant seafarers
MCA document
33 total chapters
Key chapters:
Ch 4 : Emergency drills and procedures
Ch 6 : Security onboard
Ch 8 : PPE
Ch 12 : Noise, Vibration and other physical agents
Ch 14 : Permits to work
Ch 15 : Entering dangerous (enclosed) spaces
Ch18 : Provision, Care and use of work
equipment Ch 20 : Work on machinery and power
systems
Certificates kept onboard
• Certificate of Registry
• Certificate of Tonnage
• Certificate of Class
• Safe Manning Cert
• International Load Line Cert
• Maritime Labour Certificate
• Copy of Document of Compliance
• Safety Management Certificate
• ISPS – International Ship and Port facility security cert
• ISPP – International Sewage Pollution Prevention Cert
• IOPP- International Oil Pollution Prevention Cert
• IAPP – International Air Pollution Prevention Cert
• EIAPP- Engine International Air Pollution Prevention Cert
Load line Certificate
It contains details about:
•Watertight door
•Weather tight bulkhead doors
•Coregulated bulkhead
•Collision
•Transverse water tight bulkhead
Types of Bulkhead (MSN 1667)
Class A :
• Constructed of steel or equivalent
• Capable of preventing passage of smoke or flame 1hour of standard fire test
• Average temperature not more than 139 C on unexposed side
• At any point 180 C

Class B :
• Constructed of suitable non combustible material
• Capable of preventing passage of smoke and flame 30 mins of standard fire test
• Average temperature not more than 139 C on unexposed side
• At any point 225 C
NOx Technical File:

A document which supports EIAPP certificate.

It has 3 parts:

• Emission limits
• List of components with IMO serial numbers
• Adjustment or Maintenance done to the engine must be

noted (NOx components – anything related to combustion)

ISPS
•3 levels
•Level 1 Normal
•Level 2 Heightened
•Level 3 Exceptional
Documents Kept Onboard
• Log Book
• Muster List
• Oily Record Book
• Garbage Record Book
• Sulphur Record Book
• SOLAS Training Book
• SOPEP Plan
• Fire Plan
• General Arrangement Plan
• Finished Plan
• Various Files
Oil Record Book

• Bunkering of fuel oil and lubricating oil

• Ballasting or cleaning of fuel oil tanks
• Discharge of dirty ballast
• Collection and disposal of sludges
• Automatic and Non automatic discharge of bilge water from
machinery space
• Condition of Oil discharge monitoring equipment and testing of alarms
• Accidental or other exceptional discharge
• Additional operating procedures and general remarks
Risk Assessment
AIDS
•A nalyze risk/hazards
•I dentify existing control measures
•D iscussion based on severity and likelihood
•S upplementary control measures

Dynamic Risk Assessment :

Thinking about the factors within the work environment
E.g. Firefighting
Tool Box Talk
T – Tool box talk
O – Outline risk assessment
M – Manufacture’s instructions
A – Adequate spares/tools
T – Time
O - Overhaul
HSSC

HSSC – Harmonized System of Survey and Certification (MSN –

1751)
It contains activities and items covered by survey or inspection
Inspection on cargo ship safety equipment's include :
•Fire and safety system and appliances
•LSA and arrangements except radio communications
•Ship borne navigational equipment
•Means of embarkation for pilots
UMS alarm
Unmanned Machinery Space alarm
•Accept the alarm in cabin
•Go down the ER
•Inform bridge that ER is manned
•Activate Dead man’s alarm
•Investigate the problem
•If not able to rectify inform Senior Engineer
UMS Requirements
• Bridge to remotely control propulsion
• Flooding protection (Bilge alarm)
• Fire detection, Triggering of alarms, Control panel
• Triggering Fixed Fire Fighting System (Sprinkler, High Fog)
• Power Management system
• Aux. change over (changing of stby p/p’s)
• Dead man alarm
• Alarm log, Data log
• Engr’s alarm
• Duty Engr’s cabin alarm
• Common Spaces alarm
Before Putting UMS
ECR CHECKS : OUTSIDE :
• Data logger printer working • Fire fighting alarm panel working
• Duty Engr. Alarm • Fire extinguishing system –
• No alarms on ME, only on High fog in auto
bridge (Remote control) • Bilge levels okay
• Power Management system • Various tank levels
• Earth Fault – Make sure no
earth fault
• MSB is okay

Once done with all the checks inform the bridge that engine is unmanned and turn
on the UMS
C.E Standing Orders :
It is given for the safe operation the of vessel and it should be
followed strictly. ( It is given by CE for the whole contract of CE)

C.E Night Orders :

 It is given for that particular night, for specific people and on
completion of it must be signed.
Oil in Feed Water Tank:
•Inform CE
•It is due to leak in fuel oil tank
•Or in purifier
•Or in heater for lube oil or fuel oil purifier.
Why Overflow Tank should be empty ?
•Because the storage tanks when bunkering times it may get full
and flow into overflow tank.
•So it is best practice to keep it empty.
Efficiency of Fuel on Engine:
•Eff. of fuel on engine is 70%
- 40% from engine
- 30% from Exhaust Gas Economizer
•Scavenge air temp in 2 stroke – 55 ⁰ C
- pressure 1.3 to 1.5 bar
•Charge air temp in 4 stroke – 50-60⁰ C
- pressure 1.8 to 2 bar
Emergency Bilge Suction:
• Diameter is 2/3 of main sea water valve.
• Spindles extended well above the platform.
• The pump used is largest sea water pump.
• Should be marked clearly.
• It should be tested not exceeding 6 months.
• Weekly inspected for greasing of spindles & check for obstruction.
• Tested by tarpaulin bag provided from yard.
 What is &Why Screw Down Non
Return V/vs used?

• SDNR v/v is v/v in which the disc is not attached to the spindle
• It prevents back flooding in the system
Types of Scavenging:
•Uni-flow
•Cross
•Loop
Uni-flow Scavenging

• Common in 2 stroke
• Air enters from bottom and
forces exhaust gas to go out
Cross Scavenging

• Inlet ports and Exhaust valve are

placed in opposite side.
• Inlet air pushes the exhaust air
upwards and then pushes it
downwards towards exhaust
v/v.
Loop Scavenging

• Exhaust port is situated above

the inlet port.
• Inlet air rises to cylinder head
and then pushing exhaust
gases out through exhaust
ports.
Safety Devices on Boiler:
•Flame failure
•2 – Gauge glass •Smoke density
•2 – safety v/vs •Forced draught fan stop alarm
•Low/low level alarm & •Salinity sensor
shutdown
•Low/High fuel oil temp. alarm
•High/high level alarm
•Low fuel oil press. Alarm
• Water level indicators
•Burner swing door
•Pressure gauge
•Easing gear
•High furnace temperature
Boiler Mounting
•2 safety v/vs •Test cock
•2 Gauge glass level indicators •Man hole door
•Main steam stop v/v •Mud box
•Aux steam stop v/v •Main burner
•Air vent v/v •Pilot burner
•Feed check v/v •Pressure gauge
•Drain v/v •Sight glass
•Scum blow down v/v •Sliding feet
•Bottom blow down v/v
Boiler Water Treatment

Why?
S – Scale Formation Prevention
F – Foaming / Priming Prevention (Priming is the
carry over of water with steam)
C – Corrosion Prevention
M – Maintain healthy condition of water and boiler

Boiler feed water pp is multi stage centrifugal pp

It has to put water against steam , so we use it.
Boiler Water Test
Alkalinity Test:
To prevent corrosion of neutralization of acidic gases.

P – Alkalinity test (150-200ppm):

• To prevent acidic corrosion
• All of hydroxide & one third of
phosphate. M – Alkalinity test (150-200
ppm) :
• All of bicarbonates

T- Alkalinity test ( must not be more than 2* P alkalinity ppm):

• All of carbonates and hydroxide and two third of phosphate

Chloride Test ( 20ppm):

• To know amount of salt in water
• To minimize chloride level and adjust blow down
pH Test (feed water 9.5-10.5ppm)
(condensate 8.5 – 9.5ppm):
• To prevent corrosion in the system
• Control condensate pH value within limit

Hydrazine Test (0.1-0.2ppm):

• Oxygen scavenging (maintain hot well at 85 C)
• Test for dissolved oxygen
• To minimize oxygen pitting in boiler and condensate
system

Phosphate Test (40-60 ppm): min.

• Prevent scale formation
• Total Hardness
• Too much causes foaming
• To maintain reserve phosphate of 10ppm
• It precipitates scale forming salts to soft
sludge which settles down where we will
blow d2own
Conductivity Test (600-700 micro siemens) :

•Measure Total Dissolved Salts (TDS)

•Remove dissolved or suspended solids by blow down
•Line filters in feed water line not cleaning properly
Why is the scale undesirable?
• Scaling causes progressive lowering of the boiler efficiency by heat
retardation, acting as an insulator. Eventually, scale built-up will
cause the tube to overheat and rupture

Why is it necessary to reduce the oxygen in the feed water?

Too much of dissolved oxygen could lead to pitting on boiler tubes
and condensate system. To prevent it we maintain hot well
temperature at 85 C and also we add chemicals like hydrazine as an
oxygen scavenger
Starting Boiler from Cold
• Tool box meet, Briefing , CE assigns duties
• Firing is carried slowly to prevent thermal stress
• Make sure mountings are put back after maintenance
• Ensure boiler water is dosed
• Blow down v/v close
• Shut main steam stop v/v
• Open air vent cock
• Put boiler in manual mode and check for alarms working
• Open feed water & fill 1/4th of gauge glass
• Purge furnace & combustion space
• Light burner after closing recirculating v/v
• Fire for 5 min stop for 15 mins, continue until steam comes out of air vent cock (at 1.2 – 1.3 bar i.e. above atm)
• Close air vent
• Rise up the pressure slowly (start fire for 30 mins stop for 10 mins)
• Required pressure reached , drain steam line to prevent water hammer
• Crack open main steam stop v/v
Blow Down Of Boiler
• Inform Senior Engr
• Risk assessment
• Open overboard v/v fully
• Open blow down v/v on boiler side. (fully)
• Intermediate v/v is opened to regulate the blow down
• Line is felt to check process is happening
• Once done close in reverse order.
• Boiler blowdown is done to remove sludge deposits and other
impurities from the boiler water.
• Same way is done for scum blow down but instead of bottom blow
down scum blow down v/v at top is opened
Easing gear :
• It is fitted to remote operation of safety v/v
• In case boiler over pressurized and failure to operate safety v/v
• It also allows regular testing of v/v as per PMS

Flame eye:
• It is a photo electric cell, if it is not sensing light it will cut of the burner.

Right flame:
• Non-flickering bright orange flame is called as right flame.

Boiler Fuel oil pressure and temp : 2.5 bar & 40 C

Economiser Fire
• Raise the alarm
• Call CE and Senior Engr
• Call bridge ,slow down the engine
• Stop engine if navigationally safe to do so
• Accumulation of soot might be the reason
• Due not blow down the soot
• Keep circulating p/p on
• Monitor the feed water tk and boiler water level
• If water level going down stop circulating p/p or else it might lead to hydrogen fire
• Funnel flaps closed
• T/C inlet filters covered
• Boundary cooling is done until fire stops
• It should be put off on own
Checks Before Entering Enclosed Space
• A competent person should take in charge
• Potential hazards identified
• Permit to work
• Space should be prepared, vented and secured
• Atmosphere of the space tested
• Procedure for preparation and entry should be agreed
• Emergency procedure must be in place
• Space should be properly illuminated only approved torches or lamps
• Communication tested
• No source of ignition taken
• Appropriate breathing apparatus
• Lifelines and rescue harness
 Gases present in Enclosed Space
•Oxygen
•Hydrogen sulphide
•Carbon monoxide
•Methane

Atmospheric checks:
Oxygen range (19.3-23.5) , Exact level ,must be 20.8-20.9
Hydrocarbon less than 1% LFL
No toxic or other contaminants
Bunkering

24 hours before
- Sounding Tanks
- Empty Overflow Tank
- Test all tanks including overflow tank High Level Alarms
- Check Bunker Station Manifold (Spare gaskets..)
- Sampling equipment prep
- Attend Bunker Meeting
- Check SOPEP Check Equipment and MAKE RECORD
- Risk Assessment/ Permit to Work/ Safe Working Practices
 Bunkering
Just Before
Hose Connected
• Initially have a low pumping rate
• Estimated BDN
• Check that there is no fuel coming through
• Agreed on feed rate at other bunker station and that all the
• Follow checklist & SMS flanges are properly closed
• Take soundings in barge • Check pressure and temperature
• Approved sounding table • Check sampling equipment
• MSDS • Double check lines and vents
• DOS • If everything is okay increase pumping rate
• Sample stickers exchanged
• Ways of Communication agreed

DOS – Declaration of Security

It is a declaration made between ship and port or
between ships, which tells the level of security each
will take.
Bunkering
During Bunkering Bunker Delivery Notice
• Monitor • IMO Number
 Temperature
 Tank levels • Port/ Date
 Pressure • Name/ Address
 Samples ( every 20
mins) of supplier
• Cross check with • Grade of fuel
local sounding and • Sulphur content
remote • Density and viscosity
• If changing over tanks • Water Content
slow pumping rate
• Flashpoint
• Chief engineer will test • Quantity
fuel viscosity density
and compatibility • Start and Stop Time
Once the Bunkering is over things to be
done

• Air blow line – sounding caps closed

• Blanking manifolds
• Check the valves
• Sounding of tks. bunkered
• SOPEP secured
• Samples collected ( 4 in no's – On-board, bunker barge, Analysis,
IMO)
• Bridge to change red light or flag
• C.E signs BDN (Bunker Delivery Notes)
• Recorder on Oil Record Book
Test carried on Bunkering
•Compatibility
•Density
•Viscosity
•Water content
Start Engine from Cold
• Ask CE for permission.
• Check all maintenance of engine was completed.
• Check lo + fuel levels, cooling water, air bottle.
• Prepare lines for lo, cooling, air and fuel.
• Turn on the pre-lube pump.
• Turn on preheating pump.
• Turn on turning gear
• Open indicator cocks.
• Blow through.
• Disengage turning gear and close cocks.
• Start engine.
If the generator is idle for more than 20
• Monitor parameters.
mins it will kick the generator, assuming it
is put on remote operation
Turning the Engine
To check for :
• Water or oil in combustion spaces
• Free movement of piston
Water Leak in Generator
•Close inlet and out v/v of cooling water.
•Check crankcase level
•Until rectified should not be started back

Crankcase lube oil is inspected on weekly basis &

Sent to shore for analysis once in 3 months.

(Cooling water in genie is HT system)

Interlock Before Starting The Engine

• Turning Gear Interlock- prevents engine from turning when turning gear
engaged by blocking start air.

• Running Direction Interlock - prevents fuel supply if running direction

does not match the telegraph.

• Aux. Blower Interlock- provided only in constant pressure turbocharger.

• Air Spring Pressure Interlock- provided where exhaust v/vs operated by

spring press. sufficient press. must be there before starting otherwise
exhaust v/v may not close.
Angle of LOLL Angle of Heel
• - ve GM • + ve GM
•Caused by external factors •Caused by internal factors or
or free surface effect internal weight (cargo or
•Capsizing lever ballast operation or transfer of
ballast)
•Righting lever (GZ)
GM – Metacentric height
•Centre of Buoyancy -It is the center of underwater volume present.

•Free Surface Effect – When a tank is half or partially filled it caused

liquids to move within which is called as free surface effect. Water
on deck can also cause free surface effect.
Diff. Between Purifier and Clarifier

Purifier Clarifier
• For sludges and dissolved with impurities • For solid particles which is not removed by
• Have dam ring purifier

• Water is filled for generation of seal • Have water seal ring

• Does not need to be filled with water.
Purifier Overhaul

3 types of water:

- Sealing water
- Operational water
- Displacement water
Checks to be carried in Purifier
•De-sludge cycles should be checked
•Ampere should be checked
•Noise & vibration
•Sludge port should be checked for overflow while de-sludging
•Lube oil level in case should be checked
Purifier Back Pressure Low
•Pump is not supplying enough pressure
•Bowl closing water is leaking
•Sensor fault
•Strainer is chocked
•Due to pairing disc or gravity disc
•No proper oil water interface is made
Dam Ring:
•The other name for gravity disc is called as Dam ring.
•Top assembly in purifier with gravity screw which we screw.

Gravity Disc separates water and oil

Gravity Disc size is given in Nomogram

Sewage
Discharge
Criteria •0-3 Nm – Type Approved Plant discharge
•3-12 Nm – CMD discharge
Comminuted
Macerated
Disinfected
•12 Nm and above – Raw sewage discharge
At any level there should not be discoloration
to surrounding water and floating objects.
Oily Water Discharge Criteria
Any discharge of oil & oily mixture from ship is prohibited except when
they fulfill following criteria:

• Ship on-route
• Oil is treated by approved oil filtering equipment which has
change over & shutdown
• Oily water treated without dilution must not exceed 15 ppm
• It should not originated from cargo hold , it should be from
engine room
• It is not mixed with fuel tanks or cargo tanks
• Any discharge in special area of Antarctica is prohibited
Bilge Pump out Procedure
• Inform CE & once he gives approval
• Note down vessel position from bridge
• Take sounding in bilge tank
• Check 15ppm alarm is working
• Open overboard v/v, sea water inlet and outlet v/v & bilge pp inlet and outlet
v/v
• Note the time of starting
• Start bilge pp and fill OWS with sea water
• Let it run with sea water for 10 to 15 mins
• Slowly close sea water inlet and start opening bilge tank outlet v/v
• Once the bilge pump out is done
• Enter in Oil record book
Emergency Generator Regulations:
• EG must be located above the uppermost continues deck and should be aft of collision
bulkhead
• Both EG & ESB located in same place
• EG is driven by suitable prime mover with independent fuel supply and fuel having
flashpoint not less than 43C
• Communication must be provided
• Able to supply all emergency equipment’s & 1st line arrangement in ER
• Quick closing v/v outside
• 18 hours cargo ship and 36 hours passenger ship
• Able to start at 0 C
• It should come on load within 45 seconds
• Two starting method: Primary 3 starts, Secondary 3 starts within 30 mins
• Tested every week and tested every month on load
• Full power at angle of list 22.5 and 10 deg trim
Emergency Generator Supplies
•All emergency equipment
•Along with that it should be able to give power 1st start
arrangement like :
* 1 - Compressor
* 1 - Water pump
* 1 - Fuel pump
 • Aux SG must brought
Steering Gear to load within 45 sec in
failure of Main SG.
Regulation
• SG compartment must be
separate from machinery
space & readily accessible.
• Must have Main & Aux. SG.
• Main SG rudder stock hard over
35⁰ one side to 30⁰ other within
28 secs with full draught and
full speed both in ahead and
astern.
• Aux SG from 15⁰one side to 15⁰
another within 60 secs, with
full load and speed not less
than 7 knots.
• Rudder Angle Indicator
independent from SG control
system.
• Two means of communication ,
system low level oil alarm, bilge level
sensor.
• Relief v/v fitted to any part of
hydraulic system.
• Fluid used must be approved type
and Non freezing.
• Must have hand rails and no skid floors
• Standing operating procedures must
be followed.
Safeties on Steering Gear
• Overload alarm
• Power failure alarm & fuses
• Short circuit trip
• Phase current failure alarm • LO low level alarm
• ESB connection • High LO temp alarm
• 100% insulation on motor & cable • Relief v/v
• Buffer/ shock v/v
Single failure concept – It will
automatically change over v/v’s
/ (MSG -> ESB connection)
Departure Checks on Steering Gear
Before 12 hrs of departure: Steering gear test: B

Checks : A • Operation of MSG & Aux SG with MSB &

• Communications ESB
• Tank levels • Operation of Aux SG with ESB
• Bilges • Remote control operation
• Greasing point
• Rudder angle indicator local
matching with remote
• Leaks
• Tank float alarms
• Abnormalities
Emergency Steering Gear Procedure:

• ESG is tested in every 3 months

• Risk Assessment, senior engineers will assist in ESG operation
• The isolation of v/v is done as per standing
operating procedures posted
• Pump is changed to manual operation
• Communication must be checked with the bridge and
upon instruction from the bridge the steering gear is
operated by pressing the solenoid button on port or
starboard side as followed.
Emergency Fire Pump Regulation
•It should be separate from engine room
•It should have separate sea suction
•Should be powered by MSB & ESB
•Should be able to give 2 hose shed 40ft horizontal throw
•Flow rate should not be less than 25m3/h
•40% of total capacity of fire pump on board
•Should have 2 emergency p/p
One Unit Exhaust Temperature High
•Leaky injectors
•Scav. fire
•Exhaust manifold chocked
•Leaky exhaust v/v
•Tappet clearance
RPM Ranges
•Slow Speed : 55-150 Rpm

•Medium Speed : 400-1000 Rpm

•High Speed : 1000 & above

2 Stroke Cycle

• 60⁰ before BDC Exh. Port open

• 45⁰ before BDC Scav. Port open
• 45⁰ after BDC Scav. Port close
• 60⁰ after BDC Exh. Port
close Compression takes place
• 10⁰ before TDC fuel injector open
• 15⁰ after TDC fuel injector close
Combustion takes place
• 10⁰ after TDC to 60⁰ before BDC
expansion takes place and cycle repeats.
• Stroke is the distance travelled by piston from TDC to BDC in
one cylinder.

• Overlap period is where both the exhaust ports and inlets ports are
at open position.

• Scavenging is elimination of flue gases by introduction of fresh

air. (Scavenge period and Overlap period are same).

4 Stroke Cycle

• 30⁰ before TDC – Inlet v/v opens

• 40⁰ after BDC – Inlet v/v closes
• 40⁰ after BDC – Compression starts
• 10⁰ before TDC – Fuel injection starts
• 10⁰ before TDC to 10⁰ after TDC –
Injection opens & closes
• 10⁰ after TDC to 50⁰ before BDC –
Power stroke
• 50⁰ before BDC to 20⁰ after TDC – 50
Exhaust stroke and cycle repeats.
2 Stroke Engine Cross
Section
4 Stroke Engine Cross Section
Cylinder Head Mountings 2 stroke
• Exhaust v/v
• Fuel v/v’s
• Relief v/v
• Air starting v/v
• Indicator cock
• Cooling water connections
• Fuel connections
Cylinder Head Mountings 4 stroke

• Exhaust v/v
• Inlet v/v
• Fuel injectors
• Air starting v/v
• Rocker arm
• Indicator cock
• Cooling water connections
• Fuel oil connections
Draw system from Engine to Propeller
 2 Stroke Crosshead Lubrication
A branch of lube oil goes to an swinging arm or a
telescopic pipe to the crosshead from where it
does three functions

• Some oil travels up the piston rod cools the

piston and comes down.

• Some oil lubricates the x-head and shoe

guides

• Remaining oil passes through a hole

drilled in the rod connecting to the bottom
end bearing.

A branch of lube oil is led to the hydraulic power

supply unit for actuation of exhaust valves.
4 Stroke Lubrication

•Oil taken from the sump

•Passes strainer , non return v/v
and the p/p
•p/p is engine driven
•After p/p it goes to cooler
•After cooler it goes to filters and
then it goes to inlet rail
•The oil is supplied to main bearings
through a drilled hole in the engine
frame to crankshaft main bearings.
•From crankshaft through drillings it
goes to crankpin or bottom end bearing
•Further from BEB it goes all the way up
connecting rod to piston or gudgeon
pin and from there to piston cooling
before returning to crankcase
•Oil is also supplied to rocker arm, inlet and exhaust v/vs and then
to camshaft and to intermediate gear
•The cylinder liner is lubricated by splash lubrication where the
oil splashes by rotating crankshaft
•Piston rings spread it up and down the surface of liner.
Turbocharger

• It increases the efficiency of engine.

• It has got turbine side and compressor side.
• Both are connected by common shaft.
• Exhaust gas is used to drive the turbine which
in turn drive the compressor blades.
• Air is drawn in at compressor side through air
filters.
• Air is compressed and passed to air cooler.
• Where temp of air is reduced thereby increasing
the air density.
• Then it is passed to cylinder through scavenge
ports.
Labyrinth seal
•It is a component provided in the turbine shaft.
•It prevents cross contamination of exhaust and compressed air.
•It has got ridges inside it which creates a drop in pressure.
Types of Turbocharging
•Pulse Turbocharging
•Constant Pressure Turbocharging
Constant Pressure Turbo Pulse Turbo

• 2 stroke engines • 4 stroke engines

• Common exhaust manifold • Exhausts are group as per firing order

• Pressure being constant • Max 3 units are grouped

• Exhaust timing of particular unit does not
affect others • It creates pressure wave and give pulse
to turbine nozzle in rapid manner
• Requires additional blowers while starting
• Does not requires blowers
Surging of Turbocharger
•Rapid variation of engine load
•Scavenge fire
•Chocked exhaust or air passage
•T/c bearing or blade failure
•Fouled compressors
•Fuel pump faulty
 T/C Surging

Shock Load on T/C

Compressed Air Back Reduction Or Change In Exhaust

Flown Gas Flow

Load Variations Fouled Turbochargers

Compressor Fouled

Fouled Air Cooler

Scavenge space or Diaphragm space or
Under piston space:

•The space which separates •It is used to collect cylinder oil

combustion chamber and
crankcase in 2 stroke is called •Carbon deposits from
scavenge space or under broken piston rings
piston or diaphragm space. •Blow by
•Bad fuel and fuel injectors
•It also avoids contamination
of crankcase oil
Cold corrosion

•If Scav. air is below dew point moisture is carried out and
cold corrosion takes place.
•It mixes with Sulphur in the fuel and forms sulphuric acid.
•It settles down in liner and causes cold corrosion
Breathing Apparatus set
•BA set pressure is 200-300 bar
•Must not use below 150 bar
•Check seal
•Positive pressure
•Demand v/v
•Hose and face shield
•Straps
•Low pressure activates at 50 bar takes 30 seconds to empty
EEBD – Emergency Escape Breathing
Device
•It is an escaping device used only for escaping
•It supplies oxygen for a period of 10 mins
•It consist of cylinder 2.5 liters of oxygen with demand v/v and
low pressure alarm
•It is also provided with a pressure indicator
Scavenge Fire
• Leaky Fuel Oil Injector causing build up of fuel in scavenge space.
• Fresh air is available
• When Source of heat is available fire takes place (like blow past)
• Worn Liner, Faulty Piston Rings, Dirty Scavenge Space.

In event of Scavenge fire:

• Ideally before Scav fire we will get Scav high temp alarm
• C.E will be informed and he will come to ER
• Bridge informed and slow down
• Cyclin oil lube. Increased to reduces thermal stress
• Fuel to particular unit is isolated
• Aux blower stopped
• Turning gear engaged
• Ensure scavenge drain is in close position
• It should put off on own
Procedures for Scavenge Fire
Fighting
• If pervious measure did not work out
• Raise Engr alarm
• Inform bridge
• Isolate source of heat
• Slow down engine and stop if possible to do so
• Muster @engine room as per command
• Fixed fire fighting method is used like Co2 and Steam.

Avoiding Scavenge fire :

• Regular cleaning of Scav space
• Proper maintenance of engine
Fixed Fire Fighting System CO2

• Steel cylinder, 67 liters capacity, each charged with 45 kg liquid CO2 under pressure of 55 bar at 20 C.
• Provided with safety disc, bursts at a pressure of 173 bar at 63 C.
• Auto alarm when door are opened to cabinet.
• Two separate controls, one for opening the v/v for pipelines supplying gas and other for releasing the gas
• Quick release or total flooding cylinders are arranged that 85% of the capacity can be released within 2 minutes.
• Can be discharged individually.
• Manual release mechanism for individual release.
• Same manifold for different groups (engine room, pump room, etc.)
• The liquid when released produces about 450 times its original liquid volume in the gas form.
• For machinery spaces : 40% largest machinery space excluding casing
& 35% including casing
 Stuffing box drain tank Scavenge drain tank

•Leaks off oil from stuffing •Leak oil from engine collected
box rings in scavenge area is collected
in Scavenge drain tank
Stuffing box or Piston gland
•It acts as a sealing between scavenge space and crankcase .

•It also prevents cross contamination.

•It is seated on diaphragm plate.

Constructional difference between 2
stroke & 4 stroke
2 stroke 4 stroke
• Slow speed • Medium or High speed
• Large engine • Small Engine
• Mounted on a bed plate • Bolted to foundation
• A frame engine • Trunk piston engine
• Crosshead • Gudgeon pin
• Piston rod & Connecting rod
• Connecting rod only
• Telescopic pipes & Cylinder Lubrication Oil
• Splash lubrication
• Scavenge space & Stuffing box
• Only Air manifold no stuffing box
• Scavenge ports and Exhaust v/v operated by LO
driven actuator/ spring air • CAM-Rocker arm/ push rod/ tappet
• CAM or electronic • Inlet & Exhaust v/vs
• Directly coupled to propeller • Requires Reduction gearbox
• Constant Pressure Turbocharging • Pulse Type Turbocharging
•Camshaft :
It is a component driven by Intermediate gear from crankshaft
It is used to operate fuel injection, inlet & exhaust v/vs opening and
closing

•Crankshaft :
It is a component which converts reciprocation motion of piston to
rotation motion by crank web

•Tappet clearance:
It is taken between rocker arm impact head and valve head
• Fuel Pump :
It is a component which delivers precise quality of fuel to the unit
with the help of
Pump element
Delivery valve
Fuel injector

• Fuel rack :
It is a component which controls the quantity of fuel

• Plunger movement :
It controls the timing of the fuel ( vertically)
(High pressure pipe supplies fuel from fuel pump to injector)
Indicator Diagram
• It is taken to assess the performance of the each cylinder unit of
ship’s main engine.

4 types of indicator diagram:

 Power card
 Draw card
 Light Spring
 Compression

Device used is : Indicator instrument

Power Card/ In-phase card
•This type of diagram is taken to
represent the total work done
by the system during one
complete revolution.

•It also helps us know of the

peak pressure and damage or
leakage of the fuel injector
Draw Card/ Out of phase card
•The drawcard diagram is taken with
the same indicator instrument;
with its drum 90 degrees out of
phase with the piston movement.
•It gives us a better understanding
of pressure variation within the
cylinder.
•Thus it helps us differentiate
between the compression pressure
and peak pressure for the
particular cylinder (Pcomp & Pmax)
Light Spring
•A light spring diagram is taken
when there is suspected irregularity
in the exhaust and inlet stroke.
•The pressure changes during
scavenging and exhaust can be
monitored and required changes are
been done.
Compression Diagram
•A compression diagram is used
mainly to determine major faults in
the unit.
• While confirming the correct
synchronization of the
instrument with the piston
movement at the same time.
• The process of taking the
compression diagram is simple and
is exactly like the power card
diagram, but with the fuel injector
shuts off.
FWG
Fresh water is produced onboard by two methods :

•Evaporation
•Reverse Osmosis
 Fresh Water Generator (Evaporation)
Vacum is created ( by Feed is supplied
Start Ejector pp
venturi effect) (Jacket water)

Vapor is Condensed ( by
sea water) Passes Demister Evaporation takes place

FW is collected in weir or Distillate pp takes suction Passes sterilizer and goes

tray passes 15ppm to potable tank
Fresh water :
•Shell Temperature : 50⁰C
•Jacket Water Temp : 70 – 80 ⁰ C
•Vacum : 760 mm Hg

Normally water boils at 100 C but at Vacum boils at 60-70 C

Vacum is achieved by air ejection method using ejector pp by venturi
effect.
Osmosis: It is a natural process where two liquids of different
concentration are separated by a semi permeable membrane. The less
concentrated move into higher concentrated solution to make it equal
Reverse Osmosis: It is the reverse of natural process where pressure in
exerted on more concentrated solution which overcomes
semipermeable membrane and force water out of concentrated
solution ( Pressure : 40-60 bar)
Liner leaks:
• It can be noted in indicator cocks i.e. water will be coming
• Expansion tanks bubbles
• In scavenge drain in 2stroke
•In 4 stroke crankcase level increase
Expansion Tank
It monitors the loss of water in system and it acts as a make up
•L evel
•O il present in system
•B ubbles in tk
•S ediments
•T emperature of liquids
•E xpansion is allowed
•R eplenshing or adding chemicals
Temperatures of Tanks:
Storage tk : 40 C
Settling tk: 60-75 C
Purifier : 90- 95 C
Service tk : 95 – 97 C
Injection : 120-130 C depending on fuel
Why The Temperature At Injection Is At
120-
130 C

•To maintain a right viscosity and right temperature for atomizing

for having the right combustion
•Viscotherm – It regulates the density of fuel by allowing steam
depends on the temp. 10-14 Cst for HFO, 5-6 Cst for MDO ( Cst
– Centistokes)
•Pour point - The min. temp at which the fuel flow.
•Lower flammable – lower limit with fixed temp & press leads
to flame explosion.
•Higher flammable – higher limit in atmosphere which will
ignite when flame is introduced.
Types of Pumps

•Positive displacement
•Centrifugal
Positive Displacement Pumps
•They are self priming pumps
•It is used to transfer high
pressure liquids Gear Pump

•Discharge rate is small to medium

•Relief v/v provided in suction &
discharge line to protect the
p/p
•E.g. Reciprocating, Screw,
Gear, Piston, Vane & Ram
Centrifugal Pumps
•It requires priming
•It has got
high
discharge
rate
•It is used for
low viscous
fluids
•E.g. Centrifugal,
Axial flow,
Submersible,
Multistage
centrifugal
Air Compressor Construction & Why Two
Stages
Starting Compressor from Cold
• Change the switch to manual position on the switch board.
• Check the L.O sump level and condition.
• Open the moisture drain valve.
• Open the compressor discharge valve & charging valve of air bottle.
• Open cooling water system valves.
• Turn the compressor flywheel by hand (one turn).
• Start the motor, after draining the moisture shut the drain valve.
• Check the motor ampere consumed.
• Check the pressure gauge readings.
• Put it in auto operation
• Frequently drain the moisture.
Air Compressor High Temperature

Due to overheating caused by :

•Air filters chocked

•Atmospheric temperature at suction is high
•Chocked or dirty intercooler
•Damage in head gasket
•Valves leaking in 1st or 2nd stage
 Air Compressor Checks:
Before starting:
•Cooling water v/v
•Drain v/v
•Case lube oil
•V/vs leading to discharge is open
How To Check the Efficiency of
Compressor
•Once the maintenance is done on the compressor the efficiency
is checked by
•Time taken by the compressor to fill the air bottle and verifying it
with the previous records available
•This is how the efficiency is checked
Safeties in Air Starting System
•Safeties in Compressor
Compressor
•Safeties in Air bottle
•Safeties in starting air • Lube oil low pressure
line • Long running
• Relief v/v between stages
•Turning gear interlock • Bursting disc on inter &
after cooler
• Unloader
• Drain v/v
• High temp alarm trip
• Low temp alarm trip
Air Bottle: Starting Air Line:
• Fusible plug • Non return v/v
• Relief/ safety v/v • Relief v/v
• Fine thread on outlet • Bursting disc
• Drain • Drain v/v on manifold
• Pressure gauge • Flame trap on entrance of branch
• Pressure transducer pipe
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
•It is referred for Bunkering, Boiler Water Treatment &
Handling Chemicals
•While handling any kind of oil or chemical products we check

MSDS CPP is good for 2stroke engine True or False – False

Pitch is distance travelled by ship in one rotation of propeller

Engine is reversed:
It is reversed by :

• Air admission to be reversed in firing order

• Fuel admission also reversed by use of distributor and fuel timings

• Non reversible engine 6 starts

• Reversible engine 12 starts ( 6 ahead & 6 astern )

Fuel Timings Changed
•One cam : loss of motion (pneumatic)
•Two cam : Cam shifted by hydraulic servomotor
•No cam : It can be changed from computer (Electronic
Control System)
Safeties in Main Engine
•Crankcase relief door •Turning Gear Interlock
•Scav space relief v/v •Aux Blower off Interlock
•Cyclin head relief v/v •Overspeed trip
•Starting air relief v/v •Lube oil low press trip
•Starting air line flame trap •Camshaft lube oil low press trip
•Oil mist detector •JCW low press trip
•Running direction Interlock •Main bearing high temp trip
•Crankcase breather •JCW high press trip & shutdown
Lube Oil Properties
•Viscosity
•Additives
•Detergency/ Disperency
•TBN
•Water content
•Flash point
•Density
•Total Acid Numbers
Test Carried on Lube oil :

• TBN
• Water content
• Viscosity
• Spot test or Blotter Paper Test

Water content :
It has got a small container like in which sample oil is added then reagent is
added according to manufacturer and then lid is covered and shake the
container for 20 mins , we will get the result.
TBN :
Also same method but different reagent is used.
Viscosity Test
•Flow stick or tilting stick is used
•New oil is tested along with Used oil to check the viscosity
•It has a referral point
•The oil is added and tilted, till the new oil reaches the referral
point and then it is made straight
•Above referral point it is viscous
•Below it is diluted

Flash point of lube oil is higher than 220 C

Total Base Number
(TBN)

2 stroke
• TBN of crankcase oil : 10 -20
• TBN of cylinder oil : 50
• (TBN of CLO is higher because it has to neutralize Sulphur products
from combustion)

4 stroke
• TBN of crankcase oil : 40-60
Engine Water Treatment
• Chlorides - may be sea water get mixed with the system(less than 20ppm)

• pH – pH value decreasing or Sulphur content increasing (8.5 – 10

ppm) check for contamination of exhaust gas
check cylinder head
• Nitrates are checked and added to prevent corrosion (1400-1600ppm)
• Slide test - for microbial growths

Engine water is tested every week

Responsibilities of DPA
SPASM
•S afe operation of ship
•P rovides link from Ship to Shore
•A ccess of high level in company
•S uppplies resources, shore based supports and survey requirements
•M ointors the ship for security and pollution
Classification of Fire
•Class A – fire from solids (DCP, Foam )
•Class B – fire from flammable liquids (DCP,CO2)
•Class C – fire from flammable gases (DCP)
•Class D – fire from combustible material (DCP)
•Class F – fire from fatty substances i.e. cooking oil (Wet chemical)
 Life Boat Lowering Procedure
• Make fast painter on ship’s bollard and • All hatches and openings to be closed.
rig
embarkation ladder
• Remove charging cable
• Plug the drain
• Check line and falls are clear
• Start and check the engine
• Secure tricing pendant and pass bowsing
tackle.
• Ensure davit cranking handle is not
engaged.
• Disengage the forward & aft harbour
pins.
• Crew to embark safely. Ensure everyone
is sitting down with seat belts fastened
and tricing pendant removed.
• When ordered, remove the
safety pin from the brake lever
and release the lifeboat winch
brake or use self lowering wire
with everyone inside the
lifeboat, ensure gripes are clear.
• When the lifeboat is near
water or afloat, start lifeboat
engines and unhook the
blocks using release lever.
• Embark the launching party
as applicable and let go the
painter and steer away
• Get the lifeboat away from the ship
and keep a good lookout.
•CSR – Continues Synopsis Record contains history of ship
•DOS – Declaration of Security
•SSAS – Ships Security Alert System
•SSP – Ship Security Plan

•CCAI – Calculative Carbon Aromaticity Number (value:870)

•Cetane Number – For distillate fuel (value:40)
 Liner leaks
•Water in indicator cock
•Loss of water in expansion tank
•Bubbles in expansion tank
•Temperature of unit
•Scavenge drain water will be coming
 Stuffing Box

It acts as gland between piston rod and crankcase

It is seated on diaphragm plate

Divided into 3 segments:

Top : Solid particles
Middle : Gas sealing rings
Bottom : oil seal rings
Fuel Injector Dig
Fuel Oil System Dig
•Supply pp  4-5 bar
•Booster pp  6-9 bar
•Fuel injector  350 – 400 bar
Low Fuel Oil Pressure
•Clogged filter
•Parts worn in injection pp
•Faulty pumps
•High or low viscosity
Properties of MDO: Problems with LSFO :

•Flash point •Lubricity issues

•Sulphur content •Seizures of fuel p/p
•Water content injection problems
•Density
Jacket Water System
Generator Water Cooling
Expansion
Tank

Deaerator Engine
driven
p/p

Lube Oil
Jackets (65-
Cooler (above
70 C) 40 c)

Charge Air
Cooler (55 C)
Refrigeration System

Refrigeration is process of reducing the temp of space to that of the

surrounding.

4 basic components :
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion valve
• Evaporator
• Compressor:
It increase the pressure of the refrigerant causing the saturation temperature to rise higher than the
condenser

• Condenser:
It liquifies the refrigerant and cools below saturation temp by sea water. The refrigerant becomes liquid

• Expansion valve:
It regulates the flow of refrigerant from HP to LP to evaporator thermostatically. Drop in pressures causes the
saturation temp to fall so that refrigerant will boil off in evaporator

• Evaporator:
It cools the air in the space.
The temp of refrigerant is lower than that of the space causing it to receive latent heat and evaporate.
Evaporator is provided with fan to circulate air around it
Equalising Line on TEV

For larger systems where a significant

pressure drop exists across the
evaporator due to it being divided
into a number of parallel passes, it is
necessary to fit a 'Balance line'. This is
a small bore tube which feeds the
outlet pressure back to the
thermostatic valve 'motor' element.
Therefore the measured temperature
is directly related to the superheat
temperature at outlet pressure.
Safeties in Refrigeration System
•Low pressure (LP) cut out
•High pressure (HP) cut out
•Oil differential cut out
•Relief valves
•Solenoid valves
•Oil heater
Cold Room Temperatures
•Dairy +3 ⁰C
•Vegetable +5 ⁰C
•Meat - 18 ⁰C
•Fish - 20 ⁰C
Crankcase Explosion
• When there is Hot spot
• LO splashes
• Comes in contact and vaporize
• Forms a mist of varying densities
• When it comes and settle in colder area its density increases (Denser white mist)
• Then again this mist comes in contact with the hotspot
• Explosion happens with increase in pressure
• To relieve the excess pressure crankcase relief door opens sending out excess pressure.
• At this point there is a split second where the relief doors are open and the
pressure inside and outside the crank case is equal
• For this split second air rushes in creating a rich air/ fuel mix which often the cause of a
secondary more catastrophic explosion
Before the crank case explosion there may be warning signs such as:
• Low level Lube Oil
• The Oily Mist Detector being set off

If these happen the chief should be informed but the Oily Mist detector
trip is as follows

• 2 stroke engine : Engine will slow

• 4 stroke engine : Generator will shut down

No one should be allowed near the vicinity

The LO should be increased
If possible the engine should continue to be turned to avoid seizing
Sea Water Pump Maintenance
• Toolbox meeting, risk assessment, Isolation, Tag out and Things to be inspected on centrifugal
lock out pump:
• Close suction and discharge valve
• Relive the pressure • Impeller (check for cavitation)
• Remove suction and discharge pipe flange, bolt & • Wear rings
nut, coupling bolt of motor coupling • Neck bush
• Remove coupling and take out the motor • Casing
• Ball bearing
• Open up the pump
• Shaft
• Remove impeller lock & nut & take out the impeller • Mechanical seal
• Remove mechanical seal.
• Remove bearing cover from other side & take out
shaft with ball bearing
• Renew mechanical seal and bearings if required.
• Clean and inspect all parts and assemble.
Fire Detectors
• Smoke detector – it is one of the early sign of fire detection. It consist of
photoelectric cell which senses light if the light is blocked by smoke, the
alarm gets activated.

• Flame detector – it consist of optical detector to detect infra red or UV ray

and gives alarm

• Heat detector – it works on principle of thermal expansion.

It consist of bimetallic strip, one end is connected to circuit and other end is open
to environment.
There is a gap between open end of strip and other end of circuit.
When the heat is detected it expands the strip causing it to complete the circuit
and raise alarm
ELECTRICS
Synchronising and paralleling a generator

• Before doing this you need to make sure that the voltage and phase angle are
the same.

• Once doing this you must make sure that the frequency is slightly higher than
the systems this is done by waiting for the synchroscope to be going in a
clockwise direction and closing the ACB at 11 o’clock position

• The frequency must be slightly higher (Clockwise direction) because if it is not

high there will be a negative supply from the generator meaning that it will
act as motor

• However the frequency cannot be too high (clockwise but not near 12) as
this will cause power step up which will cause overcurrent in the system.
Synchroscope- Determines Phase Angle

• “A synchro meter measures the phase angle between 2 voltages.

• If the meter needle rotates clockwise, the generator frequency is greater than
the system.
• If the synchroscope needle is turning anticlockwise then the frequency is
too low for the system and the fuel governor needs to supply more fuel to
the generator.
• When the needle is vertical, the phase angle is zero.
• In the ideal case, the needle should be rotating slowly in the
clockwise direction and the switch should be closed when the needle
is vertical.”
Generator Trips
Electrical Trips General Trips

•Overload Trip
•Over Frequency Trip
•Preferential Trip
•Reverse Power
•Reverse Current
•ACB
Short Circuit:
• Two of the live wires have touched causing a shorter route for
the electricity and cutting off the power to the rest of the circuit
• Often due to insulation failure
• Happens a lot when moisture is introduced to a circuit.

Open Circuit :
• The flow of the electricity is stopped by a break in the circuit, can be
a broken connector/ fuse/ wire

Grounded Circuit :
• One of the phase touches the earthed casing of the machinery giving
the electricity a very easy route back to source so the supply is
stopped
Safeties of MSB
• Overload trip
• Preferential trip
• Under voltage trip
• Over voltage trip
• Reverse power relay
• Reverse current trip
• Fuses
• Air circuit breaker
• Dead front panel
• Rubber mats
• Earth lamps
• Synchroscope
• Low frequency trip
• Meters
Preferential Trip
It is an electrical arrangement which trips non essential load when overload
occurs on generator.

It is an undesirable situation which should not happen

(Basically if proper Power Management system is in place overload can lead to starting of another generator)

Order of Tripping:
• 5 secs : Air condition, Ventilation, Laundry & Galley
• 10 secs : Everything except navigation and propulsion equipment's
• 15 secs : Everything will trip
Reverse Power:

•When two generators running in parallel.

•If one generator experience a problem and its voltage
falls below the system.
• The generator will start to act as motor.
•This will absorb the current from MSB.
•When this happens reverse power trip activates it trips
the generator from the msb
Reverse Power Trip
How to Check Reverse Power Trip ?

• Toolbox meeting
• Risk assessment
• Discussed with Senior Engineers

• When two generators running in parallel

• One can take up entire load reverse power is tested by load shifting
using governor control
• When off load generator carrying small percentage of load it trips the
generator from the circuit breaker.
• It can be operated by pushing the relay button also
Power Management System
•PMS is a continues monitoring of the system to find if it has
any failures, faults and try to notifies the Engr.
•It also tries to bring additional generator on load in case of
80% overload on the system
•It also sheds away one generator when there is no need for it.

Failure of PMS and 110% of overload leads to preferential trip

Types of Earthing System
Two Types of Earthing:
•Earth Neutral System
•Insulated Neutral System

Earth Neutral – ‘E’- England -> High voltage (single phase Trips the
panel)
Insulated Neutral – ‘I’ - India -> Low voltage (single phase continues to
run with alarm)
Insulation Resistance Test
•Insulation Resistance Test is used for finding the earth fault.
•The min. value should be 1MΩ
•It is tested by Insulation tester (e.g. Megger).
Insulation Resistance test
•For a motor insulation resistance test you need to first make
sure that the motor is fully isolated and locked off on the SB if its
still physically connected
•Then if the motor is dirty the windings need to be washed
with distillate and then fully dried
•Then an Insulation tester is used to test the resistance between
the phases and from each phase to earth the resistance should
be 1 MΩ
Earth fault finding
• To do this you would first have the earth fault alarm go off
• Then to narrow it down you would have to shut down different
panels making sure it is safe to do so first
• You would shut down and turn back on each panel and the panel that
has the earth fault will be the one where the alarm turns off when
you shut down the panel
• Once you’ve found the panel you can continue to investigate for
example if you earth fault was on the galley circuit you would shut off
the ovens to see if there was and earth fault and then the
refrigerators and continue to work through the circuit until you had
found the cause of the fault
• At this point you would be able to make a risk assessment for
the appliance that’s faulty and repair it
Power

•kVA – apparent power. kVAR

Reactive Power
(wasted)
•kVAR – reactive Apparent
Power
power. (kVA) Real Power
•kW – real power. kW
(usable)

•power factor – ratio of KVAR and KW (the efficiency of the

electrical system).
•power factor correction improves efficiency with input of capacitors.
•typical value – 0.9.
•AVR – Automatic Voltage Regulator
AVR is used to regulate the voltage
drop.
It senses output voltage and acts to change field current thereby
maintaining voltage at set value.
Set

Excitation
unit AMP Compare
Error

V Sensing
PT
Potential
Transformer
Gen
440 V
No Voltage is seen in MSB ?
•Voltmeter problem
•AVR problem
•Loss of residual magnetism ( 12 V DC battery can be used to rectify

it) MSB & ESB are connected by a coil named as “NO VOLTAGE COIL”
Star Delta and Why Star Delta is used

•Start Delta starter are used for a soft start

•Initially the motor is started by Star config
•Once the particular speed is obtained it is changed to
Delta Advantages:
•It is simple and rugged
•Economical
•It draws 2 times starting current of the load ampere of motor
HRC fuses
High Rupturing Capacity Fuses – used for induction motor on board
They are :
•Reliable
•Non deterioration with ageing
•Works well with high and small currents
Single phasing
•In 3 phases, 1 phase is open causing other two phases
to overloaded
•The motor will continue to run the overload with other
two phases
•Which cause insulation
failure May be due to :
•Blown fuses
•Open circuit
This can be diagnosed by hearing and feeling the vibration caused
by the imbalance in the motor
Motors
Maintenance
•Test Insulation
•Test Continuity
•Wash with distilled water
•Recoat with insulant and test again if required
•Replace Bearings
•Replace Gaskets
•Test for operating and running current before and after
Motors
Alarms

• over current trip.

• rtd. – resistance temperature detector.

• earth fault alarm.

• vibration indicator.

• rpm indicator.

• long running alarm (compressor motor).

• no volt (steering gear motor).

Battery Room
MGN 550
• Entry to permit
• PPE must be worn
• Properly ventilated
• No naked lights
• Leak or Gas detection system
• Wooden stands to support spills
• No smoking , No jewelry
• Insulated tools are used
• Eye wash station
• MSDS must be available
• Sprinkler system
Solved Q&A
Checks At Economiser & Regular
Maintenance
Checks:
•Signs of overheating
•Gas leaks
•Paint blisters
•Temp across stages

Regular Maintenance : Soot Blow at regular intervals to prevent soot

accumulation
Soot Blow & Why And Where Soot
Comes
From
Soot Blow Procedure :
• Inform Bridge
• Soot blown is done by steam or air
• It has got nozzles inside which rotates and injects air or steam to
remove soot
• We got a button in our local panel on pressing it the process begins
• Regular blowing of soot is done for prevention of Economiser fire

Soot is a product of the combustion or may be due to incomplete

combustion
Economiser Fire Leads to
•When a Economiser fire occurs if you soot blow it can lead
to Hydrogen fire
•Hydrogen fire will melt down the coils stack and cause deformation
to the tubes due to thermal stress.
•So in the event of Economiser fire , never do soot blow
Manometer
•It is a measuring tool which measures the pressure difference
across any two places.
•You can find it in Turbocharges air filter inlet side
Checks Done In Boiler
• Check for steam pressure and water level
• Check for feed water system is operational
• Blown down of gauge glass in my watch
• Check the boiler water for contamination - basically boiler water daily test
• Check for fuel oil pressure and temperature
• Check the burner for flame and any other abnormalities
• Regular blow down is done to prevent the formation of scum and
other impurities from the boiler
• Check for safety devices fitted are in normal conditions.
Boiler Trips & Alarms
• Low water level alarm • Low fuel oil pr alarm , stand by
• Low low water level alarm trip p/p start
and burner cut off • Low fuel oil temp alarm
• High water level alarm • High fuel oil temp alarm
• High high water level alarm • Low combustion air pr alarm
trip and feedwater p/p stops trip and burner stops
• Low steam pr alarm • Low atomizing steam pr alarm
• High steam pr alarm trip trip and burner stops
and burner stops • Flame failure alarm trip and
• Low feed water pr alarm , burner stops
standby p/p starts • Burner not in firing position alarm
trip and burner stops
Types Of Gauge Glass
•Tubular type
•Reflection type - commonly used
•Transparent type
•Multiport type &
•Magnetic type
Safety In Gauge Glass
In case the gauge glass breaks, it is provided with stop ball at the
water side to prevent the leakage
Boiler Water To Be More Alkali
•All types of corrosion can be prevented if the boiler water is tend
to be more alkaline and it contains no dissolved oxygen.
What Is Added In Feed Water Dosage
Tank
•Chemical are added into the feed water tank to prevent
corrosion, sludge formation and sale formation
Remove Scale From Boiler
A reserve phosphate should be maintained to prevent formation of
scales.
It neutralizes any hardness salt which may enter
Scum Valve
•It is used to remove solid particles, dirt , foam or oil
contaminations from boiler water surface.
•This procedure is know as scumming
Caustic Embrittlement
•It is a phenomena that occurs in boiler where the caustic
substance accumulate in boiler materials.
•It makes the material brittle and can lead to corrosion or cracks.
Construction of Safety Valve
High Lift Safety V/v

Spring Loaded Safety V/v

Safety V/v manifold collection &
draining
•Safety v/v manifold collection we used to have water
accumulation because of steam relieved from the v/v
•So we used to keep draining the water from this manifold
Generator Safety Devices
• Over speed trip
• L.O low pressure trip alarm & trip
• L.O high temperature alarm
• F.O low pressure alarm
• Jacket water high temperature trip and alarm
• Thermometer
• Pressure gauge
• Dip stick
• Crankcase relief valve
Running Checks On Generator
Lube oil checks : Temperature checks:
• Sump lube oil level • Exhaust gas
• Governor lube oil level • T/c inlet & outlet
• Rocker arm lube oil level • Cooling water (60-80 C)
• T/c lube oil level • Lube oil temperature (45 – 60 C)
• Alternator bearing lube oil level • Bearing high temp (sensor)
• Air cooler & inlet outlet ( 55-65 C)
• Fuel oil temperature ( 120 – 130 C)
Pressure: Checks on MSB :
•Fuel oil (5 – 6.5 bar) •Voltage
•Cooling water (2.5 – 3 bar) •Frequency
•Lube oil ( 4 -4.5 bar) •load
Isolation Of Generator For Maintenance
•Make sure other generators can take up the load
•Toolbox meeting/ Risk assessment
•Isolate gen. from MSB and auto start panel
•Make sure lock out & tag out is done
•Isolate all the systems like air, fuel, cooling water & lube oil
•And carry out maintenance as per planning
Crossheads Difficult To Lubricate
•Because of swing action Hydro dynamic lubrication is difficult
•Another reason is because combustion load is always
acting downwards.
•To make it lubricate it is enhanced with special bearings so
that we can do hydrostatic or forced lubrication
Droop on Generator
• Governor droop is a function which reduces the engine reference speed as
the fuel position (load) increases.
• It allows the engine to run at lower speed when load increases and to run
at normal speed when there is no load.
• It is expressed as percentage of original speed setting from no load to full
load conditions.
• Generally the droop % will be 3 – 5 %

Droop on Generators are used for load sharing

Speed droop governors are seen in A/E because of load sharing

Isochronous governors are seen in M/E because of constant speed
Types of Governor
•Mechanical governor
•Hydraulic governor
•Electronic governor
•Inertia governor (fitted on older slow speed engines)
Emergency Switch board
• It supplies load to emergency equipment's and 1st arrangement in ER
• It supplies emergency machineries like :

 Emergency Bilge Suction

 Emergency Fire P/P
 Fire Detection & Prevention System
 Steering Gear
 Navigation Equipment
 Radio Communications
 Battery Systems
 1st Line Arrangement In Engine Room ( 1 Air Comp, 1 Water P/P , 1 Fuel P/P)
 Ship’s Whistle
 General Alarm
 Emergency Lightening
Difference Between Emergency Fire P/p
&
Normal Fire P/p

The main difference is that they got :

 EFP is separate from ER
 It has got separate sea suction from the main sea water suction
Relief v/v on stages of air compressor – It is fitted to release excess
pressure developed inside 1st and 2nd stages

Bursting Disc – It is a copper disc which bursts when pressure exceeds

over the pre determined value due to leaky air tubes of the inter or
after cooler

Drain in Air bottle – To drain the water that has been collected in the
bottom of air bottle due to condensation of mist passed over by the
compressor
Double Skinned Pipes Are Used Between Fuel Injector And Fuel
Pump

• They are used as a safety measure to protect against risk of fire in case of
pipe failure.
• They are a requirement for engines running under UMS
• A leak off line is also provided in the pipes to collect fuel leaking from pipes to
a leak off tank and from there it goes to fuel drain tank
• Leak off tank has got a alarm when leakages are high, which lifts the float
and triggers the alarm
Oily Water Separator
•It is an equipment carried on board as per regulations to treat
oil and water mixtures from bilges before discharging
overboard
•It works on the principle of gravity differential between oil
and water
 Interface Detector
and Alarm

Coalescer To Sludge Tank

Coagulator
Sample
Flush Valves
15 ppm
Water Bilge
Alarm

Oily Water Pump O/Board or

Inlet to Filtration
OWS Working
• The plant must first be filled with clean water before operation. As the oil enters it flows through
the first stage coalescer where larger oil droplets are formed. These droplets eventually float to
the top. This separation is aided by the change in direction as the flow moves to the second
stage.
• The second stage coagulator completes the separation by attracting the oil to the surface of
the oleophilic beads. The second stage is cleaned by back-flushing with clean water.
• The separated oil is collected at the top of the chamber and when the predetermined level is
reached the discharge pump stops. At the same time the back-flush valve and oil outlet valve
open. The collected oil is removed at the same time that the coagulator is cleaned. Similarly if
air is drawn into the system the back-flush will be initiated.
• This separator is able to reduce the oil content of the discharge to below 15ppm. The quality of
the discharge can be increased by the use of a filter.
• As the pump is situated after the separation then there is no restriction on the type of pump that
may be used although it will be a positive displacement type.
Single Earth Fault Why We Don’t Need
Equipment To Trip
• Because the equipment can be a critical equipment
•In that case we don’t want the equipment to get
tripped on single earth fault
•E.g. Steering gear motor( tripping of it can cause
safety concerns to the navigation of ship)
Induction Motor Construction
•The most common type on motor used on board is induction motor
Motor Starting Methods
•DOL starter
•Star Delta starter
•Auto transformer
•Soft starters
Slip in Induction Motors
•It is the difference between the asynchronous speed and
synchronous speed or diff between speed of stator field and rotor
speed.
•It is usually expressed in %
•Common value for large motors will be 0.5%
•Slip S = (Ns-Nr)/Ns
Where , Ns = stators electrical speed, Nr= Rotor’s mechanical speed
Slip in regards to Propeller
•Slip % = (Engine distance – Ship distance ) %

Engine distance

Ship distance is got from bridge

Engine distance is calculated from pitch of the propeller ( Theoretical
value)
Sea Water Pipes Are Made From
•Copper alloy ( Aluminum, Bronze) can be used depending on
the size of the system, it can be expensive
•Mild steel with rubber lined can also be used in some systems
or epoxy coating internally
•Suction strainers in the system cab be installed with
Cu+Al Anodes for protection
•MGPS ( Marine Growth Prevention System) can be also be
used in some system with injection of chlorine.
•Cooler Pockets end covers are fitted with Zinc anodes (
Sacrificial anodes)
SOME MORE Q&A
Central Cooling System
Advantages:
•Single fluid mechanism is used to various machineries in
the sequence
•Easier to
maintain
Disadvantages:
•If there is any problem with the first cooler it will affect the
entire system
Control Air Alarm
•As per CE’s instruction in case of control air alarm
•Quickly open the pressure reducing v/v provided from the main
air bottle to control air system
•It reduces the 30 bar to 7 bar
•Control air alarm might have slowed down the engine.
LT Pump Outlet Pressure dropping
•As per UMS the stand by p/p has started because of low pressure
•Reason for low pressure might be problem with the gauge or
reducing water level in header tank
•After your standby p/p starts and the pressure is fine then the
reason may be either the p/p impeller or mechanical seal is gone.
•Even after standby p/p comes on action still the pressure is not okay
then the reason might be the cross over valve for LT & HT system
not working properly
Entering ECA Area
•Before entering to ECA area
•CE makes a calculation on LSFO available and according to
his calculations he instructs us when to change before
•According to his instruction bridge will be notified and will be
updated regarding the change over about to take place and then
we will change over LSFO at a particular time before entering into
ECA

The rule for LSFO came on January 1st 2020

Low Frequency alarm on generator
•If we get a low frequency alarm on gen.
•Check for fuel filters and try to change over to another filter
•Still the problem exist inform CE
• Make a black out
•And bring another generator on load and investigate the cause
•Reason may be problem with governor either low oil level in
governor or governor chocked
• Specifications or the result obtained from the on-board
fuel, lube oil and various other treatment results obtained.

• These results whether they are standard values or not

is given by SMS – Safety Management System.

For Fuel oil specification standards can also be found in ISO

8217 - 2017
Types of Maintenance
•Planned Maintenance
•Breakdown Maintenance
•Conditional Maintenance
Conditional Monitoring
Monitoring a piece of machinery without dismantling it to see whether
maintenance is required
VELMUR
V - Vibrational Analysis
E -Eddy Current Measurement
L -Liquid Dye Penetrant
M - Magnetic Testing
U - Ultrasonic
Testing
R - Radiographic Testing (X Ray)
Continuous Survey of Machinery
•Because the number of surveys that need to happen every five
years in compliance with a safe construction cert;
•Everything cannot be done in the fifth year, the survey is divided as
much as possible so that its spread out and a 20% of the survey is
done each year.
CPP – Controllable Pitch Propeller
• It is a type of propeller fitted commonly on 4 stroke engine.
• Pitch of the propeller can be changed.
• Blades can be rotated on its vertical axis, to obtain a good geometry and to avoid resistance
on the propeller.
• CPP is operated by hydraulic oil which has got an independent tank.

Advantages:
• Good manoeuvring
• Good capability
• Shaft generator can be fixed at end of engine

CPP has got an interlock which will not allow the engine to start if the pitch is not @ 0