Organisms and Populations

1. _______________ is revered as Father of Ecology in India.

2. The key elements that lead to variatiom in the physical and

chemical conditions of different habitats are temperature,
_______________ , _______________ and _______________ .
3. The organisms that can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of
temperature are called _______________ and those that are
restricted to a narrow range of temperature are called
_______________ .
4. The salinity in parts per thousand is _______________ in inland
water, _______________ in the sea and > 100 in some hypersaline
lagoons.
5. The organisms that are tolerant of a wide range of salinities are
called _______________ and those that are restricted to a narrow
range are called _______________ .
6. The process by which some organisms try to maintain the
constancy of its internal environment is _______________ .
7. The aquatic organism whose osmotic concentration of body fluids
change with that of ambient water osmotic concentration are referred
as _______________ .
8. Every winter the famous _______________ National park in
Rajasthan host thousands of migratory birds coming from
_______________ and other extremely cold northern regions.
9. Under unfavourable conditions many zooplankton species in lakes
and ponds are known to enter _______________ a stage of
suspended development.
10. _______________ is any attribute of of the organism that enables
the organism to survive and reproduce in its habitat.
11. Many desert plants have a photosynthetic pathway,
_______________ that enables their stomata to remain close during
day time.
12. According to _______________ rule, mammals from colder
climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimize hear loss.
13. The thick layer of fat called _______________ in aquatic
mammals like seal below their skin acts as an insulator.
14. _______________ refers to the number of birth during a given
period in population and _______________ refers to the number of
death.
15. _______________ is the number of individuals of same species
that have come into the habitat from elsewhere during the time period
under consideration and _______________ is the number of
individuals who left the habitat.

16. When resources are unlimited, the growth is usually

_______________ but when resources become progressively
limiting, the growth pattern turns _______________ .
17. In any growth pattern, growth is ultimately limited by the
_______________ of the environment.
18. The _______________ is a measure of the inherent potential of a
population to grow.
19. A plot of N in relation to time(t) results in a sigmoid curve. This
type of population growth is called _______________ Logistic
growth.
20. The mathematical equation describing the increase or decrease
in N during time(t) is _______________ in exponential growth &
_______________ in Logistic growth.
21. Both the species benefit in _______________ and both lose in
_______________ in their interaction with each other.
22. The interaction where one species is benefitted and the other is
neither benefitted nor harmed is _______________ and when one is
harmed & other is unaffected is _______________ .
23. The interactions in which interacting species live closely together
are _______________ , _______________ and commensalism.

24. The animals that feed on plant sap and other parts of plants are
_______________ .
25. The common weed in abandoned field is _______________ .
Cattle never browsed on this plant because it produces highly
poisonous _______________ .
26. The fitness of one species is measured in terms of its
_______________ .
27. _______________ Principle state that two closely related species
competing for the same resources cannot co-exist indefinetly and
competitively inferior one will be eliminated eventually.
28. In _______________ , two species competing for the same
resources avoid competition by choosing different times for feeding or
different foraging period.
29. Parasites that feed on the external surface of host organism are
called _______________ and that those live inside host body are
called _______________ .
30. An example of commensalism is the interaction between sea
anemone that has stinging tentacles and _______________ that lives
among them.
31. Lichens represent mutualistic relationship between a
_______________ and autotrophic _______________ .
32. Mycorrhizae are association between _______________ and
roots of higher plants.
33. The Mediterranean orchid _______________ employs ‘sexual
deceit’ to get pollination done by a species of bee.

34. _______________ is the study of relationships of organisms with

abiotic and biotic components of their environment.
35. _______________ is a group of individuals of a given species
sharing or competing for similiar resources
in a defined geographical area.
Ecosystem
1. _______________ is a functional unit of nature and comprises
abiotic and biotic components.

2. Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels is

called _______________ . In forest, _______________ occupy top
vertical part, _______________ the second and herbs and grasses
occupy the bottom layer.
3. There is _______________ movement of energy.

4. _______________ is defined as the amount of biomass or organic

matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during
phosynthesis. It is expressed in terms of _______________ or
_______________ .
5. The rate of biomass production is called _______________ . It is
expressed in terms of _______________ or _______________ .

6. _______________ productivity of an ecosystem is the rate of

production of organic matter during photosynthesis.
7. Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses (R) is the
_______________ productivity (NPP).

8. _______________ productivity is defened as the rate of formation

of new organic matter by consumers.
9. The annual net primary productivity of whole biosphere is
approximately _______________ billion tons of organic matter.

10. The important steps in the process of decomposition are

fragmentation, leaching _______________ , _______________ and
_______________ .
11. By the process of _______________ , water-soluble inorganic
nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipated as
unavailable salts.

12. _______________ leads to accumulation of a dark coloured

amourphous substance called _______________ that is highly
resistant to microbial action and increases fertility of soil.
13. Plants capture only _______________ % of PAR.

14. Animals are heterotrophs and also _______________ as they

depend directly or indirectly on plants for food. If they feed only on
producer they are called _______________ and if they eat other
animals, they are called _______________ .
15. The natural interconnection of food chain makes
_______________ .

16. Decomposers are also known as _______________ .

17. Producers belong to _______________ trophic levels, herbivores
to _______________ and carnivores to _______________ .

18. The amount of energy _______________ at successive trophic

levels.
19. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a
particular time called as _______________.

20. Only _______________ % of the energy is transferred to each

trophic level from the lower trophic level.
21. The pyramid of biomass in sea is _______________ because the
biomass of fishes _______________ that of phytoplankton.

22. Pyramid of _______________ is always upright.

23. _______________ are not given place in ecological pyramids
even though they play a vital role in the ecosystem.

24. The community that is in near equillibrium with the environment is

called _______________ community.
25. The gradual and predictable change in the species composition of
a given area is called _______________ community.

26. The entire sequence of communities that successively change in

a given area are called _____________.
27. The ecological succession in a place where there no living
organism ever existed is called _______________ succession and in
a place which lost all living organism that existed there is called
_______________ succession.
28. _______________ succession takes place in wetter areas and
_______________ succession in dry areas. Both succession lead to
medium water condition called _______________ .
29. The species that invade a bare area are called
_______________ species. In primary succession on rocks these are
usually _______________ and in water these are usually
_______________ .

30. The amount of nutrients present in the soil at any given time is
reffered to as _______________ .
31. Another name of nutrient cyclic is _______________ cycles.

32. The reservoir for gaseous type of nutrient cycle is

_______________ and for the sedimentary cycle is
_______________ .
33. Carbon constitutes _______________ % of dry weight of
organism.

34. The products of ecosystem processes are named as

_______________ .
35. _______________ and his colleagues have tried to put price tags
on nature life-support services and is estimated to be
_______________ a year.
Biodiversity and Conservation
1. ______________ refers to the sum total of diversity that exists at
all levels of biological organisation.

2. Of the named species, > 70% are animals of which

_______________ % are insects.
3. Species diversity decreases as we move away from
_______________ towards _______________ region of earth.

4. The graph showing relation between species richness and area for
a wide variety of taxa gives _______________ curve.
5. Dodo from Mauritius, quagga from _______________ , thylacine
from _______________ , _______________ from Russia and three
subspecies (Bali , Java, _______________ ) of tiger are example of
recent extinct organism.

6. Since the origin and diversification of life on earth, there were

_______________ episodes of massextinction of species.
7. _______________ is the sobriquet used to describe the four major
causes of accelerated rates of species extinction.

8. The amazon rain forest is so huge that it is called

_______________ of the planet.
9. The _______________ introduced into Lake Victoria in east Africa
led eventually to the extinction of more than 200 species of
_______________ fish in the lake.

10. The illegal introduction of African catfish _______________ for

aquaculture purpose is a posing threat to the indigenous catfishes in
our rivers.
11. _______________ is exploring molecular, genetic and species-
level diversity for product of economic importance.

12. In _______________ conservation, the endangered species are

protected in their natural habitat so that the entire ecosystem is
protected.
13. _______________ conservation is desireable approach when an
animal or plant is threatened and needs urgent measures to save it
from extinction.
14. The species that are confined to one region and not found
anyhwhere else is called _______________ species.
15. The total number of biodiversity hotspots in the world is
_______________ .
16. India has _______________ biosphere, _______________
national parks and _______________ wildlife sanctuaries.
17. The historic Convention on Biological Diversity
_______________ held in Rio De Janerio in 1992, called upon all
nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity
& sustainable utilization of its benefits.

18. _______________ convention on sustainable Development in

2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa, 190 countries pledged their
commitment to achieve by 2010.
19. When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species
associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct. This is
termed as _______________ .
20. A proper perspective to question ‘does it really matter to us if a
few species become extinct ? ’ can be explain through analogy i.e.
_______________ hyphothesis by Stanford ecologist
_______________ .
Environmental Issues
1. ______________ is any undesireable change in physical, chemical
or biological characteristic of air, land, water or soil. Agents that bring
about such an undesireable change are called as ______________.
2. In order to control environmental pollution, the Government of India
has passed ______________ in ______________ to protect and
improve the quality of our environment.
3. The most widely used method to remove particulate matter is
______________ which can remove ______________% particulate
matter present in the exhaust from a thermal power plant.

4. CPCB stands for ______________. According to CPCB,

particulate size ______________ micrometre are responsible for
causing greatest harm to human health.
5. Noise of level ______________ dB or more can damage ear
drums thus permanently impairing hearing quality.

6. According to Euro III norms, concentration of sulphur

______________ ppm in diesel and ______________ ppm in petrol.
Aromatic hydrocarbon is ______________% of concerned fuel.
7. The Government of India has passed the ______________ Act in
______________ to safeguard our water resources.

8. The amount of biodegradable organic matter in sewage water can

be estimated by measuring ___________.
9. Presence of large amount of nutrients in water causes excessive
growth of______________ , called an ______________ which
imparts a distinct colour to the water bodies.

10. The plant of water hyacinth ______________ is the world’s most

problematic aquatic weed, also called ‘Terror of Bengal’.
11. ______________ refers to increase in concentration of the
toxicant at successive trophic level because the toxic substance gets
accumulated by an organism as it cannot be metabolized or excreted.

12. ______________ is the natural ageing of a lake by nutrient

enrichment of its water.
13. Eutrophication due to pollutants from man’s activities like
effluents from industries and homes is called ______________
eutrophication.

14. In Integrated Waste Water Treatment project initiated in town of

Arcata, California; the biologist developed a series of
______________ connected marshes over 60 hectares of marshland
and citizen group called ______________ are responsible for the
upkeep & safeguarding of this project.
15. In ______________ ,wastes are dumped in a depression or
trench after compaction and covered with dirt everyday.

16. Irreparable computers and other electronic goods are known as

______________ wastes.
17. ______________ produced polyblend, a fine powder of recycled
modified plastic. He proved that blend of polyblend and bitumen
enhanced bitumen’s ______________ repellant properties.

18. ______________ created the Haryana Kisan Welfare Club, with a

current membership of ______________ farmers.
19. The storage of nuclear waste, after pre-treatment in shielded
containers is done about ______m deep below the earth’s surface.

20. Without greenhouse effect the average temperature of surface of

earth would be _____0C rather than the present average of
______0C.
21. ______________ effect means odd climatic changes due to rise
in temperature.

22. The upper part of atmosphere called ______________ contain

ozone layer that absorbs UV radiation from the sun.
23. The thickness of ozone in a column of air from the ground to the
top of atmosphere is measured in terms of ______________ units.

24. High dose of UV-B causes inflammation of cornea, called

______________ .
25. An international treaty ______________ was signed at Montreal,
Canada in ______________ to control the emission of ozone
depleting substance.
26. In India, the forest cover was ______________ % of land in
beginning of 20th century and shrunk to ______________ % by end
of century. According to National Forest Policy, forest cover for plain
should be ______________ % and for hill its ______________ %.

27. Slash and burn agriculture is commonly called ______________ .

28. The Government of India instituted ______________ Award for
individuals or communities from rural areas that shows extraordinary
courage and dedication in protecting wildlife.
29. In 1974, ______________ of Garhwal Himalayas started in which
local women hug trees for protecting them from axe of contractor.
30. The Government of India in 1980s introduced the concept of
______________ so as to work closely with local communities for
protecting and managing forests.
Organism & Populations
1. Ramdeo misra
2. water; light; soil
3. eurythermal; stenothermal
4. < 5; 30-35
5. euryhaline; stenohaline
6. homeostatis
7. conformers
8. Keolada; Siberia
9. diapause
10. adaptation
11. CAM
12. Allen’s
13. blubber
14. Natality; mortality
15. Immigration; Emigration
16. exponential; logistic
17. carrying capacity
18. intrinsic rate of natural
increase
19. Verhulst-Pearl
20.
21. mutualism; competition
22. commensalism; amensalism
23. predation; parasitism
24. phytophagous
25. Calotropis ; cardiac glycosides
26. ‘r’ (intrinsic rate of increase)
27. Gause’s competitive exclusion
28. Resource partitioning
29. ectoparasite; endoparasites
30. clown fish
31. fungus; algae
32. fungi
33. Ophrys
34. Ecology
35. Population
Ecosystem
1. Ecosystem
2. stratification; trees ; shrubs
3. unidirectional
4. primary production; weight(g- 2); energy(kcal m-2)
5. productivity; g-2 yr-1; kcal m-2 yr-1
6. gross primary
7. net primary
8. second
9. 170
10. catabolism; humification; mineralisation
11. leaching
12. humification; humus
13. 2-10
14. consumers; primary consumers; secondary consumer
15. food web
16. saprotrophs
17. 1st ; 2nd ; 3rd
18. decreases
19. standing crop
20. 10
21. inverted; exceeds
22. energy
23. saprophytes
24. climax
25. ecological succession
26. sere
27. primary; secondary
28. Hydrach; xerarch ; mesic
29. pioneer; lichens; phytoplanktons
30. standing state
31. biogeochemical
32. atmosphere; earth’s crust
33. 49
34. ecosystem services
35. Robert Constanza; US$ 33trillion
Biodiversity and Conservation
1. Biodiversity
2. 70
3. equator; pole
4. rectangular hyperbola
5. Africa; Australia; Steller’s Sea Cow; Caspian
6. 5
7. The Evil Quartet
8. lungs
9. Nile perch; cichlid
10. Clarias gariepinus
11. bioprospecting
12. insitu
13. exsitu
14. endemic
15. 34
16. 14; 90; 448
17. The Earth Summit
18. World Summit
19. Co-extinction
20. rivet-popper; Paul Ehrlich
Environmental Issues
1. Pollution; pollutants
2. Environment(protection) Act; 1986
3. Electrostatic precipitator; 99
4. Central Pollution Control Board; 2.5
5. 150
6. 350; 150; 42
7. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution); 1974
8. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
9. planktonic algae; algal bloom
10. Eichhornia crassipes
11. Biomagnification
12. Eutrophication
13. Cultural or Accelerated
14. Six; FOAM (Friends of the Arcata Marsh)
15. sanitary landfill
16. electronic (e)
17. Ahmed khan; water
18. Ramesh Chandra Dagar; 5000
19. 500
20. -18; 15
21. El Nino
22. Stratoshphere
23. Dobson
24. snow-blindness
25. Montreal Protocol; 1987
26. 30; 19.4; 33; 67
27. Jhum cultivation
28. Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection
29. Chipko Movement
30. Joint Forest Management (JFM)