Unit I: Fundamentals of DC and AC Circuits
• Basic Electrical Quantities: Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Voltage, Current, Power,
and Energy.
• Key Laws and Rules:
o Ohm's Law: V = IR (relationship between voltage, current, and resistance)
o Kirchhoff's Laws:
▪ Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of all voltages around a closed loop
equals zero.
▪ Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The total current entering a junction equals
the total current leaving it.
o Voltage and Current Division Rules: Techniques to calculate voltage or current
distribution in resistive circuits.
• Circuit Analysis:
o Mesh and Nodal Analysis: Systematic methods to solve circuit networks.
o Theorems:
▪ Thevenin’s Theorem: Reduces a complex circuit to a single voltage source
and series resistance.
▪ Norton’s Theorem: Reduces a circuit to a single current source and parallel
resistance.
• AC Concepts:
o Alternating Current (AC) and Voltage: Sine wave properties, frequency, and period.
o Definitions of Amplitude and Phase: Peak values and phase shift in AC signals.
o Average and RMS Values: Calculations of average and root mean square for AC
signals.
Unit II: Fundamental of Semiconductor Devices
• PN Junction Diode: Working, characteristics, and applications (rectifiers, clippers, etc.).
• Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT):
o PNP and NPN transistors: Operation and characteristics.
• MOSFET: Types (n-channel, p-channel), working principles, and applications in amplification
and switching.
• Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps):
o Features, virtual ground concept,
o Inverting and Non-inverting configurations.
Unit III: Number System and Logic Gates
• Number Systems: Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal, and their conversions.
• Codes:
o Binary to Gray code and vice versa (BG, G-B)
o Excess-3, BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
• Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR.
• Boolean Algebra: Simplification of logic expressions.
• Karnaugh Maps (K-Map): Simplifying logic functions up to 4 variables using SOP (Sum of
Products) and POS (Product of Sums).
Unit IV: Introduction to Arduino and Sensors
• Arduino Board: Pin configuration, description, and applications in embedded systems.
• Sensors:
o IR Sensor: Working principle and applications.
o LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): Basics and usage.
o Ultrasonic Sensor: Distance measurement principle.
o Temperature Sensor: Measurement of temperature in various applications.
Unit V: Combinational Logic Circuits
• Adders and Subtractors:
o Half and Full Adder/Subtractor.
• Comparators: Digital comparison of binary numbers.
• Multiplexers and De-multiplexers: Data selection and distribution.
• Encoders and Decoders: Encoding/decoding binary data.
• Parity Circuits: Error detection using parity bits.
Unit VI: Sequential Logic Circuits
• Basic Sequential Circuits:
o SR-Latch, D-Latch, D Flip-Flop, JK Flip-Flop, T Flip-Flop: Storage devices and their
configurations.
o Master-Slave Flip-Flop: Edge-triggered flip-flops.
o Conversion: Conversion of one type of flip-flop to another.
• Registers:…1.Operation of Shift Registers….2.Ring Counter and Johnson Ring Counter:
Special types of shift registers.
• Counters:…1.Asynchronous and Synchronous Counters: Counting mechanisms…2.Decade
Counter (IC-7490): Counting up to 10.
