INTRODUCTION

A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once

a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events
and news. Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local
city, state or country. Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by
subscription. One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand.
Recycling of paper is common. It may be converted to new paper, for example.
Newspapers have many topics. They usually include political events, crime,
business, sports, and weather news. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate
stories; and also often include comics and other entertainment, such as
crosswords and horoscopes. Many have opinion sections. These sections print
the opinions of people who work for the newspaper. The opinions, which are
usually on stories in the news, are called editorials. Opinion sections usually also
print short letters from people who read the newspaper.
HISTORY
Most historians credit the birth of the regular written news updates to the
Romans. Acta Diurna (which roughly translates to daily public records) which
was hard carved news on stone or metal sheets, covering politics, military
campaigns, chariot races and executions, was published daily and posted by the
government in the Roman Forum.
The history of the printed newspaper goes back to 17th century Europe when
Johann Carolus published the first newspaper called 'Relation aller Fürnemmen
und gedenckwürdigen Historien' (Account of all distinguished and
commemorable news) in Germany in 1605.
In the mid-19th century newspaper, reporters began to use the telegraph as a
means to get news to their newspapers quickly. Then in 1880, The New York
Graphic became the first newspaper to print a photo.
IN INDIA
In India, newspapers play a significant role in democracy. India has a long and
rich history of newspaper publishing, dating back to the 18th century. Today,
more than 100,000 newspapers are published in the country in more than one
hundred languages. Newspapers are essentially public information sources and
play a vital role in shaping public opinion. They also play a crucial role in the
country's economy, as they are an effective advertising medium. The first
newspaper in India was published in 1780 and was called the Bengal Gazette.
The first English-language newspaper was published in Calcutta in 1814, and the
first Hindi-language newspaper was published in 1826. Today, many diverse
types of newspapers in India cater to different audiences.
The Indian newspaper industry is one of the largest in the world. India has over
100,000 daily newspapers, and over 42 crores 50 lakh people read newspapers
regularly in the country as of 2019. The sector employs over 10 lakh people and
has an annual turnover of over ₹200,00 crores. The industry is highly
fragmented, with over 80% of the market being served by regional and local
newspapers. The top three newspaper groups - The Times of India, Hindustan
Times, and The Hindu - account for only 25% of the market.
TOP 10 ENGLISH NEWSPAPERS IN INDIA
1. The Times of India [1838]
2. Hindustan Times [1924]
3. The Hindu [1878]
4. The Indian Express [1932]
5. The Economic Times [1961]
6. The Telegraph [1982]
7. The Statesman [1875]
8. the Deccan Chronicle [1938]
9. The New Indian Express [1932]
10. Mint [2007]
IMPORTANCE OF NEWSPAPERS
Newspapers are essential to our daily lives because they provide data and
information from around the world. A newspaper is a crucial tool for
information on scandal and injustice. Politics, social concerns, sports, the
economy, movies, and the stock market are the main themes of broad interest in
the newspaper. Newspapers are a type of mass media that speak out about
societal concerns like dowry and child labor and also about government policies
and international news. Newspapers also provide information on upcoming
movies and television series, as well as a database of cinemas with movie
schedules. The extent of a newspaper's commitment to accuracy and honest
journalism determines its integrity and reputation. In the end, it is the least
expensive and most effective weapon, and the significance of newspapers can
be seen
-> Newspapers can affect public perception and government policy, among other
things.
-> It serves as a link between the public and the state in a democracy.
-> It raises awareness of injustice.
-> It provides info on weather predictions, critiques, and ratings of local
restaurants, books, movies, and other visual arts and literary works.
-> Numerous newspapers also aid in raising awareness about environmental and
medical concerns.
-> The newspaper can be a dependable source of knowledge during crises or
emergencies.
-> In addition to each of these social, political, and economic factors,
newspapers make a great advertising medium.

LAYOUT OF NEWSPAPER
Newspapers cover a wide range of topics and provide information on various
subjects. Here are some of the common items covered by newspapers:
News
Politics
Business and Economy
Sports
Entertainment
Lifestyle
Opinion and Editorial
Science and Technology
Education
Environment
Health
Local/Regional News
Classified advertisements for job vacancies, real estate, rentals, matrimonial,
services, buy/sell, and public notices.
Obituaries and death notices
Crosswords, Puzzles, and Games
BANKS
A bank is a financial institution that provides a range of financial services to
individuals, businesses, and governments. Its primary function is to accept
deposits from customers and use those funds to extend loans and credit to
borrowers. Banks act as intermediaries between individuals or businesses that
have surplus funds (savers or depositors) and those that need funds
(borrowers).
In most countries the rules for banks are made by the government acting
through laws. A central bank adjusts how much money is issued at a particular
time. This is a factor in the economy of a country, and the government takes the
big decisions.
The central bank of India is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It is the country's
apex monetary authority responsible for the formulation and implementation of
monetary policy, issuing currency, managing the foreign exchange reserves, and
regulating and supervising the banking sector.
Banks can be classified into various types. Given below are the bank types in
India:-
Central Bank Cooperative Banks
Commercial Banks Regional Rural Banks (RRB)
Local Area Banks (LAB) Specialized Banks
Small Finance Banks Payments Banks

Banks play a crucial role in the economy by promoting savings, providing credit,
and facilitating financial transactions. They are subject to regulation and
oversight by government authorities to ensure their stability, integrity, and
adherence to financial regulations.
The overall advantages of a bank include:
1. Safely storing the public's wealth.
2. The widespread availability of affordable loans.
3. Propelling the economy forward.
BANK ACCOUNTS
A bank account is a financial arrangement provided by a bank or financial
institution that allows an individual or business to deposit, store, and manage
their money. It provides a secure place to hold funds and offers various services
such as making deposits, withdrawals, and electronic transfers. A bank account
also provides a record of transactions and can be used for receiving payments,
paying bills, and managing personal or business finances.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNTS

1. Current account
A current account is a deposit account for traders, business owners, and
entrepreneurs, who need to make and receive payments more often than
others. These accounts hold more liquid deposits with no limit on the number of
transactions per day. Current accounts allow overdraft facility, that is
withdrawing more than what is currently available in the account. Also, unlike
savings accounts, where you earn some interest, these are zero-interest bearing
accounts. You need to maintain a minimum balance to be able to operate
current accounts.

2. Savings account
A savings bank account is a regular deposit account, where you earn a minimum
rate of interest. Here, the number of transactions you can make each month is
capped. Banks offer a variety of Savings Accounts based on the type of
depositor, features of the product, age or purpose of holding the account, and
so on.
There are regular savings accounts, savings accounts for children, senior citizens
or women, institutional savings accounts, family savings accounts, and so many
more.
You have the option to pick from a range of savings products. There are zero-
balance savings accounts and also advanced ones with features like auto sweep,
debit cards, bill payments and cross-product benefits. A cross-product benefit is
when you have a savings account with a bank and get to avail special offers on
opening a second account such as a demat account.
3. Fixed deposit account
To park your funds and earn a decent rate of interest on it, there are different
types of accounts like fixed deposits and recurring deposits.
A fixed deposit (FD) account allows you to earn a fixed rate of interest for
keeping a certain sum of money locked in for a given time, that is until the FD
matures. FDs range between a maturity period of seven days to 10 years. The
rate of interest you earn on FDs will vary depending on the tenure of the FD.
Generally, you cannot withdraw money from an FD before it matures. Some
banks offer a premature withdrawal facility. But in that case, the interest rate
you earn is lower.

4. Recurring deposit account

A recurring deposit (RD) has a fixed tenure. You need to invest a fixed sum of
money in it regularly -- every month or once a quarter -- to earn interest. Unlike
FDs, where you need to make a lump sum deposit, the sum you need to invest
here is smaller and more frequent. You cannot change the tenure of the RD and
the amount to be invested each month or quarter. Even in the case of RDs, you
face a penalty in the form of a lower interest rate for premature withdrawal. The
maturity period of an RD could range between six months to 10 years.

6. NRI accounts

There are different types of bank accounts for Indians or Indian-origin people
living overseas. These accounts are called overseas accounts. They include two
types of savings accounts and fixed deposits -- NRO or non-resident ordinary and
NRE or non-resident external accounts. Banks also offer foreign currency non-
resident fixed deposit accounts. Let us quickly see the various types of bank
accounts for NRIs-

a) Non-resident ordinary (NRO) savings accounts or fixed deposit accounts

NRO accounts are rupee accounts. When NRIs deposit money in these accounts,
usually in foreign currency, it is converted into INR at the prevailing exchange
rate. NRIs can park money earned in India or overseas in NRO bank accounts.
Payments like rent, maturities, pension, among others, can be sent abroad
through NRO accounts. The income earned on these deposit accounts is taxed.

b) Non-resident external (NRE) savings accounts or fixed deposit accounts

NRE deposit accounts are similar to NRO accounts and the funds in these
accounts are maintained in INR. Any money deposited into these accounts is
converted into INR at prevailing exchange rates. But, these accounts are only for
parking your earnings from abroad. The funds, both principal and interest, are
transferable. But, the interest earned on these deposit accounts is not taxed in
India.

C) Foreign currency non-resident (FCNR) account

As the name suggests and unlike the other two types of bank accounts, FCNR
accounts are maintained in foreign currency. The principal and interest from
these accounts are transferable, but the interest earned is not taxed in India.
Comparative interest rates
Fd table
DHFL Bank is one of the highest interest offering banks and provides an interest
rate of up to 9.25% for fixed deposits. The fixed deposit interest rates are
determined by changes in the RBI monetary policy such as the repo rate, base
rate, internal liquidity position of banks, credit demand, economic conditions,
etc. The factors on which the bank FD rates vary are the deposited amount,
deposit tenure, and the type of depositor.

Rd table
The RD interest rates differ from bank to bank and also on factors like which
category you fall under and the tenure you choose. Almost all the banks
privilege senior citizens with a higher rate of interest than regular citizens. A
variety of recurring deposit schemes is made available by banks nowadays.

Savings Account table

There are multiple banks that offer savings account facilities in India. To know
the best savings account, it is essential to compare the interest rates and their
features like the affordable minimum balance requirement and flexibility to
make deposits and withdrawals.
budget
 introduction

A budget is a spending plan based on income and expenses. It is an estimate of

how much money you’ll make and spend over a certain period of time, such as a
month or year. Budgeting can involve making a comprehensive list of
expenditures or focusing on a few categories.
To put it simply, a budget plans future saving and spending as well as planned
income and expenses. Budgeting may be carried out by individuals or by
companies to estimate whether or not they can continue to operate with its
projected income and expenses.
A budget can be drawn up for each financial year and contain information on the
estimated value of sales and value of costs. From this you can see how the
coming accounting period is likely to end. The actual performance of the
business can be measured against this proposed plan.
Budgeting benefits everyone, not just those who struggle financially. It
encourages you put your money to work in the best way possible and can help
you identify what's soaking up too much of your cash. Think of a budget as a
steppingstone to your financial goals. It can help you:
1. Understand your relationship with money. Tracking your income and
expenses paints a clear picture of how much you have to save or spend.
Once you spot patterns, you can identify where to make adjustments.
Maybe you spend less than you earn (way to go!) but you’re paying for
some subscriptions or services you no longer need.
2. Save for the future. A good budget coaxes you to earmark money for an
emergency fund and savings goals like a vacation or retirement. Here's
how to work out how much you should save each month.
3. Get — or stay — out of debt. Mapping out expenses in advance reduces
the risk of overspending and can help you pay off debt you already have.
4. Relieve stress. Budgeting isn’t a cure-all, but it can help you manage
financial decisions and prepare for challenges.
Personal Budget: An individual or family plans their monthly earnings and
expenses to ensure that they don’t run out of cash before the next paycheck.
Corporate Budget: It is a plan to maintain cash flow, operating cash, and
emergency funds efficiently. It comprises sales, material, production, and factory
overheads.
Government Budget: A financial plan prepared by the federal government
accounts for the estimated national revenue for a particular financial or fiscal
year. The revenue comes from taxes, fees, and grants. It also considers the
anticipated expenditure over public services and infrastructure. There are two
types of federal budgets—capital and revenue.
Master Budget: It is a culmination of various lower-level budgets prepared for
different areas of business operations. It is a consolidated business plan.
Operating Budget: It is created at the beginning of a given period. It reflects the
profit and loss accounting—accounts for fixed, non-operating, variable, and
capital expenditures.
Static Budget: It is mostly formulated by the government and non-profit
organizations. It is rigid and does not allow variations depending on the activity
of the institution. It is a prediction of revenue and expenses—based on
anticipated values. The actual results may vary from the predicted values.
Flexible Budget: It is a realistic approach adopted by businesses. A flexible plan
considers changes in expenses and costs over the period and adjusts
accordingly.
Financial Budget: It incorporates assets, liabilities, and shareholders equity. It
charts a company’s short-term and long-term financial goals.
Cash Budget: It is simply a cash flow prepared in advance. It documents
anticipated payables and receivables for an upcoming period. It is prepared to
ensure that the business has enough money to run the organization effortlessly.
Labour Budget: It is tailor-made for labour-intensive firms. Businesses that are
heavily reliant on employees need a systematic plan balancing revenue and
wages.
Personal budget

A personal budget, or household budget, simply tracks a household’s money in

versus money out within a certain time frame – for example, a weekly or
monthly budget. Though a budget can be used to help an individual or family
spend less and save more, it is, at its most basic, a planning and tracking tool.

Budgeting is all about being intentional with the ways you spend money, and
planning ahead to help ensure you don’t run into anything inconvenient or
surprising before your next paycheck. This planning ahead also means you can
save money for future goals and figure out exactly how long it will take you to
reach them.

A budget also gives you confidence to spend money on the things you want, but
don’t necessarily need. Instead of feeling guilty or worrying that the cost of
something will have you scraping by the rest of the month, you’ll know exactly
how much you can spend without having to take away from other, more vital
areas.

A personal budget or home budget is a finance plan that allocates future

personal income towards expenses, savings and debt repayment. Past spending
and personal debt are considered when creating a personal budget. There are
several methods and tools available for creating, using and adjusting a personal
budget. For example, jobs are an income source, while bills and rent payments
are expenses.