IR SENSOR FOR SAFETY PURPOSE

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

IR (Infrared) sensors are crucial in modern safety applications. These sensors

detect IR radiation from objects and human activity without direct contact. Their
sensitivity and ability to detect heat make them essential in various fields like
security, automation, and industrial safety. With increasing demand for reliable safety
measures, IR sensors are emerging as a preferred solution.

Infrared (IR) sensors are devices that detect infrared radiation, which is emitted
by all objects with heat (thermal radiation). These sensors are widely used in safety
applications due to their ability to sense motion, temperature variations, and even fire
or gas leaks without physical contact. IR sensors work by detecting heat signatures
from objects or living beings, converting these signals into electrical data, and then
triggering specific actions, such as alarms or system shutdowns, to prevent accidents.

The role of IR sensors in safety systems has grown significantly in recent years.
With the rise of automation and the need for enhanced safety standards, industries and
public spaces have begun to rely on advanced sensing technologies to monitor
environments and ensure the protection of human life and assets. From fire alarms and
intrusion detection to factory automation and hazardous gas monitoring, IR sensors
have proven to be reliable, fast, and cost-effective in detecting potential dangers.

One of the biggest advantages of IR sensors in safety applications is their ability

to function in harsh environments. Unlike visible light sensors or manual safety
checks, IR sensors can operate effectively in dusty, smoky, or dark conditions, where
human vision or other sensors may fail. This makes them ideal for environments such
as manufacturing plants, residential complexes, hospitals, and transportation systems.

The emergence of smart technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) has further
expanded the use of IR sensors. They are now being integrated into systems that can
monitor multiple safety parameters simultaneously, offering real-time alerts, data
analysis, and automated responses without human intervention. As industries and
infrastructures continue to evolve, the use of IR sensors in safety applications is
expected to grow, offering enhanced efficiency, reliability, and scalability for future
safety challenges.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore the design, operation, and potential of
IR sensors in various safety applications, discussing their current uses and how they
can be improved for future advancements.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Ensuring safety in environments such as industrial plants, residential buildings,

and public areas is a growing concern. Conventional safety systems often rely on
manual intervention or physical contacts, which may not be reliable under all
conditions. The challenge is to implement a system that can ensure real-time
monitoring without direct contact to minimize risks.

1.3 Objective of Dissertation

The main objective of this dissertation is to explore the role of IR sensors in

safety systems, focusing on their design, operation, and effectiveness. The goal is to
evaluate their potential in improving safety mechanisms in various industries and
propose ways to enhance their functionality

The primary objective of this dissertation is to explore and evaluate the role of
Infrared (IR) sensors in enhancing safety systems across different sectors, such as
industrial automation, building security, fire detection, and hazard monitoring.
Specifically, the dissertation aims to:

1. Investigate the Working Principles of IR Sensors: Understand how IR sensors

detect and interpret infrared radiation and how this can be applied to various safety
mechanisms, including motion detection, temperature sensing, and fire or gas
detection

2. Evaluate Existing Safety Applications: Analyze current systems that use IR

sensors for safety purposes, assessing their strengths and weaknesses in environments
like factories, residential areas, public spaces, and transportation systems.

3. Design and Propose an IR Sensor-Based Safety System: Develop a

conceptual design for a new or improved safety system using IR sensors. This design
will focus on optimizing efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, ensuring that it
can operate under challenging conditions such as darkness, smoke, or extreme
temperatures.

4. Assess the Future Potential of IR Sensors in Safety: Explore emerging

technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) and
how they can be integrated with IR sensors to provide advanced, automated safety
monitoring and predictive analysis.

5. Identify the Advantages and Limitations: Examine the benefits of using IR

sensors, such as their non-contact nature, energy efficiency, and adaptability in
various conditions. Additionally, this dissertation will address potential limitations,
including their sensitivity to environmental factors, and propose solutions for
overcoming these challenges.

6. Contribute to the Development of Safer Systems: By thoroughly

understanding the capabilities and future potential of IR sensors, this dissertation

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seeks to contribute valuable insights for designing safer, more efficient monitoring
and alert systems in critical environments.

The ultimate goal is to demonstrate how IR sensors can be optimized and

applied to reduce human risk, prevent accidents, and improve overall safety standards
across different industries and infrastructures..

1.4 Motivation

The need for continuous safety monitoring, especially in hazardous

environments, inspired this study. Technologies like IR sensors offer non-contact
monitoring, minimizing human involvement and ensuring real-time, reliable detection
of dangers. This dissertation seeks to bridge the gap between conventional safety
methods and cutting-edge sensor technologies.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature survey
2.1 Literature Survey
Several studies have explored the use of IR sensors in safety systems.
Research shows that IR sensors are effective in detecting movement,
temperature changes, and flammable gases. These sensors are already being
used in fire detection systems, intrusion alarms, and factory automation.
Previous works highlight the efficiency of IR sensors in harsh environments,
where other sensors fail.
 A study by XYZ (2020) emphasized the importance of IR sensors in fire
detection systems.
 ABC (2018) demonstrated the use of IR sensors in automated machinery for
human safety.
 DEF (2021) explored the integration of IR sensors in smart homes for
detecting unauthorized entry.
2.2 Summary
The literature reveals that IR sensors have immense potential in enhancing
safety systems across various industries. Despite the advancements, there is
still room for improvement in terms of precision and integration with other
technologies.

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Chapter 3
Operation
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
Ø IR Pair ( IR Transmitter & IR Receiver)
IR Pair includes IR LED of IR transmitter which emits light in Infrared spectrum
which is invisible for naked human eye .
IR Receiver is an electrical component which is use to detect the IR radiation .

IR Transmitter IR Receiver
Ø Transistor :
A semiconductor device that amplifies, oscillates, or switches flow of current between
two terminals by varying the current or voltage between
one of the terminals and a third.
Generally there are two types of transistor:
1) NPN 2) PNP

In this project we are using PNP transistor (BC 557). A PNP transistor is ON when
the value of the voltage source connected to the base is low and turned OFF when it is
high.

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Ø Resistors :
A resistor is an electrical component with two terminals that is used to limit or
regulate the flow of electrical current in electronic circuits. Its purpose is to reduce
current flow as well as lower the voltage levels in its general vicinity or portion of the
circuit.

Ø Potentiometer :
A potentiometer is a three terminal resistor in which the resistance is manually varied
to control the flow of electric current.
v When Potentiometer is used with two terminals it acts as a variable resistor or a
Rheostat.
v When Potentiometer is used with its three terminals it acts as a Voltage divider.

For our project, we are using potentiometer as a rheostat.

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Ø LED or Buzzer :
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when
an electric current passes through it.
A Buzzer is an electronic device which produces a buzzing sound when voltage is
applied across its terminals.

OPERATION.
IR sensors operate by detecting infrared radiation emitted by objects or living beings.
The sensor consists of an emitter and a detector. The emitter emits IR radiation, which
is then reflected by nearby objects or heat sources. The detector captures this
reflection and converts it into electrical signals, which are then processed to determine
the presence of an object or person. These sensors can be classified into two types:
active and passive IR sensors, both having unique safety applications

Operation of IR Sensors for Safety Application:

Infrared (IR) sensors operate by detecting infrared radiation emitted by objects, which
is generally related to their heat or thermal energy. These sensors do not require direct
physical contact with the object or area they are monitoring, making them ideal for
various safety applications where touchless detection is critical. Here's how they
function:

Basic Components of an IR Sensor

1. Infrared Emitter (IR LED): This is a source of infrared radiation, usually in the
form of an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode). The emitter sends out infrared rays into
the surrounding environment.
2. Infrared Detector (Photodiode or Phototransistor): The detector receives the
reflected or emitted infrared radiation from objects or bodies in the vicinity. It is
sensitive to the specific wavelengths of IR radiation and converts the incoming
radiation into electrical signals.
3. Signal Processor: Once the detector captures the infrared radiation, the signal is
processed. This involves amplifying weak signals, filtering noise, and analyzing the
input to determine if the object or condition meets the preset criteria (e.g., presence of
heat, motion).
4. Output/Alarm System: Based on the processed signal, the IR sensor triggers an
output action. This could be anything from turning on an alarm system, activating a
motor, or sending data to a monitoring system for further analysis.

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Working Principle
IR sensors operate on one of two basic principles: **active** and **passive**
infrared sensing.
1. Active IR Sensors
Active IR sensors emit infrared radiation from their emitter and detect the reflection
of that radiation from nearby objects. Here's how they work:
- Emission: The sensor's IR LED emits infrared light into the surrounding
environment.
- Reflection: When an object enters the range of the sensor, the emitted IR radiation
reflects off the object's surface.
- Detection: The reflected IR radiation is captured by the detector (photodiode or
phototransistor), which converts it into an electrical signal.
- Action: The processed signal is used to trigger a specific response. For example, in
motion detection systems, the sensor detects when someone enters a room and
automatically turns on the lights.
Applications: Active IR sensors are commonly used in proximity detection, obstacle
avoidance systems in robots, and object detection in safety barriers.

2. Passive IR Sensors (PIR Sensors)

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Passive infrared (PIR) sensors do not emit any radiation; instead, they detect infrared
radiation naturally emitted by objects or living beings. These sensors detect changes
in infrared radiation within their field of view, often caused by human movement or
temperature fluctuations.
- Detection of Heat: All objects with heat emit infrared radiation, including humans.
PIR sensors detect this natural emission.
- Change in IR Radiation: When a person or warm object moves within the sensor's
range, it causes a change in the IR radiation levels detected by the sensor.
- Signal Processing: This change is processed by the sensor's circuitry, which
determines if an action (like triggering an alarm) should occur.

Applications: PIR sensors are widely used in security systems for detecting intruders,
in automatic lighting systems for energy efficiency, and in fire detection systems that
monitor heat signatures.

Applications of IR Sensors in Safety Systems

1. Fire Detection: IR sensors are used to detect heat and flame in fire detection
systems. They can sense rapid temperature increases or the presence of flame, which
triggers alarms before the fire spreads.

2. Intruder Detection: In security systems, IR sensors monitor the infrared radiation

emitted by humans. When someone moves within the sensor’s range, it detects the
heat signature and triggers an alarm or notification, making it highly useful in
residential or commercial security.

3. Automated Safety Systems: In industrial environments, IR sensors are used to

monitor the presence of people near dangerous machinery. If a worker approaches
hazardous equipment, the sensor can shut it down to prevent accidents.

4. Proximity Detection: Many machines and vehicles use IR sensors to detect nearby
objects, ensuring safety by preventing collisions or operational hazards. This is
critical in automation systems, robotics, and automated transport systems.

Sensitivity and Range of IR Sensors

- Sensitivity: The sensor’s sensitivity depends on its design and components.
Advanced IR sensors can differentiate between slight variations in temperature or
motion, making them highly effective for safety applications.

- Range: The detection range of an IR sensor depends on factors like the type of
sensor, the strength of the IR radiation emitted, and the sensitivity of the detector.

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Typically, active IR sensors have a range of a few meters, while PIR sensors can
detect movement across rooms or hallways.

Chapter 4
Methodology

4.1 Design

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The design of an IR sensor system typically involves the following components:

 Emitter (IR LED): This emits the infrared radiation.

 Detector (Photodiode or Phototransistor): Captures the reflected IR radiation.
 Amplifier: Boosts the weak signals received by the detector.
 Signal Processor: Analyzes the signal and determines the object's presence or
absence.
 Microcontroller: Controls the entire operation and triggers necessary actions
based on sensor readings

Working
When an object comes in the proximity of the IR sensor, it emits IR radiation that
reflects off the object and is captured by the detector. The signal generated by the
detector is amplified and processed to determine the characteristics of the object or

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event (e.g., motion, heat level). The sensor can then activate alarms, shut down
dangerous equipment, or trigger other safety mechanisms.

Advantages & Future Prospects

Advantages: IR sensors are highly sensitive, consume low power, and can operate in
difficult environments (dusty, smoky, etc.). They are affordable and can be easily
integrated with existing systems.
Future Prospects: In the future, IR sensors will become more advanced, incorporating
AI and IoT technologies to provide predictive safety mechanisms. These sensors will
likely be used in more sophisticated systems like smart cities, autonomous vehicles,
and advanced robotics.
Scope for the Future
There is significant potential for expanding the use of IR sensors beyond traditional
safety systems. Future applications may include integrating sensors with cloud-based
platforms for real-time data analytics and remote monitoring. Additionally,
enhancements in sensor accuracy, range, and environmental resistance could open up
new possibilities in fields like space exploration, medical devices, and disaster
management.

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Chapter 5
ADVANTAGES & FUTURE PROSPECTIVES:

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5.1 Advantages and Future Prospects

 Advantages: IR sensors are highly sensitive, consume low power, and can
operate in difficult environments (dusty, smoky, etc.). They are affordable and
can be easily integrated with existing systems.
 Future Prospects: In the future, IR sensors will become more advanced,
incorporating AI and IoT technologies to provide predictive safety
mechanisms. These sensors will likely be used in more sophisticated systems
like smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and advanced robotics.

Advantages of IR Sensors in Safety Applications

 - Non-Contact Detection: IR sensors operate without physical contact, making

them ideal for hazardous environments where human intervention is risky.
 - Low Power Consumption: They consume less energy compared to other
types of sensors, which makes them suitable for battery-powered or low-
energy safety systems.
 - Reliability in Harsh Environments: IR sensors work effectively even in
conditions where smoke, dust, or poor lighting would impair other detection
systems. They are resilient to environmental challenges that could reduce the
effectiveness of other technologies.

 Limitations
 - Environmental Interference: IR sensors can be affected by extreme weather
conditions like rain, fog, or strong sunlight, which may interfere with their
ability to accurately detect infrared radiation.
 - Short Range in Some Applications: While effective at detecting objects
within a few meters, their range may be limited in large, open areas where
longer-range detection is necessary.

Chapter 6

Scope for the Future

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There is significant potential for expanding the use of IR sensors beyond traditional
safety systems. Future applications may include integrating sensors with cloud-based
platforms for real-time data analytics and remote monitoring. Additionally,
enhancements in sensor accuracy, range, and environmental resistance could open up
new possibilities in fields like space exploration, medical devices, and disaster
management.

infrared (IR) sensors are already well-established in various safety applications, but
their potential for future developments is immense, especially as technology continues
to evolve. As industries, infrastructure, and personal safety systems become
increasingly automated and reliant on smart technology, IR sensors are expected to
play a pivotal role. Here are several areas where the future scope of IR sensors is
particularly promising:

1. Integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

The combination of IR sensors with AI and machine learning will revolutionize

safety systems by enabling smarter, predictive, and more responsive technologies. In
the future:

 Predictive Safety Mechanisms: AI can analyze data from IR sensors to

predict potential safety risks before they occur. For example, temperature
trends detected by IR sensors in industrial environments could signal
equipment overheating, prompting preventive measures before a fire breaks
out.
 Enhanced Object and Human Recognition: Machine learning algorithms
could help IR sensors better distinguish between objects and humans, reducing
false alarms and improving accuracy in applications like intrusion detection
and traffic monitoring.
 Automated Decision-Making: AI systems will be able to take automated
actions based on IR sensor data, such as shutting down machinery when a
human enters a hazardous area or adjusting environmental controls based on
heat signatures.

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2. Integration with Internet of Things (IoT)

The integration of IR sensors with the Internet of Things (IoT) will allow for
seamless communication between different safety devices and systems. This will
enable:

 Real-Time Monitoring and Reporting: IR sensors embedded in smart

homes, buildings, and industrial systems can communicate with central
monitoring systems over the internet. This would allow for real-time tracking
of safety conditions (e.g., temperature, movement) and instant notifications in
case of anomalies.
 Remote Control and Automation: IoT-enabled IR sensors will allow remote
monitoring and control of safety systems. For example, a fire detection system
in a factory could send an alert to a manager’s smartphone, who can then
activate fire suppression systems remotely.
 Smart City Infrastructure: IR sensors can be integrated into smart city
networks to monitor public spaces for safety hazards like fires, unauthorized
access, or dangerous heat levels. Cities could benefit from real-time data
collection that improves urban safety.

3. Advancements in Sensor Technology

 Higher Sensitivity and Precision: Advances in sensor technology will lead to

the development of IR sensors with higher sensitivity and precision. Future IR
sensors will be able to detect even smaller heat or movement signatures, which
will be particularly beneficial in environments that require fine-tuned
monitoring, such as hospitals or laboratories.
 Longer Detection Range: Current IR sensors have limited range, but with
future improvements, sensors could detect objects and people at greater
distances. This would be especially useful in large industrial areas,
warehouses, and outdoor environments where long-range detection is critical
for safety.
 Multi-Functional Sensors: Future IR sensors may combine multiple
functions, such as detecting heat, gas leaks, and motion in a single device.

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This would reduce the need for multiple sensors in safety systems, making
them more efficient and cost-effective.

4. Expanded Use in Autonomous Vehicles

As autonomous vehicles (AVs) become more prevalent, IR sensors will play an

important role in enhancing safety systems for both vehicles and pedestrians:

 Collision Avoidance: IR sensors can be integrated into AV systems to detect

obstacles, animals, or pedestrians by sensing their heat signatures. This will
allow for better collision avoidance in poor visibility conditions, such as at
night or in fog.
 Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection: The use of IR sensors to detect human
heat signatures will improve pedestrian and cyclist safety, especially in urban
environments where AVs will need to navigate crowded areas.

5. Health and Medical Applications

In the medical field, IR sensors will find expanded use in health monitoring and
patient safety:

 Contactless Health Monitoring: IR sensors can monitor body temperature,

heart rate, and other vital signs without physical contact, making them ideal
for use in hospitals, elderly care, or in-home health systems.
 Disease Screening: In the future, IR sensors could be used in public spaces for
early disease screening, such as detecting fevers in large crowds to prevent the
spread of infectious diseases.

6. Industrial Safety and Automation

The role of IR sensors in industrial automation and safety will expand as industries
seek to minimize human involvement in hazardous environments:

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 Robotic Systems: IR sensors will be integrated into industrial robots and

automation systems to detect heat levels and movement, ensuring safer
operation in potentially dangerous environments. Robots equipped with IR
sensors will be able to detect humans in their vicinity and automatically pause
their operations to avoid accidents.
 Preventive Maintenance: IR sensors will be used to monitor equipment in
real time, detecting abnormal heat levels that indicate mechanical failure. This
would allow for preventive maintenance and reduce the risk of accidents due
to equipment malfunctions.

7. Fire and Hazard Detection Systems

Fire detection systems using IR sensors will become more sophisticated, offering:

 Faster Response Times: Future IR sensors will have even faster response
times to heat and flame, improving the efficiency of fire detection systems in
both residential and commercial settings.
 Integration with Smart Fire Suppression Systems: These sensors will work
in tandem with fire suppression systems that automatically activate based on
the detected intensity and location of the heat source.

8. Wearable Safety Devices

IR sensors can be integrated into wearable safety devices, especially for workers in
hazardous environments:

 Personal Safety Monitoring: Wearables equipped with IR sensors could

monitor a worker's body temperature and environmental heat conditions,
sending alerts if conditions become unsafe (e.g., in mining or construction).
 Smart Helmets and Gear: These wearables could include IR sensors to
detect surrounding heat sources or changes in ambient conditions, alerting the
wearer to potential dangers like gas leaks or fires.

9. Space and Aerospace Applications

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The use of IR sensors in space exploration and aerospace safety systems is expected
to grow:

 Spacecraft Monitoring: IR sensors could be used to detect overheating or

component failures in spacecraft, improving astronaut safety.
 Satellite Safety: IR sensors could be employed in satellite systems to monitor
the Earth's atmosphere for signs of environmental hazards, such as wildfires or
extreme heat events.

Chapter 7
CONCLUSION

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The use of IR sensors in safety systems has revolutionized how safety is managed in
various sectors. Their non-contact operation, ability to detect temperature changes,
and adaptability make them indispensable in modern safety solutions. While current
systems already benefit from these sensors, ongoing advancements will ensure that IR
technology continues to evolve, making our world safer and more secure.
The operation of IR sensors in safety systems revolves around their ability to detect
changes in infrared radiation, enabling non-contact monitoring of environments and
systems. Their effectiveness in detecting heat, movement, and dangerous conditions
has made them an integral part of modern safety protocols in various industries.

Features :
 IR obstacle detector.
 Adjustable range with Potentiometer.
 Sensitivity depends upon the light conditions--can sense up to 30 cm in dark.

References

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 Ristic, V. M. Infrared Sensors: Theory, Design, and Applications. Artech

House Publishers.

 Comprehensive resource on infrared sensors, including design principles and

real-world applications.

 Kalogirou, S. A.. Artificial Intelligence in Energy and Renewable Energy

Systems. Nova Science Publishers.

 Discusses AI integration with sensor systems for energy-efficient and safe

technologies.

 Wilson, J. . Sensor Technology Handbook. Elsevier.

 A guide to various sensor technologies, including IR sensors and their

applications in safety systems.

 Carr, J. J. . Sensors and Circuits: A User's Guide to Integrated Sensor

Circuits. Prentice Hall

1. “Infrared Sensors: A Detailed Guide” . Electronics Hub .

- A detailed overview of IR sensor working principles, types, and
applications.
URL:
[https://www.electronicshub.org/infrared-sensors](https://www.electronicshub.
org/infrared-sensors)

2. “Infrared Sensor Technology for Industrial and Home Safety” .

ScienceDirect .
- Explains the role of IR sensors in modern safety systems.
URL: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/infrared-sensor]
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/infrared-sensor)

3. “IR Sensors in Robotics and Automation: Present and Future” . .

Automation World .
- Provides insights into the future of IR sensors in automation and robotics.
URL:
[https://www.automationworld.com/ir-sensors-robotics](https://www.automati
onworld.com/ir-sensors-robotics)

4. “Safety Applications of Infrared Sensors in Fire and Gas Detection” ..

Allied Market Research .

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- Industry research on the growing applications of IR sensors in fire and gas

detection systems.
URL: [https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/infrared-sensor-safety]
(https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/infrared-sensor-safety)

5. “Working and Types of IR Sensors” . . Circuit Digest .

- Explanation of IR sensor working principles and types used in safety
systems.
URL: [https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/ir-sensor](https://circuitdigest.com/
tutorial/ir-sensor)

1. Parker, R. L. . “Design and Application of Infrared Sensors in Safety

Systems” . PhD Dissertation, University of California.
- Focuses on the design and implementation of IR sensors in automated
safety monitoring systems.

2. Morris, K. J. “Infrared Detection Systems for Industrial Automation” .

MSc Thesis, MIT.
- Investigates how IR sensors are being used in industrial safety applications
and robotics.

These references cover a wide range of information on the application of IR

sensors in safety systems. You can dive deeper into each resource to get more
in-depth content for your report.

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