Emotions
• - The feeling aspect of the
consciousness,
characterized by a certain
physical arousal, a certain
Definition behaviour that reveals the
inner feelings to the
outside world and an inner
awareness of feelings.
(1) physiological changes within our
bodies—shifts in heart rate, blood
THE THREE pressure, and so on;
ELEMENTS OF (2) subjective cognitive states—the
EMOTION(Tangney personal experiences we label as
et al., 1996; Zajonc emotions.
& McIntosh, 1992) (3) expressive behaviors—outward
signs of these internal reactions .
Primary and Secondary According to Robert Plutchik, there are eight primary or basic
emotions, which are divided into four pairs of opposites:
Joy – sadness
Fear – anger
Emotions
Acceptance- disgust
Surprise – anticipation
• Primary Emotions are feelings of
instinct.
Primary • When we realize that changes in our
internal and external environments affect
Emotions our well-being, we experience a primary
emotion that drives us to take action.
• Primary emotions are automatic,
universal, and hard-wired. They occur
close to the triggering event and hence
involve our instinctive reactions. They
play a protective role by motivating us to
behave in some way.
• Secondary emotions occur as a
Secondary combination of two or
Emotions more emotions. According
to Robert Plutchik, the four pairs
of core emotions are the
foundation for all other
emotions. For example, when
the emotions of surprise and
sadness combine, it results in
disappointment, joy and
anticipation results in optimism.
• James- Lange Theory
• Cannon Bard Theory
• Schachter Singer Theory
Theories Of • Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Emotions • Facial Feedback Theory
• Opponent Process Theory
James Lange Theory- William James and
Carl Lange
Criticisms of James The physiologist Walter Cannon disagreed with the
James-Lange theory, posing three main arguments
against it:
• People can experience physiological arousal without
experiencing emotion, such as when they have
Lange Theory
been running. (The racing heart in this case is not an
indication of fear.)
• Physiological reactions happen too slowly to cause
experiences of emotion, which occur very rapidly.
• People can experience very different emotions
even when they have the same pattern of
physiological arousal.
Cannon Bard Theory- Walter Cannon and
Philip Bard
Lashley (1938) stated that
the thalamus would have
Criticisms of to be pretty sophisticated
to make sense of all the
Cannon Bard possible emotions and
Theory relay them to the proper
areas of the cortex and
body.
Schachter Singer Theory/Cognitive Arousal
Theory- Stanley Schachter and Jerome
Singer
Richard Lazarus' Cognitive Appraisal
Theory
Facial Feedback Theory
PHYSIOLOGY OF
EMOTION
• Autonomic nervous system –parasympathetic
nervous system is active during arousing emotional
states sympathetic nervous system is active during
calmer states.
• Hemispheric specialisation – positive emotions in
the left hemisphere and negative emotions on the
right hemisphere.
Effect of Emotions on
Cognition
• Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli
• Influences memory
• Influence on creativity
Effect of • Interpretation of emotion
Cognition • Activation of schemas
on • Influencing our reactions
• Impact of expectation
Emotions
Identify the emotion in the
following photographs
Options
1.Fear
2.Surprise
3.Embarassment
Fear
Options
1.Happiness
2.Politeness
3.Interest
Happiness- a
Duchenne
smile.
Options
1.Amusement
2.Embarassment
3.Love
Embarassment
Options
1.Sadness
2.Contempt
3.Disgust
Contempt
Flirtatiousness
Options
1.Sadness
2.Compassion
3.Pain
Compassion
Options
1.Surprise
2.Interest
3.Amusement
Interest
Options
1.Sadness
2.Shame
Shame
Options
1.Interest
2.Happiness
3.Politeness
Politeness
Options
1.Happiness
2.Love
3.Amusement
Love
Emotional Intelligence
• Psychologists John Mayer, Peter Salovey and David Caruso advanced a
theory of the structure of emotional intelligence, called Mayer-Salovey-
Caruso’s structure of Emotional Intelligence. This theory states that
emotional intelligence consists of four components. These components or
branches are:
1. Perceiving emotions:
2. Using emotions to facilitate thoughts
3. Understanding emotions
4. Managing emotions
The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional
Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) was developed to
measure each component of this theory. It
consists of specific tasks to measure these
components and evaluate a person’s emotional
intelligence.
Applications of
Emotional
Intelligence in
Schools
