24hs1101-Pe Notes - Unit-1
24hs1101-Pe Notes - Unit-1
(AUTONOMOUS)
Pudukkottai Road, Trichy.
24HS1101
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
24HS1101 – PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
PART – A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL PAGE
TOPIC
NO. NO.
UNIT-I
1 PARTS OF SPEECH
2 ARTICLES
3 PRONOUN
UNIT-II
6 ABBREVIATIONS &ACRONYMS
7 TENSES
UNIT-III
10 ADJECTIVE
11 DEGREEES OF COMPARISON
UNIT-IV
14 COLLOCATIONS
15 CONJUNCTIONS
17 DISCOURSE MARKERS
19 MODAL VERBS
20 SPOTTING ERRORS
PART B
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
6 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
7 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
UNIT-IV
UNIT-V
1. PARTS OF SPEECH
A part of speech is a term used for one of the eight main categories into
which words are classified according to their functions in sentences. Also
known as word classes, these are the building blocks of grammar. The 8
major parts of speech in English grammar are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb,
adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.
1. Noun : name people, places, things, or ideas. They are the simplest
among the 8 parts of speech.
Examples:
1. Hari Siddharth is very versatile.
2. Dogs can be extremely cute.
3. It is my birthday.
Auxiliary Verbs
A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs are auxiliary
verbs.
The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be verbs, do verbs, and
have verbs; the modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must,
shall, should, will, and would.
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb from the choices presented.
1. What were the kids doing when you last saw them? (was, were, are, did, been)
2. Carla has always wanted to try skydiving. (was, doesn’t, has, is, have)
3. Where did you go on your summer vacation? (were, been, are, did, does)
4. Mary is going to be upset when she hears what happened. (will, don’t, is, didn’t, has)
5. Where were you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do, did)
5.Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is
that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs or another adverb.
The different types of adverbs are:
1. Adverb of Manner– This refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
Example: Annie danced gracefully.
(The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.)
2. Adverb of Time- This refers to “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
Example: She came yesterday.
(The italicized word tells when she “came”).
3. Adverb of Place– This tells something about “where” something happens
or “where” something is done.
Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
(The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”)
4. Adverb of Degree– This states the intensity or the degree to which a specific
thing happensor is done.
Example: The child is very talented.
(The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”)
6. Preposition
Preposition basically refers to words that specify a location or a
location in time. Examples: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near,
and since
Sample Sentences:
1. Michael is hiding under the bed.
(The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the
bed,” and tells where Michael is hiding.)
2. During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
(The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the
game,” and tells when the audience cheered.)
7.Conjunction
Conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses
together.
Examples: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so.
Examples: This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
1. Kishore has to start again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
2. Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts
to audition.
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
8.Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since
interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually
followed by an exclamation mark.
Examples: 1. Ouch! That must have
hurt. 2. Hurray, we won the
match! 3.Hey! I said enough!
3. Articles
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.
Indefinite Articles—A, An
An- used before singular count nouns beginning with a
vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound: Eg: an apple, an
elephant, an issue, an orange.
A - used before singular count nouns beginning with
consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u) Eg: a stamp, a
desk, a TV, a cup, a book
Definite Article “The”
Can be used before singular and plural, count and non-count nouns.
Eg: the sun, the first.
1. Indefinite Article (A, An)
Used before singular nouns that is unspecified.
Used before number collectives and some numbers.
Used before a singular noun followed by a restrictive modifier.
Eg. a girl who was wearing a yellow hat.
Used with nouns to form adverbial phrases of quantity, amount, or degree.
Eg. I felt a bit depressed.
2. Definite Article (The)
Used to indicate a noun that is definite or has been previously specified in
the context.
Eg. Please close the door. I like the clothes you gave me.
Used to indicate a noun that is unique.
Eg. Praise the Lord!, The Columbia River is near here.
Used to designate a natural phenomenon.
Eg. The nights get shorter in the summer, The wind is blowing so hard.
I. Complete the following sentences using appropriate articles. In some cases, no rticles
are needed.
1. Man is____ mortal.
2. I am ___university student.
3. She goes to temple in _______mornings.
4. Kiran is ____best student in _______ class.
5. The camel is _____ ship of _______desert.
6. This book has won _______Booker prize.
7. Harishchandra was ____honest king.
8. I am fond of ____classical music.
9. I met ___boy in ______ store.
10. Gold is _____precious metal.
11. She returned after____ hour.
12. There is_____ institution for________ blind in this city.
13. The sun rises in______ east.
14. He works at ________ factory.
15. He is_____ oldest member of ________ club.
16. I like to watch________ football.
17. My friend is ____photographer. Let’s ask him for advice.
18. I didn’t sleep ___wink.
19. Do you take ___sugar in coffee?
20. That doesn’t sound like___ very interesting lunch.
21. Dave is listening to___ song in his car.
22. She is wearing ____ dress.
23. Caroline is running__ race.
24. John is looking at___ yellow map.
25. He is giving her__ ring. ____ ring is very expensive!
1. On ___weekend nights, it is difficult to get in, especially since ___reservations are not
taken. It is first come, first serve, so be prepared to wait in ___line if you come during
busy hours. ____waiters are very helpful and knowledgeable about ___dishes they
serve.
2. I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is__ city in__ United Kingdom. I
live in__ town called___Taunton which is on___ River Tone. I live in ___house
in___ quiet street in ____countryside. _____ street is called "Hudson Street”.
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
3. According to Paul James, five members of Canada’s national soccer team took__
fifteen
thousand dollars in ___ bribes to lose__ tournament in 1986. During__card game, four
of
Canada’s players, David Norman, Chris Cheuden, Hector Marinaro, and Igor Vrablic,
asked James to help them lose___game against North Korea.
4. Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase.
Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned
or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically.
Eg:I, we, you, he, she, it, they etc.
Pronouns can be divided into numerous categories including:
Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified
objects, beings or places.
Eg: a. Many are called, but few are chosen.
b. Somebody ate my sandwich!
c. Everyone says she is beautiful inside and out.
d. No one wants to hear about my health problems.
Personal pronouns --associated with a certain person, thing, or group.
a. You need to stop lying to me.
b. We would love for you to join us.
c. Come look at my cat! He has climbed to the top of that tree.
Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun,
or nounto which they refer, and ending in –self or –
selves.
a. I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.
b. You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.
c. He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.
Demonstrative pronouns – Used to point to something specific within
a sentence.
a. This was my mother’s ring.
b. That looks like the car I used to drive.
c. These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
Possessive pronouns – those designating possession or ownership.
a. This is my cat, not your cat.
b. This cat is mine, not yours.
c. I didn’t have my book, so Jenny lent me her book.
Relative pronouns – refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to
introducean adjective (relative) clause.
a. The cyclist who won the race trained hard.
b. The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.
c.The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be
at tomorrow’s meeting.
Interrogative pronouns – those which introduce a question.
____ am Robert and ___ live in Bristol. This is Jack. ___ is ___ friend. ___ lives in Bristol too. Sarah
likes ____. ____ likes ___ blue eyes very much. Sarah lives with ____ older sister in a flat in Bristol.
Bristol is ____hometown. _____ is an old city with lots of sights.
5. Homonyms &Homophones
Homonyms
The word ‘homonym’ was derived from the Greek word “homonymos”, which means having the same
name. In simple terms, homonyms are those words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but
completely different meanings and functions.
Homophones are words that sound similar to another word but have different spellings and meanings.
E.g.: a) Break- to make into pieces
Brake- it is used to stop a car.
b) Blue- name of a colour.
Blew- to go up in flames.
Bat, trunk, bark, bank, park, row, saw, current, spring, ring, match, right, fly.
6. REPORT WRITING
A report is an orderly, objective message used to convey information from one institution to another to
assist in decision making or problem solving. It is prepared with careful investigation, deep thinking and
logical and clear presentation.
SURVEY REPORT
The survey report is a document whose purpose is to convey the information acquired during the survey
in its whole and objectively.
The goal of a survey report is to present the data in a full and objective manner. The report presents all
the results that were collected.
An effective survey report includes an introduction stating the purpose, a main body presenting details
under subheadings, and a conclusion summarizing the information and possibly including opinions or
recommendations.
First Page:
SURVEY REPORT
SUBMIITED BY
SUBMITTED TO
THE MANAGER
DATE: 11.08.2024
The Area Manager
Raja Garment House
784, V Avenue
Mettupalayam. Tirunelveli
Sub: Survey report on Consumer‘s awareness towards Brands of Ready- Made Garments.
Sir,
Introduction
Dressing influences human activity and comfort. It also modifies emotions and personal
behaviour. The present generation prefers ready-made garments. Hence it has become the
objective of every manufacturer to outperform and out pass his competitor.
Executive Summary
The aim of the survey was to study the consumer‘s awareness towards brands of
ready-made garments in Tirunelveli and the nearby areas.
The Committee attempted to study consumers’ interest towards brands of ready- made garments
by obtaining opinions from nearly 500 people in the town.
In this report the following brands are taken into study: Lee, Nike, Arrow, Zodiac, Levis and
Zero. The customers are influenced by customer service, variety of brands, the space of the
showroom, presentation of garments, trial room facility, parking facility and location. Most of
the people purchase the garments from showrooms and very few like to go to the supermarket.
S. No Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6
Attributes
1 Price Levis Arrow Arrow Levis Lee Levis
2 Fashion Lee Zodiac Zodiac Lee Arrow Zero
3 Design Lee Lee Levis Arrow Levis Zodiac
4 Fitting Zodiac Levis Lee Zodiac Zero Zero
5 Durabilit Nike Zero Zero Levis Arrow Lee
y
Recommendations
References
ACCIDENT REPORT
An accident or incident report documents an injury, accident, work stoppage, equipment failure,
worker illness, or personal problem.
What happened
Why it happened
What did the management do about it and what are the recommendations.
The Chairman,
TVS Motor Company,
Bangalore- 01.
If the above suggestions are implemented, such accidents can be prevented in the future.
Yours sincerely
7. CHECKLIST
A checklist is a type of job aid, used to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of human
memory and attention. It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. A basic
example is the "to do list." A more advanced checklist would be a schedule, which lays out tasks to be
done according to time of day or other factors.
Checklists are often presented as lists with small checkboxes down the left hand side of the page. A
small tick or checkmark is drawn in the box after the item has been completed.
1. Imagine you are the team leader of your branch and you are going to Mumbai for an industrial visit.
Write a checklist on the same.
2. You are going on a family trip to Kodaikanal. Write an 10 item checklist about the things that you
need to take along for the trip.
3. There is an annual day function in your college. You are the Cultural Secretary. Write down a 10 item
checklist on the arrangements needed for the function.