Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
Chronic Kidney Disease: Texts
Chronic Kidney Disease: Definition and Etiology
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by a
gradual loss of kidney function over time. It often has no symptoms in its
early stages but can lead to serious complications, including end-stage renal
failure, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Common causes of
CKD include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic
kidney disease. Risk factors also encompass obesity, smoking, and a family
history of kidney disease.
Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
CKD is classified into five stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR):
Stage 1: GFR ≥ 90 mL/min (normal kidney function with signs of
damage).
Stage 2: GFR 60-89 mL/min (mild reduction in kidney function).
Stage 3: GFR 30-59 mL/min (moderate reduction in kidney function).
Stage 4: GFR 15-29 mL/min (severe reduction in kidney function).
Stage 5: GFR < 15 mL/min (kidney failure, requiring dialysis or
transplantation).
Management and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease
Management of CKD involves slowing the progression of the disease and
treating complications. Key strategies include controlling blood pressure,
managing blood sugar levels in diabetic patients, and adopting a kidney-
friendly diet low in sodium and protein. Medications, such as ACE inhibitors
and angiotensin receptor blockers, are often prescribed to manage
hypertension and protect kidney function.
Monitoring and Complications
Regular monitoring of kidney function is crucial for patients with CKD.
Uncontrolled CKD can lead to complications like anemia, bone disease, and
cardiovascular issues. Patients are advised to maintain regular check-ups
with their healthcare providers to monitor kidney health and adjust
treatment as necessary.
Part A
TIME: 15 minutes
Look at the four texts, A-D, in the separate Text Booklet.
For each question, 1-20, look through the texts, A-D, to find the relevant
information.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this Question Paper.
Answer all the questions within the 15-minute time limit.
Your answers should only be taken from Texts A-D and must be correctly
spelt.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Questions
Questions 1-8
For each question, 1-8, decide which text (A, B, C, or D) the information
comes from. Write the letter A, B, C, or D in the space provided. You may use
any letter more than once.
In which text can you find information about:
1. The classification of CKD stages?
2. Common causes of chronic kidney disease?
3. Medications used to manage hypertension in CKD patients?
4. The complications associated with uncontrolled CKD?
5. Dietary recommendations for managing CKD?
6. The normal range for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
7. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing CKD?
8. The necessity of regular follow-up for CKD patients?
Questions 9-14
Answer each of the questions, 9-14, with a word or short phrase from one of
the texts. Each answer may include words, numbers, or both. You should not
write full sentences.
9. What is the maximum GFR for Stage 2 CKD?
10. What lifestyle change is crucial for CKD management?
11. Which medication class is commonly used to protect kidney
function?
12. What is the GFR range for Stage 4 CKD?
13. Name a significant complication that can arise from CKD.
14. What should be regularly monitored in CKD patients?
Questions 15-20
Complete each of the sentences, 15-20, with a word or short phrase from
one of the texts. Each answer may include words, numbers, or both.
15. Patients with CKD should limit their intake of _________.
16. _________ may be prescribed to help manage blood pressure.
17. The GFR for Stage 3 CKD is between _________ mL/min.
18. A kidney-friendly diet should be low in _________ and protein.
19. Regular monitoring can help prevent complications such as
_________.
20. Risk factors for CKD include obesity, smoking, and a _________
history of kidney disease.
