Qunlitative Analysis( Salt Analysis )

PRILLIMINARY TESTS (41 y, -2M)

Observation Inference
Eperiment
Absence of colour salts
White

llue (or) Bluish grccn may be cupric salt

may be ferrous salt

lightgrecn colour

pale pink colour may be manganese salt

Grecnisth May be Nickel salt

) Physical state Amorphous / Crystaline

salt
White sublimate is formed May be Ammonium

salt
water drops on the inner sides of the test May be hydrated
tube
salt
Reddish brown vapours observed May be Nitrate

3) Action of Heat May be Zinc salt

Smallamount of salt is taken in Yellow when heat and white when cold
a dry test tube and hcated gently
Cracking sound is observed May be lead salt

Vinegar like smell is observed May bc acctatc salt

Blue salt becomes white on heating May be hydrated cupric salt

Blue (or) bluish grecn flamc May be Copper salt

Apple green flame May be Barium salt

4) Flame test
To the saltadd few drops of Brick red flame May be Calcium salt
conc. HCland made it paste
Introducing
using a glass rod. luminous May be strontium sait
the paste into the non Crimson red flame
Name gives flame test
Green flashes observed May be Zinc salt
pge usult
ADENTIFICATION OF ANIONS CARBONATE :(co, )
Acolourless gas with brisk
Action witlh dil. HC cllenecence is obscrved May be carbonate

lo the salt add dil HCI

Burning splinter put ofT. Limewater
change to milky. May be carbonate

Confirmatien Test(Co,:
White pp is formed. It is soluble in dil.
HCI Carbonate is conformed
To the salt solution BaCl, sol is added

Sulphidei-s
Salphtt:+
ACETATE (CH,CO0)

Action with dil. HCI Colourless Vapours with Vinegar smell

To the salt add dil HCI are oblained. The Vapours turns bluc May be Acetate
litmus to red

Test with Neutral FeCl, Slution Deep red coloured solution is formed
To the salt solution add few drops on boiling the above solution in water Acetate is confomed
of Neutral FeCl, bath a brownish -red ppt is formed

Esteriication test
Toa little amount of salt Imlof
Ethanol and few drops of conc.
H,S0, and heated this content is Fruity odour is observed Acetate is conformed
cooled and poured in a beaker of
water
 CHLORIDE (CI):
absenceof
Maybe
Co'.CHOO
Nocharacteristic tcaction
Action with dil. HCI
HCI
To the salt add dil Maybechloride

withpungentsmcllis
Colourless as observed
Maybechloride
Action with conc, 1,SO, whenkept
dense fumes formeddippcd in
Whitc
To the saltakf conc H,SO, in contact with
glass rod
NII,O1
Chlorideisconformed
guses witlhpungent
Dry Conformation Test: Grecnish ycllow
which turns moist
smcllis cvolved
To the salt little MnO, and slarch iodide papcr to
bluc
mixed
conc H,SO,are added Na,CO, isadded,
amount ofsalt thrice theamountof
Preparation1of Na,Co,
cxtract: To alittle filtrate is Na,CO,
exiract.
filtration the
filtered. Afler
with water, boiled and
Chlorideis Conforned
Wet Conformation Test: AgCl is formed.
with dil While curdy ppt of
Extract is ncutralizcd NH,OH
Solubility: Soluble in
HNO, and silver nitrate is
added

BROMIDE: (Br)
of
May be absence
No characteristic reaction co,C,CO0
Action with dil. HCI
HCI
To the salt add dil
pungent May be bromide
Reddish brown vapours with
starch paper
Action with conc H,SO, Smellevolved which turns
yellow
To the salt add conc H,SO,
pungent
Dry con formation Test: Reddish brown vapours with paper Bromide is conformed
Smell evolved which turns
starch
Tothe salt litle MnO, and yellow
conc. HySO, arc sdded
Na,CO, is added, mixed
thrice the amount of
Preparation of Na,CO, extract: To a little amount of salt extrac.
boiled and filtered. Aler filration the filtrate is Na,CO,
with wate,

WetCon formation Test:dil Apale yellow ppt is ormed Bromide is conformed

Extract is neutralized with Solubility: Slightly soluble in NH,OH
added
IINO,and silver nitrate is
 NITRATE :(NO,)
Action with dil, /7CI May be absence of
No characteristic rcaction
Tothe salh add dil H Co;',CH,COo
Action with conc H,SO, Chloride, Bromide are
No characleristic caction absent
Tothe salt add conc H,SO,
Action ith con. H,sO, nd
(hot cond1tion):ake small
quantity of salt in a test tue and Decp reddish brown vapours arccvolved May be Nitrate
add con H,SO, and heat
DryConformation Test:
To the salt few Cu.Turmings Reddish brown vapours arc evolved by
and conc. H.SO, are added and Nitrate is conformed
forming bluc solution
heated
Preparation of Na,C0, cxtract: To a little amount of salt thrice the arnount of Na,CO, is added, mixed with
water, boiled and filtered. Afer filration thc filtrate is Na,CO, extract
Wet Conformation Test:
(Brown Ring Test)
Extract is neutralized with dil.
1,SO, and add freshly preparedA brown ring is formed at the junctionof
the layer. ie., the formation of nitroso Nitrate is conformed
FeSO, solution keceping the test
tube in inclined position and add ferrous sulphate (FeSO,.NO)
conc. H,SO, drop byy drop
through walls of the test tube

SULPHATE: (s0, )
Action with dil. HCI May be absence of
To the salt add dil HCI No characteristic rcaction
Co,CH,COo
Action with conc H,SO,
Nocharacteristic reaction
To the salt add conc H,SO, Chloride, Bromide are absent

Action with conc. H,SO, and hcat Reddish brown vapours are not
observed Nitrate absent
Action of BaCl,: Tothe salt solution
lle amount of BuCl, solution is added White ppt is formed
May be sulphate
Conlormation Test: The above formed white ppt is
Solubiliy insoluble even in conc. HCI Sulphate is conformed
 IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS
AMMONIUM :(NH;)
gases
A colourless ammonia smell.
cvolved with am1nonia
forned
Maybe (MH,)
To the originalsolution NaO! is Whitc densc fumes are
glass rod
when kept in contact with
ndded and hented
dipped in conc. //CI

Conformation of (N,): (MU,) isconformed

Tothe original solution add Reddis1 brown ppt is formcd
Nessler's reagent (K,Hgl.)

SEPARATION TABLE
CATION IDENTIFICATION GROUP

1. GROUP:To the original White ppt formed May be lead (Po)

solution dil. HCI is added

II. GROUP: To the above solution Black ppt is formed May be copper (Cu)
H,S gas ispassed
Sodi un pela
II. GROUP:To the original White ppt is formed. May be aluminum (A1)
solution solid NH,CI, NH,OH are Dirty green ppt is formed May be ferous (Fe)
added

White ppt is formed. May be Zinc (Zn)

IV. GROUP: To the above Flesh colour ppt is formed May be manganese (Mn)
solution H,S gas is passed Black ppt is formed May be i and Co

V. GROUP: To the original May be calcium (Ca)

solution solid
White ppt is formed May be Barium (Ba)
NH,CI, NH,OH,(NH,), co, are
added and heated May be stronsium (s)
VIGROUP: To the original
solution solid NH,CI, NH,OH and
disodium hydrogen phospate is
White crystalline ppt is forned May be magnesium (Mg)
added
 CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
PA
Alimatory Test for IGroup : Lead lon OBSERVATION lnference
EXPERIMENT it is
Yellowprccipitale is formed
I. lo the salt solution potassiunm
Soluble in hot water. Golden
the
|P5" ionis conformas
iodide is added spangles are fomed on cooling
soiution

Continatery T'ests tor tl(Group: Copper ion u . formed. I

I. To the salt solution Pale bluc precipitatc is reagent Cu' ion is conformed
NH,OH solution is added is soluble in excess of the
4/":
Confirmateory Tests for llGroup : Aluminum ion is
Agelatinous white precipitate AI ion is conformed
Tothe salt solution NH,OH sol lormcd which is slightly solublc in
cxCeSS of the reagent
is added.

Confirmatory Tests Forl|Group : Ferrous ion Fe":

Fe ion is conformcd
To the salt solution NH,OH Dirty grecn precipitate is formed
solution is added
Confirmatory Test for Iv Group: zinc ion (Zn)/
A
White gelatinous precipitate is
To the salt solution NH,OH formed which is soluble in excess Zn* ion is confomed
solution is added drop by drop of reagent
Confirmatory tests for IV Group: Manganous ion (Mn)
Tothe salt soluion NH,OH Alesh colour precipitate is Mn ion is conformed
solution is addcd formed

Confirmatory tests for IV Group: Nickel ion Ni)

To the salt solution NH,OH and Abright red rose colour ppt is N ion is conformed
few drops of dimethyl glyoxime formed
reagent are added
Confirmatory tests for VGroup :Barium ion (Ba)
To the salt solution Ammonium White ppt is formed it is soluble in
oxalate is added hot acetic acid
Ba ion is conformed
Confirmatorytests for VGroup: Calcium ion (Ca)
Tothe salt solution Ammonium White ppt is formed it is insoluble
oxalate is added in hot acetic acid
Ca* ion is conformed
Confirmatory tests for V
Group: Strontium ion(S)
To the saltsolution add ammonium
sulphate solution and warm scratch
the inner sides of the test tube with White ppt is formed Sr** ion is conformed
aglas rod
Confinatory tests for VI Group : Magnesium ion(Mg)
To the salt solution Sodium
carbonatc sol is added White ppt is formed Mg ion is conformed
Report
Given Anion : Given Cation :
Given Salt
 3A. ORGANICPRACTICAL
INFERENCE
ETHYL ALCOHOL OBS May be alcohols,
1.
EXP aldehydes, ketones and
Liquid aliphatic acid
Physical State
Burns with non May be aliphatic
lgnition Test: luminous and non compound
compound on a nickcl sooty flame
Take a littlc amount of organic Bunscnlamc Dil. HCI
sppatula and bunin the NaOllsolution NalHCO,
Cold watcr soluble
Cthcr Soluble
Solubility Solublc INFERENCE
Soluble Soluble
OBS
EXP
ldentification test |ESTERIFICATION ]
drops Acctic acid
To the givcn compound fewarc
Swect simell (or) group
added Heat the Fruity smell is May be alcoholic
and2 drops of Con. H,S0, reaction observed
mixturc in water bath and pour the
sodium
mixture in a beaker containing aqueous
carbonate

Confirmation test (IODOFORM TEST I Yellow crystals of Alcoholic group is

Tothe given organic compound add Iml of 1% idoform separate conformed
drop wise
iodine solution. Then add dil NaOH out
untilthe brown colour is discharge warm gently
on a water bath

ACETALDEHYDE INFERENCE
2. OBS
EXP May be alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones and
Liquid aliphatic acid
Physical State
Burns with non May be aliphatic
Ignition Test: luminous and non compound
Take a litle amount of organic compound on a nickel sooty flame
spatula and burn in the Bunsen flame Dil. HCI
Ether Cold water NaOH solution NaHCO,
Solubility Soluble soluble
Soluble Soluble Soluble
OBS INFERENCE
EXP

Identification test [2,4-DNP TESTI

To the organic compound add few drops of an An Orange red ppt May be Carbonyl
alcoholic solution of 2,4 dinitrophenyl is formed compound
hydrazine. Shake the mixture and allow it to
stand for 5 minutes

Confirmation test (Schirs test ] Pink colour is Aldedydic group is

Little organic compound is dissolved in alcohol observed confor1med
and add few drops of Schiff;s reagent
 3. ACETONE

EXP OBS INFERENCE

May be alcohols,
Physical State Liquid aldehydcs, ketones and
aliphatic acid
Burns with non
lgnition Test: luminous and non
May be aliphatic
Take a little amount of organic compound on a nckel sooty flame
compound
spatula and bum in the Bunsen flame
Ether Cold water NaOll solution NaliO, Dil. HCI
Solubility Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble soluble

OBS INFERENCE
EXP
Identification test
[2,4 - DNP TEST
To the organic compound add few drops of an An Orange red ppt May be Carbonyl
is formed compound
alcoholic solution of2,4 dinitro phenyl
hydrazine. Shake the mixture and allow it to
stand for 5 minutes
Confirmation test
Pink colour is not Ketone group is
ISchiff's test | observed confomed
Littleorganic compound isdissolved in alcohol
and add few drops of Schifl;s reagent

4. BENZALDEHYDE
OBS INFERENCE
EXP
May be alcohols,
Liquid aldehydes, ketones and
Physical State aliphatic acid
Burns with May be aromatic
Ienition Test: luminous and sooty
Take a litule amount of organic compound on a nickel flame
compound
spatula and burn in the Bunsen flame
Cold water NaOH solution NaHCO, Dil. HCI
Ether
Solubility In Soluble InSoluble In-soluble In soluble
Soluble
EXP OBS INFERENCE
Identification test
|2,4- DNP TEST I
To the organic compound add few drops of an AnOrange red ppt May be Carbonyl
compound
alcoholic solution of 2,4 dinitro phenyl isformed
hydrazine. Shake the mixture and allow it to
stand for 5minutes
Confirmnation test
[Schiff's test | Pink colour is Aldehyde group is
Litle organic compound is dissolved in alcohol observed conformed
andadd few drops of Schiff;s reagent
5. ACETICACID
INFERENCE
OBS
May be alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones and
Physical State Liquid aliphatic acid
May be aliphat ic
Iguition Test: Burns with non
compound
luminous and non
Take a litle amount of organic compound on a nickel sooty flame
spatula and bun in the Bunsen flame Dil. HCI
Cold water
NaOH solution NaliCO,
Ether Soluble
Solubility Soluble Soluble
Soluble Soluble
INFERENCE
OBS
EXP
Identification test May be Carboxalic
Buff color ppt is
To the given organic compound solution add 2 obtained group
drops of ncutral Fcrricchloride solution
Confirnmation test |Esterificaton |
To the givcn compound few drops of cthanol Sweet smell (or) Carboxalic group is
and 2 drops of Conc.H,SO, arc added. Heat the Fruity smnellis conformed
mixture in water bath and pour the reaction observed
mixture in abeaker containing aquoussodium
Carbonate

6. BENZOIC ACID

OBS INFERENCE
EXP

Physical State Solid May be aromatic acid

Ignition Test: Burns with luminous May be aromatic
Take a smallquantity of the given organic compound and sooty flame compound
on a nickelapatula and burn in the Bunsen flame
Ether Cold water NaOH solution NaHCO, Dil. HCl
Solubility Soluble In- Soluble Soluble Soluble In soluble
EXP OBS INFERENCE
Identification test
Buff color ppt is May be Carboxalic
To the given organic compound solution add 2 obtained group
drops of neutral Ferricchloride solution
Confirmation test JEsterificaton |
To the given compound few drops of ethanol
and2 drops of Conc.H,S0, arc added. Hcat the Sweet smell (or)
mixture in water bath and pour the reaction Fruitysmell is Carboxalic group is
observed conformed
mixture in a beaker containing aquous sodium
Carbonate
 7. PHENOL
EXP OBS INFERENCE
May be alcohols,
Physical State Liquid aldehydes, ketones and
aliphatic acids
Ignition T'est: Burns with luninous May be aromatic
Take a snallquantity of the given organic compound and sooty flame compound
on a nickelapatula and bum in the Bunscn flame
Ether Cold water NaOH solutior: NalHCO, Dil. HC
Solubility Soluble In- Soluble Soluble In-Soluble In soluble
EXP OBS INFERENCE
ldentification test | Neutral FeCl, testl
To the given organic compound add few drops Violet colour is formed May be Phenol
of FeCl, soiution
Confirmation test
Libermann Nitroso Test | A
deep blue (or) deep
To the given organic compound add NaNO, grccn colouration is Phenolic group is
conformed
crystals and heat gently. Tothis add Iml of observed
conc. H,SO, and shake it
8. ANILINE
EXP OBS INFERENCE
May be alcohols
Physical State Liquid aldehydes, ketones and
aliphatic acids
Ignition Test: Burns with luminous May be aromatic
Take a small quantity of the given organic compound and sooty flame compound
on a nickel apatula and burn in the Bunsen flame

Solubility
Ether Cold water NaOH solution NaHCO, Dil. HCI
Soluble In- Soluble In -Soluble In -Soluble Soluble
EXP OBS INFERENCE
Identification test
|DIAZOTIZATION TESTI
To the given organic compound add few drops A brilliant red dye is
of dil HCI and cool in ice. To this cold formed May be Amino group
solution add NaNO,. Add this solution to
B-napthol present in dil. NaOH with shaking
Confirmation test
JCARBYLAMINE TEST ]
To the givencompound add 2 drops Foul smell is observed Aniline is conformed
chloroform and KOH solution heat the
mixture gently