KERALA UNIVERSITY OF

HEALTH SCIENCES

Syllabus for
BACHELOR OF MEDICINE AND BACHELOR OF
SURGERY (MBBS) Course
Course Code 001

Vol 1
Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry

2019 Academic year onwards

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Contents

COURSE CONTENT

(Based on Medical Council of India, Competency based Undergraduate curriculum

for the Indian Medical Graduate, 2018)

Subject Page No.

1 Anatomy 5

2 Physiology 63

3 Biochemistry 89

Model Question papers 128

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ANATOMY
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Anatomy: Distribution of teaching hours

Hours
Teaching method

210
Lectures

Small group teachings / tutorials / Integrated teaching / 400

Practical

10
Self-directed learning

620
Teaching Hours

Early clinical exposure 9

AETCOM- (Attitude Ethics & Communication) 2 modules 6

Formative assessment and term examinations 20

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Core/ Teaching- Vertical Integration

Number Competency Non- Learning (VI) / Horizontal
Core methods Integration (HI)
Teaching Learning Methods
L : Lecture; DOAP Session (Demonstration -Observation - Assistance - Performance); P: Practical; SGT: Small Group Teaching; SGD: Small Group Discussion;
GA: Group Activity

Topic: Anatomical Terminology Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Demonstrate normal anatomical position, various planes, relation,

AN 1.1 Y L; DOAP;
comparison, laterality & movement in our body

AN 1.2 Describe composition of bone and bone marrow Y L;

Topic: General features of bones & Joints Number of Competencies: 6 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe parts, blood and nerve supply of a long bone ( To include

AN 2.1 Y L; DOAP;
Ossification of Bone )
AN 2.2 Enumerate laws of ossification N L;

AN 2.3 Enumerate special features of a sesamoid bone N L;

Describe various types of cartilage with its structure & distribution in
AN 2.4 Y L; VI Orthopaedics
body
AN 2.5 Describe various joints with subtypes and examples Y L; VI Orthopaedics

AN 2.6 Explain the concept of nerve supply of joints & Hilton’s law Y L;
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Topic: General features of Muscle Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 3.1 Classify muscle tissue according to structure & action Y L; HI Physiology

Enumerate parts of skeletal muscle and differentiate between tendons

AN 3.2 Y L;
and aponeuroses with examples

AN 3.2 Explain Shunt and spurt muscles N L;

Topic: General features of skin and fascia Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 4.1 Describe different types of skin & dermatomes in body N L; DOAP;

VI Dermatology,
AN 4.2 Describe structure & function of skin with its appendages Y L; DOAP;
Venereology & Leprosy
AN 4.3 Describe superficial fascia along with fat distribution in body Y L; DOAP;
VI Dermatology,
AN 4.4 Describe modifications of deep fascia with its functions Y L; DOAP;
Venereology & Leprosy
VI Dermatology,
AN 4.5 Explain principles of skin incisions N L;
Venereology & Leprosy
Topic: General features of the Number of Competencies: 8 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
cardiovascular system
AN 5.1 Differentiate between blood vascular and lymphatic system Y L; HI Physiology

AN 5.2 Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation Y L; HI Physiology

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AN 5.3 List general differences between arteries & veins Y L;

Explain functional difference between elastic, muscular arteries and
AN 5.4 Y L;
arterioles
AN 5.5 Describe portal system giving examples Y L;
Describe the concept
VI General Medicine,
AN 5.6 Of anastomoses and collateral circulation with significance of end- Y L;
HI Physiology
arteries
Explain function of meta-arterioles, precapillary sphincters, arterio-
AN 5.7 N L; HI Physiology
venous anastomoses
VI Pathology,
AN 5.8 Define thrombosis, infarction & aneurysm N L;
HI Physiology
Topic: General Features of lymphatic system Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 6.1 List the components and functions of the lymphatic system N L;

Describe structure of lymph capillaries & mechanism of lymph
AN 6.2 N L;
circulation
Explain the concept of lymphedema and spread of tumours via
AN 6.3 N L; VI General Surgery
lymphatics and venous system
Topic: Introduction to the nervous system Number of Competencies: 8 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe general plan of nervous system with components of central,

AN 7.1 Y L;
peripheral & autonomic nervous systems

AN 7.2 List components of nervous tissue and their functions Y L; HI Physiology

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Describe parts of a neuron and classify them based on number of

AN 7.3 Y L; HI Physiology
neurites, size & function
AN 7.4 Describe structure of a typical spinal nerve Y L;

AN 7.5 Describe principles of sensory and motor innervation of muscles N L; VI General Medicine
Describe concept of loss of innervation of a muscle with its applied VI General Medicine,
AN 7.6 Y L;
anatomy HI Physiology
AN 7.7 Describe various type of synapse N L; HI Physiology

AN 7.8 Describe differences between sympathetic and spinal ganglia N L;

Topic: Features of individual bones (Upper Limb) Number of Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
Competencies: 6
Identify the given bone, its side, important features & keep it in
AN 8.1 Y DOAP;
anatomical position
AN 8.2 Identify & describe joints formed by the given bone Y L; DOAP;

AN 8.3 Enumerate peculiarities of clavicle Y L; DOAP;

AN 8.4 Demonstrate important muscle attachment on the given bone Y P; DOAP; SGT; VI Orthopaedics

Identify and name various bones in articulated hand, Specify the parts of
AN 8.5 Y P; DOAP; SGT;
metacarpals and phalanges and enumerate the peculiarities of pisiform

Describe scaphoid fracture and explain the anatomical basis of avascular

AN 8.6 N DOAP; VI Orthopaedics
necrosis
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Topic: Pectoral region Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe attachment, nerve supply & action of pectoralis major and

AN 9.1 Y L; P;
pectoralis minor

Breast: Describe the location, extent, deep relations, structure, age

AN 9.2 changes, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, microanatomy and applied Y P; L; VI General Surgery
anatomy of breast

AN 9.3 Describe development of breast N L;

Topic: Axilla, Shoulder and Scapular region Number of Competencies: 13 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 10.1 Identify & describe boundaries and contents of axilla Y
DOAP;
Identify, describe and demonstrate the origin, extent, course, parts, P; L; SGD;
AN 10.2 Y
relations and branches of axillary artery & tributaries of vein DOAP;

Describe, identify and demonstrate formation, branches, relations, area

P; L; SGD;
AN 10.3 of supply of branches, course and relations of terminal branches of Y
DOAP;
brachial plexus

Describe the anatomical groups of axillary lymph nodes and specify their
AN 10.4 Y P; L; VI General Surgery
areas of drainage
AN 10.5 Explain variations in formation of brachial plexus Y P; L;
Explain the anatomical basis of clinical features of Erb’s palsy and
AN 10.6 N L; VI General Surgery
Klumpke’s paralysis
AN 10.7 Explain anatomical basis of enlarged axillary lymph nodes N L; VI General Surgery
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Describe, identify and demonstrate the position, attachment, nerve P; L; SGD;

AN 10.8 Y
supply and actions of trapezius and latissimus dorsi DOAP;

Describe the arterial anastomosis around the scapula and mention the
AN 10.9 N L;
boundaries of triangle of auscultation
AN P; L; SGD;
Describe and identify the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles Y
10.10 DOAP;
AN P; L; SGD;
Describe & demonstrate attachment of serratus anterior with its action Y
10.11 DOAP;
Describe and demonstrate shoulder joint for – type, articular surfaces,
AN capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, relations, P; L; SGD;
Y VI Orthopaedics
10.12 movements, muscles involved, blood supply, nerve supply and applied DOAP;
anatomy
AN Explain anatomical basis of Injury to axillary nerve during intramuscular
N L;
10.13 injections
Topic: Arm & Cubital fossa Number of Competencies: 6 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe and demonstrate muscle groups of upper arm with emphasis P; L; SGD;
AN 11.1 Y
on biceps and triceps brachia DOAP;
Identify & describe origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), P; L; SGD;
AN 11.2 Y
termination of important nerves and vessels in arm DOAP;

AN 11.3 Describe the anatomical basis of Venepuncture of cubital veins Y P; L; VI General Surgery

AN 11.4 Describe the anatomical basis of Saturday night paralysis Y P; L; VI Orthopaedics

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P; L; SGD;
AN 11.5 Identify & describe boundaries and contents of cubital fossa Y
DOAP;
AN 11.6 Describe the anastomosis around the elbow joint N L;
Topic: Forearm & hand Number of Competencies: 15 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe and demonstrate important muscle groups of ventral forearm P; L; SGD;

AN 12.1 Y
with attachments, nerve supply and actions DOAP;

Identify & describe origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), P; L; SGD;
AN 12.2 Y
termination of important nerves and vessels of forearm DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 12.3 Identify & describe flexor retinaculum with its attachments Y
DOAP;
AN 12.4 Explain anatomical basis of carpal tunnel syndrome Y L;

Identify & describe small muscles of hand. Also describe movements of P; L; SGD;
AN 12.5 Y
thumb and muscles involved DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 12.6 Describe & demonstrate movements of thumb and muscles involved Y
DOAP;
Identify & describe course and branches of important blood vessels and P; L; SGD;
AN 12.7 Y
nerves in hand DOAP;
AN 12.8 Describe anatomical basis of Claw hand Y L; VI General Surgery
Identify & describe fibrous flexor sheaths, ulnar bursa, radial bursa and P; L; SGD;
AN 12.9 Y
digital synovial sheaths DOAP;
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AN
Explain infection of fascial spaces of palm N L; VI General Surgery
12.10
AN Identify, describe and demonstrate important muscle groups of dorsal P; L; SGD;
Y VI General Surgery
12.11 forearm with attachments, nerve supply and actions DOAP;

AN Identify & describe origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), P; L; SGD;
Y VI General Surgery
12.12 termination of important nerves and vessels of back of forearm DOAP;
AN
Describe the anatomical basis of Wrist drop Y L; VI General Surgery
12.13
AN P; L; SGD;
Identify & describe compartments deep to extensor retinaculum Y VI General Surgery
12.14 DOAP;
AN P; L; SGD;
Identify & describe extensor expansion formation Y
12.15 DOAP;
Topic: General Features, Joints, radiographs surface marking Number of Competencies: 8 Number of procedures for
certification: (NIL)
Describe and explain Fascia of upper limb and compartments, veins of
AN 13.1 Y L;
upper limb and its lymphatic drainage

AN 13.2 Describe dermatomes of upper limb N L;

Identify & describe the type, articular surfaces, capsule, synovial

membrane, ligaments, relations, movements, blood and nerve supply of P; L; SGD;
AN 13.3 Y
elbow joint, proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints, wrist joint & first DOAP;
carpometacarpal joint
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Describe Sternoclavicular joint, Acromioclavicular joint, Carpometacarpal

AN 13.4 N L;
joints & Metacarpophalangeal joint
Identify the bones and joints of upper limb seen in anteroposterior and
P; L; SGD;
AN 13.5 lateral view radiographs of shoulder region, arm, elbow, forearm and Y HI Radiodiagnosis
DOAP;
hand

Identify & demonstrate important bony landmarks of upper limb:

P; L; SGD;
AN 13.6 Jugular notch, sternal angle, acromial angle, spine of the scapula, Y
DOAP;
vertebral level of the medial end, Inferior angle of the scapula

Identify & demonstrate surface projection of: Cephalic and basilic vein,
Palpation of Brachial artery, Radial artery, Testing of muscles: Trapezius, P; L; SGD;
AN 13.7 Y
pectoralis major, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, biceps DOAP;
brachii, Brachioradialis

Describe development of upper limb N L;

AN 13.8
Topic: : Features of individual bones (Lower Limb) Number of Competencies: 4 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Identify the given bone, its side, important features & keep it in
AN 14.1 Y DOAP;
anatomical position
AN 14.2 Identify & describe joints formed by the given bone Y L; DOAP;
Describe the importance of ossification of lower end of femur & upper VI Forensic Medicine &
AN 14.3 Y L;
end of tibia Toxicology
Identify and name various bones in the articulated foot with individual
AN 14.4 N P; DOAP; SGT;
muscle attachment
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Topic: Front & Medial side of thigh Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, branches (or P; L; SGD;

AN 15.1 Y
tributaries), termination of important nerves and vessels of anterior thigh DOAP;
Describe and demonstrate major muscles with their attachment, nerve P; L; SGD;
AN 15.2 Y
supply and actions DOAP;
Describe and demonstrate boundaries, floor, roof and contents of P; L; SGD;
AN 15.3 Y VI General Surgery
femoral triangle DOAP;
AN 15.4 Explain anatomical basis of Psoas abscess & Femoral hernia N L; DOAP; VI General Surgery
P; L; SGD;
AN 15.5 Describe and demonstrate adductor canal with its content Y
DOAP;
Topic: Gluteal region & back of thigh Number of Competencies: 6 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, branches (or

P; L; SGD;
AN 16.1 tributaries), termination of important nerves and vessels of gluteal Y
DOAP;
region
Describe anatomical basis of sciatic nerve injury during gluteal
AN 16.2 Y L; DOAP; VI General Surgery
intramuscular injections
AN 16.3 Explain the anatomical basis of Trendelenburg sign Y L; DOAP; VI General Surgery

Describe and demonstrate the hamstrings group of muscles with their P; L; SGD;
AN 16.4 Y
attachment, nerve supply and actions DOAP;
Describe and demonstrate the origin, course, relations, branches (or
P; L; SGD;
AN 16.5 tributaries), termination of important nerves and vessels on the back of Y
DOAP;
thigh
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Describe and demonstrate the boundaries, roof, floor, contents and P; L; SGD;
AN 16.6 Y
relations of popliteal fossa DOAP;
Topic: Hip Joint Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 17.1 Describe and demonstrate the type, articular surfaces,

capsule, synovial P; L; SGD;
Y
membrane, ligaments, relations, movements and muscles involved, DOAP;
blood and nerve supply, bursae around the hip joint
AN 17.2
Describe anatomical basis of complications of fracture neck of femur N L; VI Orthopaedics
AN 17.3
Describe dislocation of hip joint and surgical hip replacement N L; VI Orthopaedics
Topic: Knee joint, Anterolateral compartment of leg & dorsum of foot Number of procedures for certification: (NIL) Number
of Competencies: 7
Describe and demonstrate major muscles of anterolateral compartment P; L; SGD;
AN 18.1 Y
of leg with their attachment, nerve supply and actions DOAP;

Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, branches (or

P; L; SGD;
AN 18.2 tributaries), termination of important nerves and vessels of anterior and Y
DOAP;
lateral compartment of leg

AN 18.3 Explain the anatomical basis of foot drop Y L; DOAP; VI General Surgery

Describe and demonstrate the type, articular surfaces, capsule, synovial

P; L; SGD;
AN 18.4 membrane, ligaments, relations, movements and muscles involved, Y
DOAP;
blood and nerve supply, bursae around the knee joint
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AN 18.5 Explain the anatomical basis of locking and unlocking of the knee joint Y SGT;

AN 18.6 Describe knee joint injuries with its applied anatomy N L; VI Orthopaedics

AN 18.7 Explain anatomical basis of Osteoarthritis N L; VI Orthopaedics

Topic: Back of Leg & Sole Number of Competencies: 7 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe and demonstrate the major muscles of back of leg and Sole P; L; SGD;
AN 19.1 Y
with their attachment, nerve supply and actions DOAP;

Describe and Demonstrate the origin, course, relations, branches (or

P; L; SGD;
AN 19.2 tributaries), termination of important nerves and vessels on back of leg Y
DOAP;
and Sole

AN 19.3 Explain the concept of “Peripheral heart” Y L; VI General Surgery

AN 19.4 Explain the anatomical basis of rupture of calcaneal tendon N L; VI Orthopaedics

Describe factors maintaining importance arches of the foot with its
AN 19.5 Y L;
importance
AN 19.6 Explain the anatomical basis of Flat foot & Club foot N L; VI Orthopaedics
VI Orthopaedics

AN 19.7 Explain the anatomical basis of Metatarsalgia & Plantar fasciitis N L;

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Topic: General Features, Joints, radiographs & surface marking Number of Competencies: 10 Number of procedures for
certification: (NIL)

Describe and demonstrate the type, articular surfaces, capsule, synovial

P; L; SGD;
AN 20.1 membrane, ligaments, relations, movements and muscles involved, Y
DOAP;
blood and nerve supply of tibiofibular and ankle joint

AN 20.2 Describe the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints N L; DOAP;

Describe and demonstrate Fascia lata, Venous drainage, Lymphatic P; L; SGD;

AN 20.3 Y
drainage, Retinacula & Dermatomes of lower limb DOAP;

AN 20.4 Explain anatomical basis of enlarged inguinal lymph nodes N L; VI General Surgery

AN 20.5 Explain anatomical basis of varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis Y L; VI General Surgery

Identify the bones and joints of lower limb seen in anteroposterior and P; L; SGD;
AN 20.6 Y VI Radiodiagnosis
lateral view radiographs of various regions of lower limb DOAP;

Identify & demonstrate important bony landmarks of lower limb: -

Vertebral levels of highest point of iliac crest, posterior superior iliac
spines, iliac tubercle, pubic tubercle, ischial tuberosity, adductor tubercle, P; L; SGD;
AN 20.7 Y
-Tibial tuberosity, head of fibula, -Medial and lateral malleoli, Condyles DOAP;
of femur and tibia, sustentaculum tali, tuberosity of fifth metatarsal,
tuberosity of the navicular
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Identify & demonstrate palpation of femoral, popliteal, post tibial, anti P; L; SGD;
AN 20.8 Y VI General Medicine
tibial & dorsalis pedis blood vessels in a simulated environment DOAP;

Identify & demonstrate Palpation of vessels (femoral, popliteal, dorsalis

pedis, post tibial), Mid inguinal point, Surface projection of: femoral P; L; SGD; VI General Medicine,
AN 20.9 Y
nerve, Saphenous opening, Sciatic, tibial, common peroneal & deep DOAP; General Surgery
peroneal nerve, Great and small saphenous veins

AN
Describe basic concept of development of lower limb N L;
20.10
Topic: Thoracic cage Number of Competencies: 11 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Identify and describe the salient features of sternum, typical rib, 1st rib
AN 21.1 Y L; DOAP;
and typical thoracic vertebra
Identify & describe the features of 2nd, 11th and 12th ribs, 1st, 11th and
AN 21.2 N L; DOAP;
12th thoracic vertebrae
Describe & demonstrate the boundaries of thoracic inlet, cavity and P; L; SGD;
AN 21.3 Y
outlet DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate extent, attachments, direction of fibres, nerve P; L; SGD;
AN 21.4 Y
supply and actions of intercostal muscles DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate origin, course, relations and branches of a P; L; SGD;
AN 21.5 Y
typical intercostal nerve DOAP;
Mention origin, course and branches/ tributaries of: 1) anterior &
AN 21.6 Y P; L;
posterior intercostal vessels 2) internal thoracic vessels
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Mention the origin, course, relations and branches of 1) atypical

AN 21.7 N L;
intercostal nerve 2) superior intercostal artery, subcostal artery

Describe & demonstrate type, articular surfaces & movements of P; L; SGD;

AN 21.8 Y
manubriosternal, costovertebral, costotransverse and xiphisternal joints DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 21.9 Describe & demonstrate mechanics and types of respiration Y HI Physiology
DOAP;
AN
Describe costochondral and interchondral joints N L;
21.10
AN Mention boundaries and contents of the superior, anterior, middle and
Y P; L;
21.11 posterior mediastinum
Topic: Heart & Pericardium Number of Competencies: 7 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate subdivisions, sinuses in pericardium, blood P; L; SGD;

AN 22.1 Y
supply and nerve supply of pericardium DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate external and internal features of each chamber P; L; SGD;
AN 22.2 Y
of heart DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 22.3 Describe & demonstrate origin, course and branches of coronary arteries Y
DOAP;
AN 22.4 Describe anatomical basis of ischaemic heart disease Y L;
Describe & demonstrate the formation, course, tributaries and P; L; SGD;
AN 22.5 Y
termination of coronary sinus DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 22.6 Describe the fibrous skeleton of heart Y
DOAP;
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Mention the parts, position and arterial supply of the conducting system
of heart
AN 22.7 Y L;

Topic: Mediastinum Number of Competencies: 7 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate the external appearance, relations, blood

AN 23.1 supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and applied anatomy of Y P; L; DOAP; VI General Surgery
Oesophagus

Describe & demonstrate the extent, relations tributaries of thoracic duct

AN 23.2 Y P; L; DOAP; VI General Surgery
and enumerate its applied anatomy

Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, tributaries and

P; L; SGD;
AN 23.3 termination of superior venacava, azygos, hemiazygos and accessory Y
DOAP;
hemiazygos veins

Mention the extent, branches and relations of arch of aorta &

AN 23.4 Y P; L;
descending thoracic aorta
P; L; SGD;
AN 23.5 Identify & Mention the location and extent of thoracic sympathetic chain Y
DOAP;
AN 23.6 Describe the Splanchnic nerves N L;
VI General Surgery
AN 23.7 Mention the extent, relations and applied anatomy of lymphatic duct Y L;
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Topic: Lungs & Trachea Number of Competencies: 6 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Mention the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of

VI General Medicine,
AN 24.1 pleura, extent of pleura and describe the pleural recesses and their Y P; L;
HI Physiology
applied anatomy

Identify side, external features and relations of structures which form P; L; SGD; VI General Medicine,
AN 24.2 Y
root of lung & bronchial tree and their clinical correlate DOAP; HI Physiology
VI General Medicine, HI
AN 24.3 Describe a bronchopulmonary segment Y L;
Physiology
AN 24.4 Identify phrenic nerve & describe its formation & distribution Y P; L;

AN 24.5 Mention the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of lungs Y L;

Describe the extent, length, relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage

AN 24.6 N L;
and nerve supply of trachea
Topic: Thorax Number of Competencies: 9 Number of procedures for certification: (01)

AN 25.1 Identify, draw and label a slide of trachea and lung Y L; P; ( FOR CERTIFICATION )

AN 25.2 Describe development of pleura, lung & heart Y L;

AN 25.3 Describe fetal circulation and changes occurring at birth Y L; HI Physiology

Describe embryological basis of:
AN 25.4 1) atrial septal defect, 2) ventricular septal defect, 3) Fallot’s tetralogy & Y L; HI Physiology
4) tracheo-oesophageal fistula
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Describe developmental basis of congenital anomalies, transposition of

AN 25.5 great vessels, dextrocardia, patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of Y L; HI Physiology
aorta
Mention development of aortic arch arteries, SVC, IVC and coronary
AN 25.6 N L;
sinus
AN 25.7 Identify structures seen on a plain x-ray chest (PA view) Y P; DOAP;

AN 25.8 Identify and describe in brief a barium swallow N P; DOAP;

Demonstrate surface marking of lines of pleural reflection, lung borders

AN 25.9 and fissures, trachea, heart borders, apex beat & surface projection of Y P; HI Physiology
valves of heart
Topic: Skull osteology Number of Competencies: 7 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Demonstrate anatomical position of skull, Identify and locate individual

AN 26.1 Y L; DOAP;
skull bones in skull
Describe the features of norma frontalis, verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis
AN 26.2 Y L; DOAP;
and basalis
Describe cranial cavity, its subdivisions, foramina and structures passing
AN 26.3 Y L; DOAP;
through them
AN 26.4 Describe morphological features of mandible Y L; DOAP;
Describe features of typical and atypical cervical vertebrae (atlas and
AN 26.5 Y L; DOAP;
axis)
AN 26.6 Explain the concept of bones that ossify in membrane N L;
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AN 26.7 Describe the features of the 7th cervical vertebra N DOAP;

Topic: Scalp Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe the layers of scalp, its blood supply, its nerve supply and
AN 27.1 Y P; L; VI General Surgery
surgical importance
Describe emissary veins with its role in spread of infection from
AN 27.2 Y L;
extracranial route to intracranial venous sinuses
Topic: Face & parotid region Number of Competencies: 10 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate muscles of facial expression and their nerve P; L; SGD;
AN 28.1 Y
supply DOAP;
AN 28.2 Describe sensory innervation of face Y P; L;
Describe & demonstrate origin /formation, course, branches /tributaries P; L; SGD;
AN 28.3 Y
of facial vessels DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 28.4 Describe & demonstrate branches of facial nerve with distribution Y
DOAP;
Describe cervical lymph nodes and lymphatic drainage of head, face and
AN 28.5 Y P; L;
neck
P; L; SGD;
AN 28.6 Identify superficial muscles of face, their nerve supply and actions Y
DOAP;
AN 28.7 Explain the anatomical basis of facial nerve palsy Y L; VI General Medicine

AN 28.8 Explain surgical importance of deep facial vein Y L; VI General Surgery

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Describe & demonstrate the parts, borders, surfaces, contents, relations

P; L; SGD;
AN 28.9 and nerve supply of parotid gland with course of its duct and surgical Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
importance

AN
Explain the anatomical basis of Frey’s syndrome N L; VI General Surgery
28.10
Topic: Posterior triangle of neck Number of Competencies: 4 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate attachments, nerve supply, relations and

P; L; SGD;
AN 29.1 actions of sternocleidomastoid To include Boundaries and Contents of Y
DOAP;
Posterior Triangle of Neck

AN 29.2 Explain anatomical basis of Erb’s & Klumpke’s palsy Y L; VI General Surgery

AN 29.3 Explain anatomical basis of wry neck N L; VI General Surgery

Describe & demonstrate attachments of 1) inferior belly of omohyoid,

AN 29.4 N L; P;
2)scalenus anterior, 3) scalenus medius & 4) levator scapulae
Topic: Cranial cavity Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 30.1 Describe the cranial fossae & identify related structures Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
Describe & identify major foramina with structures passing through P; L; SGD;
AN 30.2 Y VI General Surgery
them DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 30.3 Describe & identify dural folds & dural venous sinuses Y
DOAP;
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AN 30.4 Describe clinical importance of dural venous sinuses Y L;

Explain effect of pituitary tumours on visual pathway
AN 30.5 N L; VI Ophthalmology
Topic: Orbit Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 31.1 Describe & identify extra ocular muscles of eyeball Y
DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 31.2 Describe & demonstrate nerves and vessels in the orbit Y
DOAP;
AN 31.3 Describe anatomical basis of Horner’s syndrome N L; VI Ophthalmology

AN 31.4 Enumerate components of lacrimal apparatus Y L;

Explain the anatomical basis of oculomotor, trochlear and abducent

AN 31.5 Y L; VI Ophthalmology
nerve palsies along with strabismus
Topic: Anterior Triangle Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 32.1 Describe boundaries and subdivisions of anterior triangle Y P; L;

Describe & demonstrate boundaries and contents of muscular, carotid, P; L; SGD;

AN 32.2 Y
digastric and submental triangles DOAP;
Topic: Temporal and Infratemporal regions Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate extent, boundaries and contents of temporal P; L; SGD;

AN 33.1 Y
and infratemporal fossae DOAP;
 27

Describe & demonstrate attachments, direction of fibres, nerve supply P; L; SGD;

AN 33.2 Y VI General Surgery
and actions of muscles of mastication DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate articulating surface, type & movements of P; L; SGD;
AN 33.3 Y
temporomandibular joint DOAP;
AN 33.4 Explain the clinical significance of pterygoid venous plexus Y L; VI General Surgery

AN 33.5 Describe the features of dislocation of temporomandibular joint N L; VI General Surgery

Topic: Submandibular region Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate the morphology, relations and nerve supply of P; L; SGD;
AN 34.1 Y VI General Surgery
submandibular salivary gland & submandibular ganglion DOAP;

AN 34.2 Describe the basis of formation of submandibular stones N L; VI General Surgery

Topic: Deep structures in the neck Number of Competencies: 10 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe the parts, extent, attachments, modifications of deep cervical

AN 35.1 Y L;
fascia
Describe & demonstrate location, parts, borders, surfaces, relations & P; L; SGD;
AN 35.2 Y VI General Surgery
blood supply of thyroid gland DOAP;
Demonstrate & describe the origin, parts, course & branches subclavian P; L; SGD;
AN 35.3 Y
artery DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate origin, course, relations, tributaries and P; L; SGD;
AN 35.4 Y
termination of internal jugular & brachiocephalic veins DOAP;
 28

Describe and demonstrate extent, drainage & applied anatomy of P; L; SGD;

AN 35.5 Y VI General Surgery
cervical lymph nodes DOAP;
Describe and demonstrate the extent, formation, relation & branches of P; L; SGD;
AN 35.6 Y
cervical sympathetic chain DOAP;
AN 35.7 Describe the course and branches of IX, X, XI & XII nerve in the neck Y L;

AN 35.8 Describe the anatomically relevant clinical features of Thyroid swellings N L; VI General Surgery

Describe the clinical features of compression of subclavian artery and

AN 35.9 N L; VI General Surgery
lower trunk of brachial plexus by cervical rib
AN
Describe the fascial spaces of neck N L;
35.10
Topic: Mouth, Pharynx & Palate Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe the
1) morphology, relations, blood supply and applied anatomy of palatine
AN 36.1 tonsil Y L; VI ENT
2) composition of soft palate ( To include Extent, parts, muscles,
blood supply and nerve supply of pharynx )
AN 36.2 Describe the components and functions of Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring Y L; VI ENT

AN 36.3 Describe the boundaries and clinical significance of pyriform fossa N L; VI ENT
Describe the anatomical basis of tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, adenoids and
AN 36.4 N L; VI ENT
peri-tonsillar abscess
AN 36.5 Describe the clinical significance of Killian’s dehiscence N L; VI ENT
 29

Topic: Cavity of Nose Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate features of nasal septum, lateral wall of nose, P; L; SGD;
AN 37.1 Y VI ENT
their blood supply and nerve supply DOAP;

AN 37.2 Describe location and functional anatomy of paranasal sinuses Y L; VI ENT

AN 37.3 Describe anatomical basis of sinusitis & maxillary sinus tumours N L; VI ENT
Topic: Larynx Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe the morphology, identify structure of the wall, nerve supply, P; L; SGD;
AN 38.1 Y VI ENT
blood supply and actions of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx DOAP;

AN 38.1 Describe the anatomical aspects of laryngitis N L; VI ENT

AN 38.1 Describe anatomical basis of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury N L; VI ENT

Topic: Tongue Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate the morphology, nerve supply, embryological

P; L; SGD;
AN 39.1 basis of nerve supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and actions of Y
DOAP;
extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue

AN 39.2 Explain the anatomical basis of hypoglossal nerve palsy N L; VI ENT

Topic: Organs of hearing and equilibrium Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
 30

Describe & identify the parts, blood supply and nerve supply of external P; L; SGD;
AN 40.1 Y VI ENT
ear DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate the boundaries, contents, relations and P; L; SGD;
AN 40.2 Y VI ENT
functional anatomy of middle ear and auditory tube DOAP;

AN 40.3 Describe the features of internal ear N L; VI ENT

AN 40.4 Explain anatomical basis of otitis externa and otitis media N L; VI ENT

AN 40.5 Explain anatomical basis of myringotomy N L; VI ENT

Topic: Eyeball Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 41.1 P; L; SGD;
Describe & demonstrate parts and layers of eyeball Y VI Ophthalmology
DOAP;
Describe the anatomical aspects of cataract, glaucoma & central retinal
AN 41.1 N L; VI Ophthalmology
artery occlusion
AN 41.1 Describe the position, nerve supply and actions of intraocular muscles N L; VI Ophthalmology
Topic: Back Region Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 42.1 Describe the contents of the vertebral canal Y
DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate the boundaries and contents of Sub occipital P; L; SGD;
AN 42.2 Y
triangle DOAP;
Describe the position, direction of fibres, relations, nerve supply, actions
AN 42.3 N L;
of semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis
 31

Topic: Head & neck Joints, Histology, Development, Radiography & Surface marking Number of procedures for certification:
(NIL) Number of Competencies: 9
Describe & demonstrate the movements with muscles producing the P; L; SGD;
AN 43.1 Y
movements of atlanto occipital joint & atlantoaxial joint DOAP;

Identify, describe and draw the microanatomy of pituitary gland, thyroid,

AN 43.2 parathyroid gland, tongue, salivary glands, tonsil, epiglottis, cornea, Y L; P;
retina

Identify, describe and draw microanatomy of olfactory epithelium, eyelid,

AN 43.3 lip, sclero-corneal junction, optic nerve, cochlea- organ of corti, pineal N L; P;
gland

Describe the development and developmental basis of congenital

AN 43.4 anomalies of face, palate, tongue, branchial apparatus, pituitary gland, Y L;
thyroid gland & eye
AN 43.5 Demonstrate- 1) Testing of muscles of facial expression, extraocular
muscles, muscles of mastication, 2) Palpation of carotid arteries, facial
artery, superficial temporal artery, 3) Location of internal and external Y P; VI General Surgery
jugular veins, 4) Location of hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid
cartilage with their vertebral levels

Demonstrate surface projection of- Thyroid gland, Parotid gland and

AN 43.6 duct, Pterion, Common carotid artery, Internal jugular vein, Subclavian N P; VI General Surgery
vein, External jugular vein, Facial artery in the face & accessory nerve
 32

Identify the anatomical structures in 1) Plain x-ray skull, 2) AP view and

AN 43. 7 lateral view 3) Plain x-ray cervical spine-AP and lateral view 4) Plain xray Y P; VI Radiodiagnosis
of paranasal sinuses
Describe the anatomical route used for carotid angiogram and vertebral
AN 43.8 N P; VI Radiodiagnosis
angiogram
VI Radiodiagnosis
Identify anatomical structures in carotid angiogram and vertebral
AN 43.9 N P;
angiogram

Topic: Anterior abdominal wall Number of Competencies: 7 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate the Planes (transpyloric, transtubercular,

P; L; SGD;
AN 44.1 subcostal, lateral vertical, linea alba, linea semilunaris), regions & Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
Quadrants of abdomen
Describe & identify the Fascia, nerves & blood vessels of anterior P; L; SGD;
AN 44.2 Y
abdominal wall DOAP;
AN 44.3 Describe the formation of rectus sheath and its contents Y L;

Describe & demonstrate extent, boundaries, contents of Inguinal canal P; L; SGD;

AN 44.4 Y VI General Surgery
including Hesselbach’s triangle. DOAP;

AN 44.5 Explain the anatomical basis of inguinal hernia Y L; VI General Surgery

Describe & demonstrate attachments of muscles of anterior abdominal P; L; SGD;
AN 44.6 Y VI General Surgery
wall DOAP session
AN 44.7 Enumerate common Abdominal incisions N L; VI General Surgery
 33

Topic: Posterior abdominal wall Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 45.1 Describe Thoracolumbar fascia Y L;

Describe & demonstrate Lumbar plexus for its root value, formation & P; L; SGD;
AN 45.2 Y
branches DOAP;
AN 45.3 Mention the major subgroups of back muscles, nerve supply and action N L;
Topic: Male external genitalia Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate coverings, internal structure, side

P; L; SGD;
AN 46.1 determination, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage & Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
descent of testis with its applied anatomy

AN 46.2 Describe parts of Epididymis Y L; P;

Describe Penis under following headings: (parts, components, blood

AN 46.3 Y L; P;
supply and lymphatic drainage)

AN 46.4 Explain the anatomical basis of Varicocoele N L; VI General Surgery

AN 46.5 Explain the anatomical basis of Phimosis & Circumcision N L; VI General Surgery
Topic: Abdominal cavity Number of Competencies: 14 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 47.1 Describe & identify boundaries and recesses of Lesser & Greater sac Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 47.2 Name & identify various peritoneal folds & pouches with its explanation Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
 34

AN 47.3 Explain anatomical basis of Ascites & Peritonitis N L; VI General Surgery

AN 47.4 Explain anatomical basis of Subphrenic abscess N L; VI General Surgery

Describe & demonstrate major viscera of abdomen under following

headings (anatomical position, external and internal features, important P; L; SGD;
AN 47.5 Y VI General Surgery
peritoneal and other relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic DOAP;
drainage and applied aspects)

Explain the anatomical basis of Splenic notch, Accessory spleens,

Kehr’s sign, Different types of vagotomy, Liver biopsy (site of
AN 47.6 needle puncture), Referred pain in cholecystitis, Obstructive jaundice, N L; VI General Surgery
Referred pain around umbilicus, Radiating pain of kidney to groin &
Lymphatic spread in carcinoma stomach

AN 47.7 Mention the clinical importance of Calot’s triangle N L; VI General Surgery

Describe & identify the formation, course relations and tributaries of P; L; SGD;
AN 47.8 Y
Portal vein, Inferior vena cava & Renal vein DOAP;

Describe & identify the origin, course, important relations and branches
AN 47.9 of Abdominal aorta, Coeliac trunk, Superior mesenteric, Inferior Y L;
mesenteric & Common iliac artery
AN
Enumerate the sites of portosystemic anastomosis Y L; VI General Surgery
47.10
 35

AN Explain the anatomic basis of hematemesis& caput medusae in portal

Y L; VI General Surgery
47.11 hypertension
AN
Describe important nerve plexuses of posterior abdominal wall N L;
47.12
AN Describe & demonstrate the attachments, openings, nerve supply & P; L; SGD;
Y
47.13 action of the thoracoabdominal diaphragm DOAP;

AN Describe the abnormal openings of thoracoabdominal diaphragm and

N L; VI General Surgery
47.14 diaphragmatic hernia
Topic: Pelvic wall and viscera Number of Competencies: 8 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 48.1 Describe & identify the muscles of Pelvic diaphragm Y
DOAP;

Describe & demonstrate the (position, features, important peritoneal

and other relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and
P; L; SGD;
AN 48.2 clinical aspects of) important male & female pelvic viscera (To include Y
DOAP;
Morphology, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of Male
Urethra )

Describe & demonstrate the origin, course, important relations and P; L; SGD;
AN 48.3 Y
branches of internal iliac artery DOAP;

AN 48.4 Describe the branches of sacral plexus Y L;

 36

Explain the anatomical basis of suprapubic cystostomy, Urinary

obstruction in benign prostatic hypertrophy, Retroverted uterus,
AN 48.5 N L; VI General Surgery
Prolapse uterus, Internal and external haemorrhoids, Anal fistula,
Vasectomy, Tubal pregnancy & Tubal ligation

AN 48.6 Describe the neurological basis of Automatic bladder N L; VI General Surgery

Mention the lobes involved in benign prostatic hypertrophy & prostatic
AN 48.7 N L; VI General Surgery
cancer
VI Obstetrics &
AN 48.8 Mention the structures palpable during vaginal & rectal examination N L; Gynaecology,
General Surgery
Topic: Perineum Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate the superficial & deep perineal pouch P; L; SGD; VI Obstetrics &
AN 49.1 Y
(boundaries and contents) DOAP; Gynaecology
P; L; SGD; VI Obstetrics &
AN 49.2 Describe & identify Perineal body Y
DOAP; Gynaecology
P; L; SGD;
AN 49.3 Describe & demonstrate Perineal membrane in male & female Y
DOAP;
Describe & demonstrate boundaries, content & applied anatomy of P; L; SGD;
AN 49.4 Y VI General Surgery
Ischiorectal fossa DOAP;
VI Obstetrics &
Explain the anatomical basis of Perineal tear, Episiotomy, Perianal Gynaecology
AN 49.5 N L;
abscess and Anal fissure
 37

Topic: Vertebral column Number of Competencies: 4 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 50.1 Describe the curvatures of the vertebral column Y L;

Describe & demonstrate the type, articular ends, ligaments and P; L; SGD;
AN 50.2 Y
movements of Intervertebral joints, Sacroiliac joints & Pubic symphysis DOAP;

Describe lumbar puncture (site, direction of the needle, structures

AN 50.3 Y L; VI General Medicine
pierced during the lumbar puncture)

Explain the anatomical basis of Scoliosis, Lordosis, Prolapsed disc,

AN 50.4 N L; VI Orthopaedics
Spondylolisthesis & Spina bifida
Topic: Sectional Anatomy Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & identify the cross-section at the level of T8, T10 , T12 and L1P; L; SGD;
AN 51.1 Y VI Radiodiagnosis
(transpyloric plane) DOAP;
P; L; SGD;
AN 51.2 Describe & identify the midsagittal section of male and female pelvis Y VI Radiodiagnosis
DOAP;
Topic: Histology & Embryology Number of Competencies: 8 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & identify the microanatomical features of Gastro intestinal

system: Oesophagus, Fundus of stomach, Pylorus of stomach,
AN 52.1 Y L; P;
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Large intestine, Appendix, Liver, Gall
bladder, Pancreas & Suprarenal gland
 38

Describe & identify the microanatomical features of: Urinary system:

Kidney, Ureter & Urinary bladder Male Reproductive System: Testis,
AN 52.2 Y L; P;
Epididymis,Vas deferens, Prostate & penis Female reproductive system:
Ovary, Uterus, Uterine tube, Cervix, Placenta & Umbilical cord

Describe & identify the microanatomical features of Cardiooesophageal

AN 52.3 N L; P;
junction, Corpus luteum
AN 52.4 Describe the development of anterior abdominal wall N L;

AN 52.5 Describe the development and congenital anomalies of Diaphragm Y L; VI General Surgery
Describe the development and congenital anomalies of: Foregut, Midgut
AN 52.6 Y L; VI General Surgery
& Hindgut
AN 52.7 Describe the development of Urinary system Y L; VI General Surgery
VI Obstetrics &
AN 52.8 Describe the development of male & female reproductive system Y L;
Gynaecology
Topic: Osteology Number of Competencies: 4 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

VI Genera Surgery,
Identify & hold the bone in the anatomical position, Describe the salient
AN 53.1 Y L; DOAP; Obstetrics &
features, articulations & demonstrate the attachments of muscle groups
Gynaecology

Demonstrate the anatomical position of bony pelvis & show boundaries VI Obstetrics &
AN 53.2 Y L; DOAP;
of pelvic inlet, pelvic cavity, pelvic outlet Gynaecology
 39

Define true pelvis and false pelvis and demonstrate sex determination in VI Obstetrics &
AN 53.3 Y L; DOAP;
male & female bony pelvis Gynaecology

Explain and demonstrate clinical importance of bones of abdominopelvic

AN 53.4 region (sacralization of lumbar vertebra, Lumbarization of 1st sacral N L; DOAP;
vertebra, types of bony pelvis & Coccyx)
Topic: Radiodiagnosis Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 54.1 Describe & identify features of plain X ray abdomen Y L; DOAP; VI Radiodiagnosis

Describe & identify the special radiographs of abdominopelvic region

AN 54.2 (contrast X ray Barium swallow, Barium meal, Barium enema, Y L; DOAP; VI Radiodiagnosis
Cholecystography, Intravenous pyelography & Hysterosalpingography)

Describe role of ERCP, CT abdomen, MRI, Arteriography in

AN 54.3 N L; VI Radiodiagnosis
radiodiagnosis of abdomen
Topic: Surface marking Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Demonstrate the surface marking of; Regions and planes of abdomen,

P; L; SGD;
AN 55.1 Superficial inguinal ring, Deep inguinal ring , McBurney’s point, Renal Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
Angle & Murphy’s point

Demonstrate the surface projections of: Stomach, Liver, Fundus of gall

P; L; SGD;
AN 55.2 bladder, Spleen, Duodenum, Pancreas, Ileocaecal junction, Kidneys & Y VI General Surgery
DOAP;
Root of mesentery
 40

Topic: Meninges & CSF Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & identify various layers of meninges with its extent & P; L; SGD;
AN 56.1 Y VI General Medicine
modifications DOAP;
VI General Medicine,
AN 56.2 Describe circulation of CSF with its applied anatomy Y L;
HI Physiology
Topic: Spinal Cord Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 57.1 Identify external features of spinal cord Y
DOAP;
AN 57.2 Describe extent of spinal cord in child & adult with its clinical implication Y L;
Draw & label transverse section of spinal cord at mid-cervical &
AN 57.3 Y L;
midthoracic level
Enumerate ascending & descending tracts at mid thoracic level of spinal VI General Medicine,
AN 57.4 Y L;
cord HI Physiology
VI General Medicine,
AN 57.5 Describe anatomical basis of syringomyelia N L;
HI Physiology
Topic: Medulla Oblongata Number of Competencies: 4 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 58.1 Identify external features of medulla oblongata Y L; DOAP;

Describe transverse section of medulla oblongata at the level of 1)

AN 58.2 Y L;
pyramidal decussation, 2) sensory decussation 3) ION
Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata with their
AN 58.3 Y L; HI Physiology
functional group
 41

Describe anatomical basis & effects of medial & lateral medullary VI General Medicine,
AN 58.4 N L;
syndrome HI Physiology
Topic: Pons Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 59.1 Identify external features of pons Y L; DOAP; HI Physiology

AN 59.2 Draw & label transverse section of pons at the upper and lower level Y L;

AN 59.3 Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei in pons with their functional group Y L;
Topic: Cerebellum Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 60.1 Describe & demonstrate external & internal features of cerebellum Y
DOAP;
AN 60.2 Describe connections of cerebellar cortex and intracerebellar nuclei Y L;
VI General Medicine,
AN 60.3 Describe anatomical basis of cerebellar dysfunction N L;
HI Physiology
Topic: Mid Brain Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

P; L; SGD;
AN 61.1 Identify external & internal features of midbrain Y
DOAP;
Describe internal features of midbrain at the level of superior & inferior
AN 61.2 Y L;
colliculus
VI General Medicine,
AN 61.3 Describe anatomical basis & effects of Benedikt’s and Weber’s syndrome N L; HI Physiology
 42

Topic: Cranial nerve nuclei & Cerebral hemispheres Number of Competencies: 6 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 62.1 Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei with its functional component Y L;

Describe & demonstrate surfaces, sulci, gyri, poles, & functional areas of P; L; SGD; VI General Medicine,
AN 62.2 Y
cerebral hemisphere DOAP; HI Physiology
VI General Medicine,
AN 62.3 Describe the white matter of cerebrum Y L;
HI Physiology
AN 62.4 Enumerate parts & major connections of basal ganglia & limbic lobe Y L; HI Physiology

Describe boundaries, parts, gross relations, major nuclei and connections

VI General Medicine,
AN 62.5 of dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus and Y L;
HI Physiology
subthalamus

Describe Blood supply of brain & identify formation, branches & major P; L; SGD; VI General Medicine,
AN 62.6 Y
areas of distribution of circle of Willis DOAP; HI Physiology

Topic: Ventricular System Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & demonstrate parts, boundaries & features of IIIrd, IVth & P; L; SGD;
AN 63.1 Y HI Physiology
lateral ventricle DOAP;
VI Paediatrics,
HI Physiology
AN 63.2 Describe anatomical basis of congenital hydrocephalus N L;
 43

Topic: Epithelium histology Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (01)

Identify epithelium under the microscope & describe the various types
AN 65.1 Y L; P; FOR CERTIFICATION
that correlate to its function

AN 65.2 Describe the ultrastructure of epithelium N L; P;

Topic: Connective tissue histology Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & identify various types of connective tissue with functional

AN 66.1 Y L; P; HI Physiology
correlation
AN 66.2 Describe the ultrastructure of connective tissue N L; P; VI Pathology
Topic: Muscle histology Number of Competencies: 3
Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
AN 67.1 Describe & identify various types of muscle under the microscope Y L; P;
Classify muscle and describe the structure-function correlation of the
AN 67.2 Y L; P; HI Physiology
same
AN 67.3 Describe the ultrastructure of muscular tissue N L; P;
Topic: Nervous tissue histology Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe & Identify multipolar & unipolar neuron, ganglia, peripheral

AN 68.1 Y L; P;
nerve
AN 68.2 Describe the structure-function correlation of neuron Y L; P; HI Physiology

AN 68.3 Describe the ultrastructure of nervous tissue N L; P;

 44

Topic: Blood Vessels Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Identify elastic & muscular blood vessels, capillaries under the

AN 69.1 Y L; P;
microscope
Describe the various types and structure-function correlation of blood
AN 69.2 Y L; P; HI Physiology
vessel
AN 69.3 Describe the ultrastructure of blood vessels Y L; P;
Topic: Glands & Lymphoid tissue Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Identify exocrine gland under the microscope & distinguish between

AN 70.1 Y L; P; VI Pathology
serous, mucous and mixed acini

Identify the lymphoid tissue under the microscope & describe

AN 70.2 microanatomy of lymph node, spleen, thymus, tonsil and correlate the Y L; P; VI Pathology
structure with function
Topic: Bone & Cartilage Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 71.1 Y L; P; VI Pathology

AN 71.2 Y L; P; VI Pathology
Topic: Integumentary System Number of Competencies: 1 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Identify the skin and its appendages under the microscope and correlate
AN 72.1 Y L; P;
the structure with function
 45

Topic: Chromosomes Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 73.1 Describe the structure of chromosomes with classification Y L;

AN 73.2 Describe technique of karyotyping with its applications Y L;

AN 73.3 Describe the Lyon's hypothesis Y L;

Topic: Patterns of Inheritance Number of Competencies: 4
Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
VI General Medicine,
AN 74.1 Describe the various modes of inheritance with examples Y L;
Paediatrics
Draw pedigree charts for the various types of inheritance & give VI General Medicine,
AN 74.2 Y L;
examples of diseases of each mode of inheritance Paediatrics

AN 74.3 Describe multifactorial inheritance with examples Y L; VI General Medicine

Describe the genetic basis & clinical features of Achondroplasia, Cystic

VI General Medicine,
AN 74.4 Fibrosis, Vitamin D resistant rickets, Haemophilia, Duchene’s muscular N L;
Paediatrics
dystrophy & Sickle cell anaemia
Topic: Principle of Genetics, Chromosomal Aberrations & Clinical Genetics Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
Number of Competencies: 5
AN 75.1 Describe the structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations Y L; VI Paediatrics

AN 75.2 Explain the terms mosaics and chimeras with example N L; VI Paediatrics
 46

Describe the genetic basis & clinical features of Prader Willi syndrome,
AN 75.3 N L; VI Paediatrics
Edward syndrome & Patau syndrome

AN 75.4 Describe genetic basis of variation: polymorphism and mutation Y L; VI Paediatrics

VI Paediatrics,
AN 75.5 Describe the principles of genetic counselling Y L; Obstetrics &
Gynaecology
Topic: Introduction to embryology Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 76.1 Describe the stages of human life Y L;

AN 76.2 Explain the terms- phylogeny, ontogeny, trimester, viability Y L;

Topic: Gametogenesis and fertilization Number of Competencies: 2 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
VI Obstetrics &
AN 77.1 Describe the uterine changes occurring during the menstrual cycle Y L;
Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 77.2 Describe the synchrony between the ovarian and menstrual cycles Y L;
Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 77.3 Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis along with diagrams Y L;
Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 77.4 Describe the stages and consequences of fertilisation Y L;
Gynaecology
Enumerate and describe the anatomical principles underlying VI Obstetrics &
AN 77.5 Y L;
contraception Gynaecology
 47

Describe teratogenic influences; fertility and sterility, surrogate VI Obstetrics &

AN 77.6 N L;
motherhood, social significance of “sex-ratio” Gynaecology
Topic: Second week of development Number of Competencies: 5 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 78.1 Describe cleavage and formation of blastocyst Y L;

AN 78.2 Describe the development of trophoblast Y L;

Describe the process of implantation & common abnormal sites of VI Obstetrics &
AN 78.3 Y L;
implantation Gynaecology
Describe the formation of extra-embryonic mesoderm and coelom,
AN 78.4 Y L;
bilaminar disc and prochordal plate
VI Obstetrics &
AN 78.5 Describe in brief abortion; decidual reaction, pregnancy test Y L;
Gynaecology
Topic: 3rd to 8th week of development Number of Competencies: 6 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

AN 79.1 Describe the formation & fate of the primitive streak Y L;

AN 79.2 Describe formation & fate of notochord Y L;

AN 79.3 Describe the process of neurulation Y L;

( To include Intraembryonic mesoderm )Describe the development of

VI Obstetrics &
AN 79.4 somites and intra-embryonic coelom ( To include Folding of Embryo Y L;
Gynaecology
and Derivatives of the three Germ layers )
 48

Explain embryological basis of congenital malformations, nucleus VI Obstetrics &

AN 79.5 N L;
pulposus, sacrococcygeal teratomas, neural tube defects Gynaecology

Describe the diagnosis of pregnancy in first trimester and role of VI Obstetrics &
AN 79.6 N L;
teratogens, alpha-fetoprotein Gynaecology
Topic: Fetal membranes Number of Competencies: 7 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Describe formation, functions & fate of-chorion: amnion; yolk sac;

AN 80.1 Y L;
allantois & decidua
AN 80.2 Describe formation & structure of umbilical cord Y L;

Describe formation of placenta, its physiological functions, VI Obstetrics &

AN 80.3 Y L;
foetomaternal circulation & placental barrier Gynaecology
Describe embryological basis of twinning in monozygotic & dizygotic VI Obstetrics &
AN 80.4 Y L;
twins Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 80.5 Describe role of placental hormones in uterine growth & parturition Y L;
Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 80.6 Explain embryological basis of estimation of fetal age N L;
Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 80.7 Describe various types of umbilical cord attachments N L;
Gynaecology
Topic: Prenatal Diagnosis Number of Competencies: 3 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)
VI Obstetrics &
AN 81.1 Describe various methods of prenatal diagnosis Y L;
Gynaecology
 49

VI Obstetrics &
AN 81.2 Describe indications, process and disadvantages of amniocentesis Y L;
Gynaecology
VI Obstetrics &
AN 81.3 Describe indications, process and disadvantages of chorion villus biopsy Y L;
Gynaecology
Topic: Ethics in Anatomy Number of Competencies: 1 Number of procedures for certification: (NIL)

Demonstrate respect and follow the correct procedure when handling

AN 82.1 Y GA; VI AETCOM
cadavers and other biologic tissue
 50

Sl No. TOPIC - List of Lectures Duration

GENERAL ANATOMY 11 hrs
1 Anatomical Terminology 1 hr
Bone: Classification, Ossification, Parts , Blood supply and Nerve
2 2 hrs
supply of Long bones
3 Cartilage : Classification , structure, Distribution 1 hr
4 Joints : Classification, features, nerve supply etc. 2 hrs
5 Muscles : Classification, tendon, aponeuroses 1 hr
Skin and Appendages, fascia and modifications , synovial
6 1 hr
sheaths and bursae
7 Cardiovascular system 1 hr
8 Lymphatic System 1 hr
9 Nervous system 1 hr

GENERAL HISTOLOGY 12 hrs

1 Microanatomy of Epithelium including Glands 2 hrs
2 Microanatomy of Connective Tissue 2 hrs
3 Microanatomy of Cartilage 1 hr
4 Microanatomy of Bone 1 hr
5 Microanatomy of Muscular Tissue 1 hr
6 Microanatomy of Vascular Tissue 1 hr
7 Microanatomy Nervous Tissue 1 hr
8 Microanatomy of Lymphatic System 2 hrs
9 Microanatomy of Skin 1 hr

UPPER LIMB 16 hrs

1 Pectoral region 1 hr
2 Breast IL 1 hr
3 Brachial Plexus IL 1 hr
Boundaries and Contents of Axilla , Axillary vessels, Axillary
4 1 hr
nodes IL
5 Deltoid muscle and Axillary Nerve 1 hr
6 Shoulder joint IL 1 hr
7 Anterior and Posterior compartments of Arm 1 hr
8 Cubital fossa and Flexor compartment of forearm 1 hr
Flexor and Extensor Retinacula , Palmar aponeuroses, Fibrous
9 1 hr
Flexor sheath and Dorsal digital expansion
10 Intrinsic muscles and Vessels of Hand 1 hr
11 Fascial Spaces of Hand 1 hr
12 Radial Nerve 1 hr
13 Median Nerve 1 hr
14 Ulnar Nerve 1 hr
 51

Venous drainage , Lymphatic drainage and Dermatomes of

15 1 hr
Upper Limb
16 Elbow and Radioulnar Joints 1 hr

LOWER LIMB 15 hrs

1 Femoral triangle and Femoral Hernia IL 1 hr
2 Deep fascia of lower limb and its modifications 1 hr
3 Adductor Region and Obturator Nerve IL 1 hr 1 hr
4 Gluteus Maximus and Structures under cover of it IL 1 hr
5 Popliteal Fossa 1 hr
6 Sciatic Nerve IL 1 hr
7 Hip Joint 1 hr
8 Common Peroneal Nerve, foot drop, IL 1 hr
9 Back of leg, Tibial Nerve , Peripheral heart 1 hr
10 Arches of Foot IL 2 hrs
11 Knee Joint IL 1 hr
12 Venous Drainage of Lower Limb IL 1 hr
13 Lymphatic drainage and Dermatomes of Lower Limb IL 1 hr
14 Inversion Eversion of Foot and related Joints 1 hr

THORAX 20 hrs
Thoracic Cage, Intercostal spaces, Joints , Movements and
1 2 hrs
Mechanism of respiration, Thoracic Inlet Syndrome
2 Mediastinum : Boundaries and contents 1 hr
3 Pleura IL 1 hr
4 Lungs, Bronchopulmonary segments, and Development IL 1 hr
5 Pericardium IL 1 hr
6 Heart : External and Internal features 2 hrs
7 Blood supply of heart and Case based learning 2 hrs
8 Fibrous skeleton and Conducting system of heart 1 hr
9 Oesophagus IL 1 hr
10 Azygos Vein and Thoracic duct IL 1 hr
11 Arch of Aorta and Superior vena cava 1 hr
12 Development of Heart and congenital anomalies 3 hrs
13 Fetal circulation IL 1 hr
14 Development of Aortic arches 1 hr
15 Microanatomy of Lung and Trachea 1 hr

Abdomen, Pelvis & Perineum 43 hrs

1 Anterior abdominal wall IL 1 hr
2 Rectus sheath 1 hr
3 Inguinal canal IL 1 hr
 52

4 Testis epididymis IL 1 hr
5 Penis 1 hr
6 Peritoneum & its recesses 2 hrs
7 Stomach IL 1 hr
8 Spleen 1 hr
9 Liver 1 hr
10 Pancreas 1 hr
11 Extra hepatic biliary apparatus 1 hr
12 Duodenum 1 hr
13 Jejunum, ileum & Mesentery 2 hrs
14 Caecum, Appendix & large intestine 1 hr
Portal Vein, Portosystemic anastomosis & anatomical basis of
15 1 hr
portal hypertension
16 Kidneys & Renal vessels 1 hr
Thoraco abdominal diaphragm, Development & its congenital
17 1 hr
anomalies
Thoracolumbar fascia and lumbar plexus, Abdominal aorta,
18 2 hrs
IVC, Blood vessels and nerves of Pelvis
19 Urinary Bladder 1 hr
20 Prostate Gland & Vas deferens 1 hr
21 Male urethra 1 hr
22 Uterus 1 hr
23 Rectum & Anal canal 1 hr
Superficial & Deep perineal pouches, Perineal body, Perineal
24 1 hr
membrane
25 Boundaries, Contents & Applied anatomy of ischio rectal Fossa 1 hr
26 Vertebral column, Lumbar puncture 1 hr
27 Development and congenital anomalies of GIT 3 hrs
28 Development of urinary system and its congenital anomalies 1 hr
Development & congenital anomalies of Male & Female
29 1 hr
reproductive systems
Microscopic structure of GIT-An overview, Microscopic structure
30 1 hr
of Oesophagus & Stomach
31 Microscopic structure of Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum 1 hr
32 Microscopic structure of large intestine, Appendix 1 hr
33 Microscopic structure of Liver, Gall Bladder 1 hr
34 Microscopic structure of Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder 1 hr
35 Microscopic structure of Male reproductive system 2 hrs
Microscopic structure of female reproductive system,
36 2 hrs
Mammary gland

Head & Neck 48 hrs

 53

1 Scalp and emissary veins Cases based learning 1 hr

2 Vessels, nerves and lymphatic drainage of face 1 hr
3 Parotid gland & Frey's syndrome Case based learning 2 hrs
4 Facial Nerve, Case based learning 2 hrs
5 Posterior triangle & Sternocleidomastoid IL 1 hr
6 Cranial dura and dural folds, dural venous sinuses IL 1 hr
7 Cavernous sinus Case based learning 1 hr
8 Pituitary gland 1 hr
9 Extra ocular muscles case based learning 1 hr
10 III cranial Nerve, Ciliary ganglion 1 hr
11 IV & VI cranial nerves 1 hr
12 Lacrimal apparatus & eyelids 1 hr
13 Anterior triangle 1 hr
14 Infratemporal fossa , muscles of mastication 1 hr
15 Trigeminal Nerve Case based learning 1 hr
16 TM Joint 1 hr
17 Submandibular gland relations of hyoglossus 2 hrs
18 Deep cervical fascia and fascial spaces in the neck IL 1 hr
19 Thyroid gland & its development 1 hr
20 Lymph nodes and lymphatic drainage of head and neck IL 1 hr
21 Cervical sympathetic chain IL 1 hr
22 IX cranial nerve & X cranial nerve in the neck 1 hr
23 XI & XII cranial nerve IV 1 hr
24 Pharynx IL 2 hrs
25 Palatine tonsils and soft palate IL 1 hr
26 Nasal cavity 1 hr
27 Paranasal air sinuses & auditory tube IL 1 hr
28 Larynx IL 2 hrs
29 Tongue & its development 1 hr
30 External & middle ear IL 2 hrs
31 Internal ear IL 1 hr
32 Eyeball IL 1 hr
33 Pharyngeal arches, pouches & clefts 2 hrs
34 Development of face & Palate 2 hrs
35 Development of eye IL 1 hr
36 Microscopic anatomy of Salivary Glands 1 hr
37 Microscopic anatomy of Tongue 1 hr
Microscopic anatomy of Pituitary, Thyroid & parathyroid
38 1 hr
glands(Endocrine 1)
Microscopic anatomy of Suprarenal Glands and
39 1 hr
Pancreas(Endocrine 2)
40 Microscopic anatomy of Cornea & retina 1 hr
 54

BRAIN 25 hrs
1 Meninges and modifications 1 hr
2 Circulation of CSF, Congenital Hydrocephalus 1 hr
3 Spinal cord 2 hrs
External features of Medulla, Anatomical basis of medial and
4 1 hr
lateral medullary syndrome
Transverse section at 3 levels, Cranial nerve nuclei with
5 1 hr
functional group
Pons , External features, section at upper and lower levels,
6 1 hr
cranial nerve nuclei
7 Cerebellum, external and internal features 1 hr
Connections of Cerebellar cortex, nuclei and cerebellar
8 1 hr
dysfunction
Midbrain, external and internal features, sections at colliculi,
9 1 hr
Webers and Benedicts syndrome
10 Functional components of cranial nerve nuclei 1 hr
11 Sulci, Gyri and functional areas of cerebral hemispheres IL 2 hrs
12 White matter of Cerebrum IL 1 hr
13 Basal Ganglia IL 1 hr
14 Parts and connections of Limbic lobe 1 hr
Dorsal Thalamus, hypothalamus , epithalamus and epithalamus
15 1 hr
IL
16 Visual Pathway 1 hr
17 Blood supply of brain, Circle of Willis 1 hr
18 Third Ventricle 1 hr
19 Fourth Ventricle 1 hr
20 Lateral Ventricle 1 hr
Development of neural tube, spinal cord, medulla, pons ,
21 1 hr
midbrain
Development of cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, Open
22 1 hr
neural tube defects with embryological basis
23 Microscopic structure of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord 1 hr

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 15 hrs

1 Stages of human life; Phylogeny, Ontogeny , Trimester 1 hr
2 Menstrual cycle, and synchrony with ovarian cycle 1 hr
3 Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis 1 hr
4 Fertilisation , contraception, surrogacy, sex- ratio 1 hr
5 Cleavage, implantation 1 hr
6 Extraembryonic mesoderm and coelom, bilaminar germ disc 1 hr
 55

Abortion, pregnancy tests, diagnosis of pregnancy in first

7 1 hr
trimester
Formation and fate of primitive streak, sacrococcygeal
8 teratoma, Intraembryonic mesoderm and coelom, 2 hrs
Somites,Formation and fate of notochord, nucleus pulposus
9 Folding of embryo, 1 hr
10 Neurulation, neural tube defects alpha fetoprotein 1 hr
11 Foetal membranes, Umbilical cord 1 hr
Placenta , placental hormones, types of umbilical cord
12 1 hr
attachment
Twinning, estimation of foetal age,prenatal diagnosis,
13 1 hr
Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling
14 Microscopic structure of placenta and umbilical cord 1 hr

GENETICS 5 hrs
1 Structure and classification of chromosome, Lyon's hypothesis 1 hr
2 Karyotyping with its application, Various modes of inheritance 1 hr
Pedigree chart with examples, multifactorial inheritance, Genetic
3 1 hr
basis of some diseases
Structural and numerical chromosomal aberration, Mosaics
4 1 hr
and Chimera
5 Mutation, polymorphism , Genetic counselling 1 hr
210
TOTAL
HOURS
 56

LIST OF DIAGRAMS – ANATOMY

UPPER LIMB

1. Typical spinal nerve

2. Axillary artery and its branches

3. Brachial plexus

4. Sagittal section through shoulder joint

5. Intermuscular spaces

6. Scapular anastomosis

7. Cross section through the middle of arm

8. Boundaries and contents of cubital fossa

9. Anastomosis around elbow joint

10. Superficial and deep palmar arches

11. Cutaneous innervation of palmar surface of hand

12 Cutaneous innervation of dorsum of hand

13. Oblique Section through hand to show Palmar spaces of hand

LOWER LIMB

1. Femoral triangle

2. Adductor canal

3. Obturator nerve and branches

4. Structures under cover of gluteus maximus

5. Blood supply of head and neck of femur

6. Structures surrounding hip joint

7. T.S through middle of thigh

8. T.S of knee joint

9. Popliteal fossa - boundaries and contents

 57

10. T.S through middle of leg

11. Cutaneous innervation of dorsum and sole of foot

12 Arches of foot, medial and lateral longitudinal and tranverse

ABDOMEN

1. Structures posterior to the stomach (stomach bed

2. Relations of anterior surface of right and left kidneys

3. Relations of posterior surface of right and left kidneys

4. Relations of visceral surface of liver

5. Extrahepatic biliary apparatus

6. Horizontal section through abdomen at the level of T8 vertebra

7. Horizontal section through abdomen at the level of T10 vertebra

8. Horizontal section through abdomen at the level of T12 vertebra

9. Horizontal section through abdomen at the level of L1 vertebra

10. Abdominal aorta and its branches

11. Inferior vena cava and its tributaries

12. Sites of porto caval anastomosis

PELVIS PERINEUM

1. Sagittal section through male pelvis

2. Sagittal section through female pelvis

3. Interior of anal canal

4. Sagittal section of uterus with anteflexion and anteversion

5. Ischio rectal fossa

6. Contents of superficial perineal pouch in male and female

 58

7. Contents of deep perineal pouch in male and female

NEUROANATOMY

1. T.S of spinal cord at thoracic level showing ascending and descending tracts

2. T.S of medulla at the level of decussation of pyramid

3. T.S of medulla at the level of sensory decussation

4. T. S of medulla at the level of inferior olivary nucleus

5. T.S at the level of lower part of pons

6. T.S at the level of upper part of pons

7. T.S of midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus

8. T.S of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus

9. Floor of fourth ventricle

10. Circle of Willis

11. Horizontal section of cerebral hemisphere at the level of inter ventricular

foramen

13. Blood supply of superolateral surface of cerebrum

14. Blood supply of medial surface of cerebrum

15. Blood supply of inferior surface of cerebrum

HEAD AND NECK

1. Sensory nerve supply of face

2. Boundaries and contents of posterior triangle

3. Components of lacrimal apparatus

4. Ansa cervicalis

5. Structures passing through superior orbital fissure

6. Transverse section of neck at the level of cricoid cartilage / C6 level

7. Relations and structures passing through cavernous sinus

 59

8. Relations of hyoglossus muscle

9. Features of interior of nasopharynx

10. Tonsillar bed

11. Features on the lateral wall of nose

12. Components of nasal septum

13. Waldeyers ring

14. Interior of larynx

15. Diagrammatic section of eyeball

16. Medial wall of middle ear

THORAX

1. Contents of typical intercostal space as seen in a vertical section.

2. Mediastinal surface of the Right and Left Lung

3. Bronchopulmonary segments of Right and Left Lung

4. Contents of Posterior Mediastinum

5. Interior of Right Atrium

6. Arteries supplying the heart - anterior and posterior view

7. Venous Drainage of Heart

8. Azygous vein- Formation, Tributaries and Termination

9. C.S through Thorax at the level of T4

10. Surface marking of heart borders and valves

 60

Theory Question Paper Pattern (100 marks) each

Paper I: General Anatomy, General Histology, General Embryology, Genetics

Upper limb, Head and Neck, Neuroanatomy, and related Systemic Histology and
Embryology

Paper II: Lower limb, Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis & Perineum, related Systemic
Histology & Embryology

1 Long essays: 1 Case based & 1 non case-based structured essay 2 x 10 =20
2. Short essays 6 x 6 marks = 36

3. Short answers 5 x 4 marks =20

Draw neat labelled diagram of: 1 x 4 marks = 04

MCQ: 1 x 20 = 20 marks

Practical I: Gross Anatomy: (50 marks)

• Spotters: 13 x 2 marks = 26

• OSPE: 1 x 4 marks = 04

• Discussion: 2 specimens (Above & below diaphragm) 2 x 10 marks = 20

Practical II: Histology: (30 marks)

• Spotters: 15 x 1 mark = 15

• OSPE: 1 x 5 marks = 05
• Discussion: 2 slides (1 general + 1 systemic) 2 x 5 marks = 10

Viva: 4 stations (Osteology, embryology, radiology, surface marking)

4 x 5 marks = 20

Grand Total 100 marks

The topics to different paper are generally evaluated under those sections. However,
a strict division of the subject may not be possible and some overlapping of topics
is inevitable. Students should be prepared to answer overlapping topics
 61

Prescribed text books (Latest editions of the books are to be followed)

Section Book title with author

1. Cunninghams Manual of practical Anatomy- Rachel Koshi

Dissection
Vol I, II & III
Manual
2. Grants Dissector - Allan J Detton

1. Textbook of Anatomy Vol I, II & III - Vishram Singh

Gross anatomy 2. R C Grays Anatomy for students Vol I & II -
Raveendranath Veeramani

1. Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology -

Pushpalatha
Histology
2. Histology: text & atlas - Brijesh Kumar
3. Textbook of Human Histology - Yogesh Sontakke

1. Textbook of clinical neuroanatomy - Vishram Singh

Neuroanatomy
2. Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy - Inderbir Singh

1. Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, V Subhadra Devi

Embryology 2. Textbook of clinical Embryology - Vishram Singh
3. Textbook of Human Embryology - Yogesh Sontakke

1. Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of human osteology - Sushil

Osteology Kumar
2. General Anatomy - Vishram Singh

Radiology 1. Surface & Radiological Anatomy - A Halim

Genetics 1. Human Genetics - S D Gangane

2. Medical Genetics - G P Pal

Reference books

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy - A K Dutta Vol I, II, III

2. Grays anatomical basis of clinical practice - Susan Standring

 62

3. Clinical Anatomy – a problem solving approach Vol 1 & 2 - Neeta V

Kulkarni
4. Snell’s anatomy by regions

5. Keith L Moore clinically oriented anatomy, Vol 1 & 2.

6. Snell’s Clinical Neuroanatomy

7. Difiore’s atlas of histology

8. Frank Netter Atlas of human Anatomy

9. General anatomy - A K Dutta

10. Textbook of Embryology - A K Dutta

11. Developing Human - Keith L Moore

12. Langman’s Medical embryology - T W Sadler, south Asian edition
 63

PHYSIOLOGY
 64

Physiology: Distribution of teaching hours

Hours
Teaching method

130
Lectures

300
Small group teachings / tutorials / Integrated teaching /

Practical

10
Self-directed learning

440
Teaching Hours

Early clinical exposure 9

AETCOM- 3 modules 15

Formative assessment and term examinations 20

 65

General Physiology (9 competencies: 8 hours)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)
PY 1.1 Describe structure and function of a mammalian cell Y

PY1.2 Describe and discuss the principles of homeostasis Y

PY1.3 Describe intercellular communications Y

PY1.4 Describe -apoptosis-programmed cell death Y VI -pathology

Describe and discuss transport mechanisms across cell

membranes

PY1.5 To include Y
 channel blockers & channelopathies Lecture /small group
discussions

Describe the fluid compartments of the body, its ionic

composition and measurements

To include
PY1.6 Y HI biochemistry
 changes in ionic composition during vomiting,
diarrhoea etc
 Principles of intravenous fluid therapy
 66

Describe the concept of PH and buffer systems in body

PY1.7 Y HI biochemistry

Describe and discuss the molecular basis of resting

PY1.8 membrane potential and action potential in excitable Y
cells

Demonstrate the ability to describe and discuss the

methods used to demonstrate the functions of cells
PY 1.9 Y
and its products, its communications and their
applications in clinical care and research

Haematology (13 competencies :15hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe the composition and function of blood

components
To include:
PY 2.1 Y
 List the properties of blood giving normal values Lecture /small group
(specific gravity, viscosity, pH etc) & its discussion
variations

Discuss the origin, forms, variations and functions of

PY2.2 Y HI -Biochemistry
plasma proteins
 67

To include:

 List the conditions causing variations in plasma

protein concentration

Describe and discuss the synthesis and functions of

haemoglobin and explain its breakdown. Describe
variants of haemoglobin
To include:
PY2.3 Y HI- Biochemistry
 Outline the basic structure & types of Hb (HbA,
HbA2 & HbF)

 Variations in haemoglobin levels in various

physiological conditions

Describe RBC formation (erythropoiesis and its

regulation) and its functions
PY2.4 To include: Y

 Factors influencing erythropoiesis and blood

indices

Describe different types of anaemia and jaundice

To include: HI -Biochemistry
PY2.5 Y
 Diagnosis and treatment of anemia & jaundice VI-Pathology

 polycythemia

PY 2.6 Describe WBC formation and its regulation. Y

 68

To include:

 Discuss the monocyte macrophage system

Describe the formation of platelets, functions and

PY 2.7 Y
variations

Describe the physiological basis of haemostasis and

anticoagulants.

PY 2.8 Describe bleeding and clotting disorders Y VI-Pathology

To include:

 Anticlotting mechanisms in the body

Describe different blood groups and discuss the clinical Lecture/small group
PY2.9 importance of blood grouping, blood banking and Y VI-Pathology discussion/ECE visit
transfusion to blood bank

Define and classify different types of immunity.

Describe the development of immunity and its
regulation
PY2.10 To include: Y

 Formation, circulation and function of lymph

 Pathophysiology of oedema

Nerve and muscle physiology (18 competencies :11 hrs)

 69

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe the structure and functions of a neuron and

PY 3.1 neuroglia; Discuss Nerve Growth Factor & other growth Y HI -Anatomy
factors/cytokines

Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve

PY 3.2 Y
fibers

Describe the degeneration and regeneration in

PY 3.3 Y VI-General medicine
peripheral nerves

Describe the structure of neuro-muscular junction and VI

PY 3.4 Y
transmission of impulses Anaesthesiology
Lecture/small group
VI discussion
PY 3.5 Discuss the action of neuro-muscular blocking agents Y Anaesthesiology
Pharmacology

PY 3.6 Describe the pathophysiology of Myasthenia gravis Y VI-Pathology

Describe the different types of muscle fibres and their

PY 3.7 Y HI -Anatomy
structure

Describe action potential and its properties in different

PY 3.8 Y
muscle types (skeletal & smooth)
 70

Describe the molecular basis of muscle contraction in

PY 3.9 Y
skeletal and in smooth muscles

Describe the mode of muscle contraction (isometric

PY 3.10 Y
and isotonic)

PY 3.11 Explain energy source and muscle metabolism Y HI-Biochemistry

PY 3.12 Explain the gradation of muscular activity Y VI-General medicine

HI -Anatomy
PY 3.13 Describe muscular dystrophy: myopathies Y
VI General medicine

PY 3.17 Describe Strength-duration curve Y

Gastrointestinal physiology (10 competencies :13hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe the structure and functions of digestive

PY 4.1 Y HI-Anatomy
system.

Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion,

PY 4.2 functions, and regulation of saliva, gastric, pancreatic, Y HI-Biochemistry
intestinal juices and bile secretion

Describe GIT movements, regulation and functions.

PY 4.3 Y
Describe defecation reflex. Explain role of dietary fibre
 71

Describe the physiology of digestion and absorption of

PY 4.4 Y HI-Biochemistry
nutrients

Describe the source of GIT hormones, their regulation

Lecture/small group
PY 4.5 and functions Y discussion

PY 4.6 Describe the Gut-Brain Axis Y

Describe & discuss the structure and functions of liver

PY 4.7 Y HI-Biochemistry
and gall bladder

Describe & discuss gastric function tests, pancreatic

PY 4.8 Y HI-Biochemistry
exocrine function tests & liver function tests

HI-Biochemistry
Discuss the physiology aspects of: peptic ulcer,
PY 4.9 gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, diarrhoea, Y VI
constipation, Adynamic ileus, Hirschsprung's disease
General medicine

Cardiovascular physiology (16 competencies :21hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe the functional anatomy of heart including

Lecture/small group
PY 5.1 chambers, sounds; and Pacemaker tissue and Y HI-Anatomy
discussion
conducting system.
 72

Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its

PY5.2 morphology, electrical, mechanical and metabolic Y
functions

Discuss the events occurring during the cardiac cycle

PY 5.3 Y
To include: wiggers chart

PY 5.4 Describe generation, conduction of cardiac impulse Y

Describe the physiology of electrocardiogram (E.C.G),

PY 5.5 Y VI-General medicine
its applications and the cardiac axis

Describe abnormal ECG, arrythmias, heart block and HI-Anatomy

PY 5.6 Y
myocardial Infarction VI-General medicine

Describe and discuss haemodynamic of circulatory

PY 5.7 Y
system

Describe and discuss local and systemic cardiovascular

PY 5.8 Y
regulatory mechanisms

Describe the factors affecting heart rate, regulation of

PY 5.9 Y
cardiac output & blood pressure

Describe & discuss regional circulation including

microcirculation, lymphatic circulation, coronary,
PY 5.10 Y VI-General medicine
cerebral, capillary, skin, foetal, pulmonary and
splanchnic circulation
 73

Describe the patho-physiology of shock, syncope and

PY 5.11 Y
heart failure

Respiratory physiology (10 competencies -15hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

PY 6.1 Describe the functional anatomy of respiratory tract Y

Describe the mechanics of normal respiration, pressure Lecture/small group

changes during ventilation, lung volume and capacities, discussion
PY6.2 Y
alveolar surface tension, compliance, airway resistance,
ventilation, V/P ratio, diffusion capacity of lungs

Describe and discuss the transport of respiratory gases:

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

PY 6.3 To include: Y

Describe and discuss the regulation of respiration-

neural and chemical

Describe and discuss the physiology of high altitude

PY 6.4 Y
and deep sea diving

Describe and discuss the principles of artificial

PY 6.5 respiration, oxygen therapy, acclimatization and Y
decompression sickness.
 74

Describe and discuss the pathophysiology of dyspnoea,

PY 6.6 hypoxia, cyanosis asphyxia; drowning, periodic Y
breathing

Describe and discuss lung function tests & their clinical

PY 6.7 Y
significance

Renal physiology (9 competencies: 8hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe structure and function of kidney

PY 7.1 To include: Y
renal circulation

Describe the structure and functions of juxta

PY 7.2 glomerular apparatus and role of renin-angiotensin Y
system

Describe the mechanism of urine formation involving

PY7.3 processes of filtration, tubular reabsorption & Y
secretion; concentration and diluting mechanism

Describe & discuss the significance & implication of

PY7.4 Y
Renal clearance
 75

Describe the renal regulation of fluid and electrolytes &

PY 7.5 Y
acid-base balance

Describe the innervations of urinary bladder,

PY 7.6 Y
physiology of micturition and its abnormalities

Describe artificial kidney, dialysis and renal

PY 7.7 Y VI-General medicine
transplantation

PY 7.8 Describe & discuss Renal Function Tests Y HI- Biochemistry

Describe cystometry and discuss the normal

PY 7.9 Y
cystometrogram

Endocrine physiology (6 competencies :14hrs)

Core/ Horizontal/vertical
Competency Noncore integration Suggested TL
Competency
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe the physiology of bone and calcium

PY 8.1 Y
metabolism

Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport,

physiological actions, regulation and effect of altered Lecture /small group
PY 8.2 (hypo and hyper) secretion of pituitary gland, thyroid Y discussions
gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas and
hypothalamus

PY 8.3 Describe the physiology of Thymus & Pineal Gland Y

 76

Describe function tests: Thyroid gland; Adrenal cortex,

PY 8.4 Y HI-Biochemistry
Adrenal medulla and pancreas

Describe the metabolic and endocrine consequences of

obesity & metabolic syndrome, Stress response.
PY 8.5 Y
Outline the psychiatry component pertaining to
metabolic syndrome.

Describe & differentiate the mechanism of action of

PY 8.6 Y
steroid, protein and amine hormones

Reproductive physiology (12 competencies :7hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe and discuss sex determination; sex

differentiation and their abnormities and outline
PY 9.1 Y HI-Anatomy
psychiatry and practical implication of sex
determination

Describe and discuss puberty: onset, progression,

PY9.2 stages; early and delayed puberty and outline Y
adolescent clinical and psychological association.

Describe male reproductive system: functions of testis

PY 9.3 and control of spermatogenesis & factors modifying it Y
and outline its association with psychiatric illness
 77

Describe female reproductive system: (a) functions of

PY 9.4 ovary and its control; (b) menstrual cycle - hormonal, Y
uterine and ovarian changes

Describe and discuss the physiological effects of sex

PY 9.5 Y
hormones

Enumerate the contraceptive methods for male and

PY 9.6 Y VI- OBG
female. Discuss their advantages & disadvantages

Describe and discuss the effects of removal of gonads

PY 9.7 Y
on physiological functions

Describe and discuss the physiology of pregnancy,

PY 9.8 parturition & lactation and outline the psychology and Y VI- OBG
psychiatry-disorders associated with it.

Interpret a normal semen analysis report including (a)

PY 9.9 sperm count, (b) sperm morphology and (c) sperm Y
motility, as per WHO guidelines and discuss the results

Discuss the physiological basis of various pregnancy

PY 9.10 Y VI- OBG
tests

Discuss the hormonal changes and their effects during

PY 9.11 Y VI- OBG
perimenopause and menopause

Discuss the common causes of infertility in a couple

PY 9.12 Y VI- OBG
and role of IVF in managing a case of infertility

Neurophysiology (20 competencies: 41hrs)

 78

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

PY 10.1 Describe and discuss the organization of nervous Y HI-Anatomy

Describe and discuss the functions and properties of

PY10.2 Y HI-Anatomy
synapse, reflex, receptors

Describe and discuss somatic sensations & sensory

PY 10.3 Y HI-Anatomy
tracts

Describe and discuss motor tracts, mechanism of

Lecture/small group
maintenance of tone, control of body movements,
discussions
posture and equilibrium & vestibular apparatus
PY10.4 Y HI-Anatomy
To include:

Lesions of motor tracts

Describe and discuss structure and functions of

PY 10.5 reticular activating system, autonomic nervous system Y HI-Anatomy
(ANS)

Describe and discuss Spinal cord, its functions, lesion &

PY 10.6 Y HI-Anatomy
sensory disturbances

Describe and discuss functions of cerebral cortex, basal HI-Anatomy

PY 10.7 ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and Y
limbic system and their abnormalities VI-Psychiatry
 79

Describe and discuss behavioural and EEG

PY10.8 characteristics during sleep and mechanism Y VI-Psychiatry
responsible for its production

Describe and discuss the physiological basis of

PY10.9 Y VI-Psychiatry
memory, learning and speech

Describe and discuss chemical transmission in the

PY10.10 Y
nervous system. (Outline the psychiatry element).

PY10.12 Identify normal EEG forms Y VI-Psychiatry

Describe and discuss perception of smell and taste

PY 10.13 Y VI-ENT
sensation

Describe and discuss patho-physiology of altered smell

PY 10.14 Y VI-ENT
and taste sensation

Describe and discuss functional anatomy of ear and Lecture/small group

PY10.15 Y VI-ENT
auditory pathways & physiology of hearing discussion

Describe and discuss pathophysiology of deafness.

PY10.16 Y VI-ENT
Describe hearing tests

Describe and discuss functional anatomy of eye,

physiology of image formation, physiology of vision
PY10.17 including colour vision, refractive errors, colour Y VI-Ophthalmology
blindness, physiology of pupil and light reflex
 80

Describe and discuss the physiological basis of lesion in

PY 10.18 Y VI-Ophthalmology
visual pathway

Describe and discuss auditory & visual evoked

PY10.19 potentials Y VI-Ophthalmology

Integrated physiology (14 competencies :8hrs)

Core / Horizontal /
Competency Suggested TL
Competency Noncore vertical integration
No. method
(Y/N) (HI/VI)

Describe and discuss mechanism of temperature

PY 11.1 Y
regulation

Describe and discuss adaptation to altered

PY 11.2 Y
temperature (heat and cold)

Describe and discuss mechanism of fever, cold injuries

PY 11.3 Y Lecture /small group
and heat stroke
discussion
Describe and discuss cardio-respiratory and metabolic
PY 11.4 Y
adjustments during exercise; physical training effects

Describe and discuss physiological consequences of

PY 11.5 Y
sedentary lifestyle

PY 11.6 Describe physiology of Infancy N VI-Paediatrics

 81

Describe and discuss physiology of aging; free radicals

PY11.7 N
and antioxidants

Discuss & compare cardio-respiratory changes in

exercise (isometric and isotonic) with that in the resting
PY11.8 Y
state and under different environmental conditions
(heat and cold )

PY 11.9 Interpret growth charts N VI-Paediatrics

PY 11.10 Interpret anthropometric assessment of infants N VI-Paediatrics

Discuss the concept, criteria for diagnosis of Brain

PY 11.11 Y
death and its implications

PY 11.12 Discuss the physiological effects of meditation N

CBME – practical – Physiology syllabus

Competency Suggested T/L method

Competency
no. Assessment method
 82

Haematology practical

PY 2.11 Estimate Hb, RBC, TLC, RBC indices, DLC, Blood groups, BT/CT DOAP practical/OSPE

Describe tests for ESR, Osmotic fragility, Hematocrit. Note the

PY 2.12 DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce
findings and interpret the test results

Demonstration
PY2.13 Describe steps for reticulocyte and platelet count
Viva voce

Human experiments

PY 3.14 Perform Ergography DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce

Demonstrate effect of mild, moderate & severe exercise and

PY3.15 DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce
record changes in cardiorespiratory parameters

Demonstrate Harvard step test and describe the impact on

PY 3.16 DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce
induced physiologic parameters in a stimulated environment

Record blood pressure & pulse at rest and in different grades

PY 5.12 of exercise and postures in a volunteer or simulated DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce
environment

PY5.13 Record and interpret normal ECG in a simulated environment DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce

Observe cardiovascular autonomic function tests in a volunteer

PY 5.14* DOAP Skill assessment/Viva voce
or simulated environment

Record arterial pulse tracing using finger plethysmography in a DOAP, computer assisted learning modules
PY 5.16*
volunteer or simulated environment practical/OSPE/Viva voce
 83

Demonstrate the correct technique to perform & interpret

PY 6.8 DOAP Skill assessment/Viva voce
spirometry

Demonstrate the correct technique to perform measurement of

PY 6.10 DOA practical/OSPE/Viva voce
PEFR in a normal volunteer

Interpret a normal sperm analysis report including 1) sperm

count
Lecture /SGD
PY 9.9 2) sperm morphology
OSPE/Viva voce
3)sperm motility

As per WHO guidelines and discuss the results

PY 10.12 Identify normal EEG forms SGD OSPE/Viva voce

PY 11.14 Demonstrate basic life support in a simulated environment DOAP OSCE

PY 11.9* Interpret growth charts SGD OSPE/Viva voce

PY 11.10* Interpret anthropometric assessment of infants SGD OSPE/Viva voce

Clinical examination - practical

Competency
Competency T/L methods & assessment
no.
 84

Demonstrate the correct clinical examination of the abdomen DOAP

PY 4.10
in a normal volunteer or simulated environment Skill assessment /viva voce/OSCE/practical

Demonstrate the correct clinical examination of the DOAP

PY 5.15 cardiovascular system in a normal volunteer or simulated
environment Skill assessment /viva voce/OSCE/practical

Demonstrate the correct clinical examination of the respiratory DOAP

PY 6.9
system in a normal volunteer or simulated environment Skill assessment /viva voce/OSCE/practical

Demonstrate the correct clinical examination of the nervous

system:

1) Higher functions
2) Sensory system
PY 10.11
3) Motor system DOAP
4) Reflexes Skill assessment /viva voce/OSCE/practical
5) Cranial nerves

in a normal volunteer or simulated environment

Demonstrate

1) Testing for Visual acuity, colour vision &field of vision

PY 10.20
2) Testing for smell Skill assessment /viva voce/OSCE/practical

3) Taste sensation
 85

in a normal volunteer or simulated environment

Obtain history and perform general examination in the DOAP

PY 11.13
volunteer /simulated environment Skill assessment /viva voce/OSCE/practical

Amphibian experiments

Observe with computer assisted learning Demonstration, computer assisted learning

PY 3.18 i)amphibian nerve muscle experiments modules
ii)amphibian cardiac experiments practical/OSPE/Viva voce

*Noncore competency
 86

Distribution of topics in physiology

Paper I

1 Haematology

2 Cardiovascular system

3 Respiratory system

4 Renal Physiology

5 Environmental physiology

6 Gastrointestinal system

7 Skin & Temperature regulation

Paper II

1 General physiology

2 Neurophysiology

3 Special Senses

4 Nerve & Muscle Physiology

5 Endocrine Physiology

6 Reproductive Physiology

7 Growth & Development

The topics to different paper are generally evaluated under those sections. However,
a strict division of the subject may not be possible and some overlapping of topics
is inevitable. Students should be prepared to answer overlapping topics
 87

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Third South Asian Edition
2. Textbook of Medical Physiology. GK PAL. 4th edition

3. Human Physiology for Medical Students. N Geetha.2nd Edition

4. Medical Physiology for Undergraduate Students, Indu Khurana, 3rd edition

5. Human Physiology- From cells to systems. Laurelee Sherwood 9th Edition

6. C C Chatterjee’s Human Physiology – Nitin Ashok John 12th Edition

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition

2. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition

3. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Physiology, 2nd Edition

4. Berne & Levy Physiology, Bruce M. Koeppen, 8th Edition

5. Best & Taylor’s Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, O.P. Tandon, Y.

Tripathi.13th Edition
 88

Theory and practical exam pattern for physiology

Theory: Total marks: 100

10m x 2 = 20 marks (clinical scenario based (1) & structured essay (1)
6m x 6 = 36 marks (short essay)
4m x 6 = 24 marks (physiological basis -3 questions) Diagrams -3 questions)
1m x 20 = 20 marks (multiple choice questions)
1. One Clinical scenario based having five sub questions – 5m
2. Assertion reasoning -5m
3. Multiple response -5m
4. Single response -5m
Total number of questions: 14 +20 MCQ

Practical: total marks: 100

Practical I: 40m
10 m: Minor haematology
10 m: Human experiments
20m: OSPE 4 stations (5m each)
1.Amphibian graphs (draw /interpret)
2. Interpreting clinical conditions
* 3. Haematology: skill assessment & calculation/interpret test results
* 4. clinical and communication skill assessment
(*3 & *4 should be manned stations with checklists)

Practical II: 40m

20m: clinical examination
20m: Major Haematology

Viva voce: 20m (5m X 4stations)

Four stations:
(1) laboratory data interpretation
(2) Clinical scenario discussion
(3) Instruments discussion
(4) Common investigative data interpretation e.g.: ECG, spirometry
 89

BIOCHEMISTRY
 90

Competencies:

The learner must demonstrate an understanding of:

 Biochemical and molecular processes involved in health and disease,

Importance of nutrition in health and disease,

 Importance of nutrition in health and disease

 Biochemical basis and rationale of clinical laboratory tests' and ability to

demonstrate the ability to interpret these in clinical context

b. Broad subject specific objectives:

Knowledge:

At the end of the course, the student shall be able to

 Enlist and describe the cell organelles with their molecular ad functional
organization.

 Delineate structure, function and interrelationships of various biomolecules

and consequences of deviation from the normal.

 Understand basic enzymology and emphasize on its clinical applications

wherein regulation of enzymatic activity is disturbed.

 Describe digestion and assimilation of nutrients and consequences of

malnutrition.

 Describe and integrate metabolic pathways of various biomolecules with their

regulatory mechanisms.

 Explain the biochemical basis of inherited disorders with their associated

sequelae.

 Describe mechanisms involved in maintenance in water, electrolyte and acid

base balance and consequences of their imbalances.

 Outline the molecular mechanisms of gene expression and regulation, basic

principles of biotechnology and their applications in medicine
 91

c. Skills

At the end of the course, the student shall be able to:

 Make use of conventional techniques / instruments to perform biochemical

analysis relevant to clinical screening and diagnosis;

 Analysis and interpret investigative data;

 Demonstrate the skills of solving scientific and clinical problems and decision
making.

Biochemistry: Distribution of teaching hours

Teaching method Hours

78
Lectures

144
Small group teachings / tutorials / Integrated teaching /
Practical

10
Self-directed learning

232
Teaching Hours

Early clinical exposure 9

AETCOM- 3 modules 6

Formative assessment and term examinations 20

 92

Vertical
Suggested
Suggested Integration(VI)
Competency Teaching
Topics Core Assessment /Horizontal
No learning
Method Integration(HI)
methods*

Basic Biochemistry: 2 hours

Number of competencies: (01)
Cell: Molecular and functional organization of
BI 1.1.1 Written / Physiology HI
cell and subcellular component, Disorders Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
associated with( in brief)
Cell membrane: Fluid mosaic model of
BI 1.1.2 membrane Written / Physiology (HI)
Y Lecture/SGL
(Structure and functions only. Transport will be Viva
discussed in physiology)
Enzymes: 11 hours
Number of competencies: (07)
Definition, Classification of enzymes with
BI 2.1 .1
examples as per IUBMB nomenclature, Written /
Y Lecture/SGL
Active site, Allosteric site, Viva

Written /
BI 2.1.2 Co enzymes & co factors, Specificity of enzymes. Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Factors affecting enzyme activity(definition and Written /
BI 2.3.3 Y Lecture/SGL
significance of Km and V max ) Viva
Written /
BI 2.3.4 Regulation of enzyme activity: Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
 93

Coarse regulation (induction, repression and de-

repression)
Fine regulation( covalent modification, Allosteric
regulation, feedback regulation,
compartmentalization)
Competitive, Non-competitive and Written / Pharmacology (VI)
BI 2.4.5 Y Lecture/SGL
Uncompetitive inhibition with suitable examples Viva
Allosteric, Feedback and suicidal inhibition with Written /
BI 2.4.6 Y Lecture/SGL
examples. Viva
Iso enzymes:
Definition & salient features of Iso enzymes, Iso
enzymes of LDH, CPK & ALP with their features
and clinical significance. Clinical utility of various General Medicine (VI)
Written /
BI 2.5.7 enzymes as markers: Y Lecture/SGL Physiology
Viva
Functional & Non-functional enzymes.
Hepatic markers: E.g. ALP, AST, ALT, GGT,
5'Nucleotidase.

General Medicine(VI)
Cardiac markers: E.g. CK, LDH, SGOT, Troponins, Written /
BI 2.5.8 Y Lecture/SGL
Serum myoglobin Viva

Pancreatic markers (Amylase, Lipase)

Prostatic markers: E.g. Acid phosphatase, PSA
General Medicine(VI)
Muscle markers: E.g. CPK, AST, Aldolase Written /
BI 2.5.9 Y Lecture/SGL
Bone markers: E.g. ALP Viva
 94

Uses of enzymes in laboratory investigations

(Enzyme based assays) e.g. ELISA & DNA Written /
BI 2.6 Y Lecture/SGL
Technology Viva
Therapeutic use of enzymes.
Interpret laboratory results of enzyme activities
Written /
BI 2.7 and describe the clinical utility of enzymes as Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
markers of pathological condition
Chemistry and Metabolism of Carbohydrates: 22 hours Number of competencies: (10)
Chemistry of carbohydrates: Definition,
Written /
BI 3.1.1 Biomedical importance, classification, isomerism Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
,reactions
Monosaccharaides & their derivatives: Examples
with biological significance in human body,
Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose, Uronic
acid, Amino sugars, Sorbitol, Mannitol. Written /
BI 3.1.2 Y Lecture/SGL
Disaccharides: Examples with biological Viva
significance in human body
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose(Composition and
significance)
Polysaccharides: Examples with biological
Written /
BI 3.1.3 significance in human body -Glycogen, Starch, Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Cellulose, Dextran.
Glycosaminoglycan and disorders related ( brief) Written /
BI 3.1.4 Y Lecture/SGL
: Importance of glycoproteins Viva
Digestion of carbohydrates
BI 3.2 Written / Physiology
Absorption of carbohydrates, Glucose Y Lecture/SGL
BI 3.3 Viva (HI)
transporters
 95

Glycolysis: Site, significance, reactions,

Written /
BI 3.4.1 regulations & energetics .Inhibitors of glycolysis Y Lecture/SGL No
Viva
E.g. Fluoride
Glycolysis: Rapaport-Leubering cycle and its
Written /
BI 3.4.2 significance, Cori's cycle, Fate of pyruvate under Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Gluconeogenesis :Definition, Site, significance,
Written /
BI 3.4.3 substrates, reactions, regulation, glucose- Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
alanine cycle
Written /
BI 3.4.4 Glycogenesis ,Glycogenolysis , regulation Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
General Medicine &
Written / Paediatrics(VI)
BI 3.4.5 Glycogen storage disorders Y Lecture/SGL
Viva

HMP pathway: Significance of HMP. {Steps till the General Medicine &
Written /
BI 3.4.6 formation of 6-phosphogluconic acid} Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
Viva
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Metabolism of fructose and Galactose.
General Medicine &
Polyol pathway, uronic acid pathway Written /
BI 3.4.7 Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics (VI)
Disorders related (hereditary fructose Viva
intolerance, Fructosuria, galactosemia)
Describe and discuss the regulation,functons and General Medicine &
Written /
BI 3.5 integration of carbohydrates along with Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics (VI)
Viva
associated diseases/disorders
TCA cycle: Reactions, significance, regulations, Written /
BI 3.6.1 Y Lecture/SGL
inhibitors Viva
 96

TCA cycle: Energetics, anaplerotic and

amphibolic role of TCA cycle.
BI 3.6 Written /
Describe the common poisons that inhibit crucial Y Lecture/SGL
BI .3.7 Viva
enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (
Eg:Flouride,Arsenate )
Pathology
Interpret the results of analytes related to Written /
BI 3.8.1 Y Lecture/SGL General Medicine(VI)
disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Viva

Regulation of blood glucose: Mechanism and

significanceof blood glucose regulation in health
and disease
Written /
BI 3.9.1 Role of organs, enzymes and hormones Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
(insulin, glucagon, growth hormone,
catecholamine and glucocorticoids) in regulation
of glucose
Insulin: Structure, receptor, mechanism of release
Written /
BI 3.9.2 of insulin, action. Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Insulin resistance
General Medicine &
Diabetes Mellitus: Aetiology, biochemical basis & Written / Paediatrics (VI)
BI 3.9.3 Y Lecture/SGL
clinical features Viva

General Medicine &

Paediatrics(VI)
Biochemical basis of Acute Complications of Written /
BI 3.9.5 Y Lecture/SGL
Diabetes Mellitus Viva
 97

General Medicine &

Biochemical basis of Chronic complications of
Written / Paediatrics (VI)
BI 3.9.6 Diabetes Mellitus Y Lecture/SGL
Viva

Biochemical basis of Investigations of diabetes

General Medicine &
mellitus - Diagnosis and monitoring Written /
BI 3.10.1 Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics (VI)
Interpret the results of blood glucose levels and Viva
other laboratory investigations
Chemistry and Metabolism of Lipids: 21 hours Number of competencies: (07)
Classification and functions of lipids, Saturated
Written /
BI 4.1.1 and unsaturated fatty acids(MUFA&PUFA) Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Essential fatty acids ( clinical relevance )
Triglycerides
Written /
BI 4.1.2 Glycerophospholipid (functions, composition Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
and biomedical importance)
Sphingolipids (functions, composition and
biomedical importance) Written /
BI 4.1.3 Y Lecture/SGL
Liposomes, Micelle. Cholesterol: functions, Viva
composition and biomedical importance.
Digestion of lipids
Written / Physiology
BI 4.2.4 Role of bile salts in lipid digestion. Y Lecture/SGL
Viva (HI)
Absorption of lipids and disorders (Steatorrhea)
Fatty acid synthesis: Transport of acetyl CoA to
cytoplasm and formation of malonyl CoA.
Written /
BI 4.2.5 Regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
synthase complex and detailed steps not
required.
 98

Beta-oxidation of fatty acid , role of carnitine in Written /

BI 4.2.6 Y Lecture/SGL
fatty acid transport: Viva
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation
Oxidation of odd chain fatty acids, alpha and Written /
BI 4.2.7 Y Lecture/SGL
peroxisomal oxidation, disorders related to Viva
oxidation of fatty acids
Metabolism of adipose tissue (Triglyceride
Written /
BI 4.2.8 synthesis and degradation) Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
White and brown adipose tissue
Written /
BI 4.2.9 Ketone body synthesis and utilization Y Lecture/SGL No
Viva
Written / General Medicine(VI)
BI 4.2.10 Ketosis in Starvation and Diabetes Mellitus Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Liver-adipose tissue axis,Role of liver in fat
metabolism
Pathology &
Biochemical basis of Fatty Liver Disease and its Written /
BI 4.2.11 Y Lecture/SGL General Medicine(VI)
management Viva
Lipotropic factors: examples and their role in
prevention of fatty liver
Cholesterol synthesis (up to mevalonate in detail
and mention important intermediates from Written /
BI 4.2.12 Y Lecture/SGL No
mevalonate to cholesterol with flow chart) Viva
Regulation of synthesis and fate of cholesterol
Formation & fate of bile salts, other compounds Written /
BI 4.2.13 Y Lecture/SGL No
formed from cholesterol Viva
Classification, structure and functions of Written / General Medicine(VI)
BI 4.3.1 Y Lecture/SGL
lipoproteins,Apolipoproteins Viva
 99

General Medicine(VI)
Written /
BI 4.3.2 Chylomicron metabolism Y Lecture/SGL
Viva

General Medicine(VI)
Written /
BI 4.3.3 VLDL metabolism & LDL metabolism Y Lecture/SGL
Viva

General Medicine(VI)
Written /
BI 4.3.4 HDL metabolism Y Lecture/SGL
Viva

Role of lipoprotein in atherosclerosis:

Etiopathogenesis, metabolic changes, clinical
Written / Pathology(VI)
BI 4.4 features and complications of atherosclerosis, Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Biochemical basis of management and
preventive measures
Normal fasting Lipid profile and its significance in
health and disease
Written / General Medicine(VI)
BI 4.5 Interpret the laboratory results of analytes Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
associated with lipoprotein metabolism ,Hyper
lipoproteinemias & Hypo lipoproteinemias
Eicosanoids: Definition and classification with
biological functions
Key features of synthesis of eicosanoids. Written /
BI 4.6 Y Lecture/SGL No
Inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis Viva
Uses of eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in various
diseases
 100

Interpret the laboratory results of analytes Written / General Medicine(VI)

BI 4.7 Y Lecture/SGL
associated with lipid metabolism Viva
Chemistry and Metabolism of Proteins and
inborn errors related :20 Hours Lecture/SGL
Number of competencies: (05)
Proteins:- Classification based on structure, Written /
BI 5.1.1 Y Lecture/SGL No
functions and nutritional value Viva
Structural organization of proteins: Bonds
stabilizing protein structure
Written /
BI 5.1.2 Primary and secondary structure, Tertiary Y Lecture/SGL No
Viva
Lecture/SGL and quaternary structure with
examples
Describe and Discuss the functions of protein
and structure function relationship in relevant Written / Physiology
BI 5.2.1 Y Lecture/SGL
areas like haemoglobin and selected Viva (HI )
hemoglobinopathies
Amino acids: Classification based on structure, Written /
BI 5.2.2 Y Lecture/SGL
metabolic fate and nutritional importance. Viva
Properties of amino acids:
Ionic properties and buffering actions
Written /
BI 5.2.3 Isoelectric pH, Amphoteric nature, Optical Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
activity of amino acids
Peptide bond. Biologically important peptides.
Plasma proteins: Normal reference levels of
Written /
BI 5.2.4 plasma proteins Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Functions of plasma proteins:
 101

Albumin, Brief description of other plasma

Written /
BI 5.2.5 proteins Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Acute phase proteins
Digestion of proteins
Written /
BI 5.3 Mechanism of absorption of amino acids from Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
GIT &Disorders related.
General reactions of amino acids:
Written /
BI 5.4.1 Transamination, Trans-methylation, Trans- Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
deamination, Deamination and their significance.
General Medicine &
Formation and disposal of ammonia Written / Paediatrics (VI)
BI 5.4.2 Y Lecture/SGL
Hyperammonemia Viva

Glycine metabolism: Specialized compounds

Written /
BI 5.4.3 formed from glycine. Disorders related. Mention Y Lecture/SGL No
Viva
alanine and beta alanine
General Medicine &
Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids Written / Paediatrics(VI)
BI 5.4.4 Y Lecture/SGL
&disorders related. One carbon metabolism Viva

Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine General Medicine &

Written /
BI 5.4.5 (Specialised compounds formed from Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
Viva
phenylalanine and their importance)
General Medicine &
Disorders of phenylalanine and tyrosine Written /
BI 5.4.6 Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
metabolism Viva
 102

Metabolism of Tryptophan ( Synthesis of

General Medicine &
serotonin, melatonin and their Written /
BI 5.4.7 Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
importance)Disorders related (Hartnup disease Viva
& Carcinoid syndrome)
Metabolism of branched chain amino acids (first General Medicine &
Written /
BI 5.4.8 two steps only and the end products. Maple Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
Viva
syrup urine disease.
Metabolism of Serine, Threonine ( Important Written /
BI 5.4.9 Y Lecture/SGL
compounds formed only and functions ) Viva
Metabolism of Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid,
Written /
BI 5.4.10 Glutamine &Asparagine( Important compounds Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
formed only and functions)
Metabolism of Histidine, Arginine, lysine,
Written /
BI 5.4.11 polyamines ( Important compounds formed and Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
functions)
Interpret the laboratory results of analytes General Medicine(VI)
Written /
BI 5.5.1 associated with metabolism of proteins and Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
aminoacid
Integration of metabolism and Homeostasis :56 Hours Number of competencies: (15)
Integration of metabolism at organ level Written /
BI 6.1.1 Y Lecture/SGL
(liver,muscle,adipose tissue & brain) in fed state Viva
Integration of metabolism at organ level
Written /
BI 6.1.2 (liver,muscle,adipose tissue & brain) in fasting Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
state
Chemistry of purines, Pyrimidines, nucleosides & Written /
BI 6.2.1 Y Lecture/SGL
nucleotides. Viva
 103

Functions of nucleotides: Purines, Pyrimidines

Nucleotide analogues and their use in medicine
Purine biosynthesis: Sources of carbon and
nitrogen atoms of purine ring. Purine Written /
BI 6.2.2 Y Lecture/SGL
biosynthesis, First two steps (up to formation of Viva
phosphoribosylamine )
Purine biosynthesis : Formation of AMP & GMP
from IMP: Formation of diphosphates and
Written /
BI 6.2.3 triphosphates from monophosphates: formation Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
of deoxyribo nucleotides: regulation and
inhibitors of purine biosynthesis
Synthesis of Pyrimidines and Inhibitors of
Written /
BI 6.2.4 pyrimidine synthesis. Disorders associated with.( Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Degradation of Pyrimidines -not required)
Salvage pathways: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome;
Degradation of purines
Written / General Medicine (VI)
BI 6.3 Gout(aetiology, manifestations and biochemical Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
basis of clinical features), Hyperuricemia ,
Hypouricemia
General MedicineVI)
Discuss the laboratory results of analytes Written /
BI 6.4 Y Lecture/SGL
associated with gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Viva

Vitamins: definition, difference between water Written /

BI 6.5.1 Y Lecture/SGL
and fat-soluble vitamins Viva
Vitamin A: different clinical forms, dietary
Written /
BI 6.5.2 sources, RDA, biochemical functions of vitamin A, Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Wald's visual cycle
 104

Vitamin A: Deficiency manifestations and Written /

BI 6.5.3 Y Lecture/SGL
prevention; Hypervitaminosis Viva
Vitamin D: Chemical nature, dietary sources
&RDA. Active form of vitamin D: its formation
Written / General Medicine (VI)
BI 6.5.4 and actions Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Deficiency manifestations of vitamin D in
children, adults and prevention.
Vitamin K: Chemical forms, dietary sources,
biochemical functions, RDA & Deficiency Written /
BI 6.5.5 Y Lecture/SGL
manifestations Viva

Vitamin E: Chemical forms, biochemical

functions, Written /
BI 6.5.6 Y Lecture/SGL
( lipid peroxidation and antioxidant function in Viva
brief) & deficiency manifestations
Thiamine: Chemical nature, dietary sources, RDA,
Written /
BI 6.5.7 coenzyme form, biochemical functions & Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
deficiency manifestations
Pyridoxine: Chemical nature, dietary sources,
Written /
BI 6.5.8 RDA, coenzyme form, biochemical functions & Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
deficiency manifestations
General Medicine
Niacin: Chemical nature, dietary sources, RDA, Pediatrics
Written /
BI 6.5.9 coenzyme form, biochemical functions & Y Lecture/SGL Dermatology(VI)
Viva
deficiency manifestations
 105

Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Biotin :Chemical General Medicine

nature, dietary sources, RDA, coenzyme form, Written / Pediatrics
BI 6.5.10 Y SDL
biochemical functions & deficiency Viva Dermatology(VI)
manifestations
General Medicine
Folic acid: Chemical nature, dietary sources, RDA,
Written / Pediatrics
BI 6.5.11 coenzyme form, biochemical functions & Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Dermatology(VI)
deficiency manifestations

Vitamin B 12 : Chemical nature, dietary sources,

General Medicine(VI)
RDA, coenzyme form, biochemical functions & Written /
BI 6.5.12 Y Lecture/SGL
deficiency manifestations, Lab investigations to Viva
differentiate from folic acid deficiency.
Vitamin C: Chemical nature, dietary sources, RDA,
Written / Paediatrics(VI)
BI 6.5.13 coenzyme form, biochemical functions & Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
deficiency manifestations: Antivitamins
Biological Oxidation: high energy compounds ,
Written /
BI 6.6.1 substrate level phosphorylation, ETC Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Components
Written /
BI 6.6.2 Oxidative phosphorylation & inhibitors of ETC Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Written /
BI 6.7.1 Acid, Bases, pH, Buffers Y SDL Physiology(HI)
Viva
Buffering capacity, Significance of Henderson Written /
BI 6.7.2 Y Lecture/SGL Physiology(HI)
Hassel Balch equation Viva
Written /
BI 6.7.3 Role of body buffers in regulation of blood pH Y Lecture/SGL Physiology(HI)
Viva
 106

Written /
BI 6.7.4 Respiratory and renal regulation of blood pH Y Lecture/SGL Physiology(HI)
Viva
Anion gap, Acid base disturbance- Metabolic Written / General medicine(VI)
BI 6.7.5 Y Lecture/SGL
acidosis and Metabolic alkalosis Viva Physiology (HI)
Acid base disturbance continued -Respiratory Written / General medicine (VI)
BI 6.7.6 Y Lecture/SGL
acidosis and respiratory alkalosis Viva Physiology (HI)
Water and electrolyte balance : Distribution of Written /
BI 6.7.7 Y SDL Physiology (HI)
water and electrolytes in ICF and ECF Viva
Osmolality: Definition, Normal reference value
Written /
BI 6.7.8 Regulation of osmolality: Regulation of fluid and Y Lecture/SGL Physiology (HI)
Viva
electrolyte in various body compartments
Derangements in fluid electrolyte balance: Written / General Medicine
BI 6.7.9 Y Lecture/SGL
Dehydration & over hydration Viva Physiology (HI)
Blood gas analysis: Principle and use of Blood gas Written /
BI 6.8 Y Lecture/SGL
analyser Viva
Discuss and interpret the results of Arteria Blood Written / General Medicine
BI 6.9.1 Y Lecture/SGL
Gas analysis in various disorders Viva (VI)
Classification of minerals based on RDA. General Medicine
Written /
BI 6.10.1 Iron: dietary sources, RDA, Functions of Iron and Y Lecture/SGL (VI)
Viva
iron containing proteins .
Absorption Transport and Storage of Iron.
General Medicine(VI)
Iron deficiency Anaemia and Hereditary Written /
BI 6.10.2 Y Lecture/SGL Physiology (HI)
hemochromatosis Viva

Calcium: Biochemical functions, RDA, Sources, General Medicine

Written /
BI 6.10.3 homeostasis of calcium, Hypercalcemia and Y Lecture/SGL (VI)Physiology (HI)
Viva
Hypocalcaemia.
 107

Phosphorus: Biochemical functions, sources, Written / General Medicine(VI)

BI 6.10.4 Y Lecture/SGL
disorders related. Viva Physiology (HI)
General Medicine &
Copper: Biochemical functions and disorders
Written / Paediatrics (VI)
BI 6.10.5 related( Wilson disease and Menke’s kinky hair Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Physiology (HI)
syndrome)

Magnesium, Iodine: Dietary sources, biochemical Written /

BI 6.10.6 Y SDL
functions, Disorders related Viva
General Medicine(VI)
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulphur: Dietary Written /
BI 6.10.7 Y SDL Physiology (HI)
sources, biochemical functions, Disorders related Viva

General Medicine(VI)
Zinc, Selenium: Dietary sources, biochemical Written /
BI 6.10.8 Y SDL Physiology (HI)
functions, Disorders related Viva

Fluoride, Manganese, Molybdenum, Cobalt, General Medicine(VI)

Written /
BI 6.10.9 Chromium : Dietary sources, biochemical Y SDL
Viva
functions, Disorders related Physiology (HI)
Written /
BI 6.11.1 Haemoglobin: Structure and functions Y SDL Physiology (HI)
Viva
Written /
BI 6.11.2 Biosynthesis of heme and its regulation. Y Lecture/SGL Physiology (HI)
Viva
General Medicine,
Porphyria: definition, classification, biochemical
Written / Pathology &
BI 6.11.3 features of different porphyria and its lab Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Paediatrics(VI)
diagnosis
 108

Heme catabolism: formation of bilirubin and

Written /
BI 6.11.4 biliverdin from heme, transport, conjugation, Y Lecture/SGL Physiology (HI)
Viva
excretion
Congenital and acquired Hyperbilirubinemia-
Physiological and pathological jaundice in
newborns
General Medicine, &
Haemolytic, Hepatic and Obstructive jaundice in Written /
BI 6.11.5 Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
children and adults Viva
Physiology (HI)
Explain the basis and rationale of biochemical
tests done in jaundice

Embryonic haemoglobin (brief), Haemoglobin

derivatives (Methemoglobin, Written /
BI 6.12.1 Y Lecture/SGL Physiology (HI)
Carboxyhemoglobin), Viva
Abnormal haemoglobin ( HbS)
General Medicine,
Molecular basis, diagnosis and management of Written / Pathology &
BI 6.12.2 Y Lecture/SGL
hemoglobinopathy Viva Paediatrics(VI)

General Medicine,
Molecular basis, diagnosis and management of Written / Pathology &
BI 6.12.3 Y Lecture/SGL
Thalassemia Viva Paediatrics(VI)

General Medicine,
Liver function tests:
Pathology &
LFT based on synthetic, metabolic, detoxification, Written /
BI 6.13.1 Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics (VI)
excretory and storage functions of liver. Viva
Physiology,Anatomy
(HI)
 109

General Medicine, &

Renal function tests:
Written / Paediatrics
BI 6.13.2 RFT based on glomerular and tubular function. Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Physiology,Anatomy
(HI)
Markers of GFR: clearance tests (Creatinine
General Medicine, &
clearance in detail)
Written / Paediatrics
BI 6.13.3 Renal tubular functions: Urine concentration Y Lecture/SGL
Viva (Nesting)
tests, Urine dilution tests
Physiology (HI)

Physiology
Written / Anatomy (HI)
BI 6.13.4 Thyroid function tests Y Lecture/SGL
Viva General Medicine &
Endocrinology ( VI)
Physiology, Anatomy
(HI)
Written /
BI 6.13.5 Adrenal function tests Y Lecture/SGL General Medicine &
Viva
Endocrinology(VI)

Molecular biology: 24 Hours Number of competencies: (07)

Structure of DNA & RNA. Different types of RNA Written /

BI 7.1.1 Y SDL
, Organization of DNA & Mitochondrial DNA Viva
Written /
BI 7.1.1 Cell cycle and its regulation Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Replication :Replication in prokaryotes and Written /
BI7.2.1 Y Lecture/SGL
eukaryotes Viva
 110

Telomere, Inhibitors of replication: DNA repair & Written /

BI 7.2.2 Y Lecture/SGL
diseases associated with DNA repair mechanism Viva
Describe the transcription in prokaryotes and Written /
BI 7.2.3 Y Lecture/SGL
eukaryotes and how it differs in eukaryotes Viva
Post transcriptional modification, Inhibitors of Written /
BI 7.2.4 Y Lecture/SGL
transcription, Ribozymes & Reverse transcriptase Viva
Written /
BI 7.2.5 Characteristics of Genetic Code Y SDL
Viva
Describe the process of translation in Written /
BI 7.2.6 Y Lecture/SGL
prokaryotes and eukaryotes Viva
Post translational modification and inhibitors of Written /
BI 7.2.7 Y Lecture/SGL
translation Viva
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes:
Written /
BI 7.3.1 Induction, repression &de-repression: lac operon Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
model
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes:
Hormone Responsive elements, Enhancers,
Written /
BI 7.3.2 transcription factors, Gene amplification, gene Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
switching, Gene rearrangement, RNA Processing,
RNA editing, RNA interference, Epigenetics
Mutation- definition, causes, types, Written /
BI 7.3.3 Y Lecture/SGL Pediatrics(VI)
consequences with examples: Mutagens. Viva
Recombinant DNA technology : Applications, Written / Pediatrics
BI 7.4.1 Y Lecture/SGL
Vectors, Techniques, Restriction endonucleases Viva General Medicine(VI)
Written /
BI 7.4.2 Gene therapy, Gene library Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
 111

DNA hybridization technique: Isolation and Written /

BI 7.4.3 Y Lecture/SGL
purification of DNA, Gene probes, Viva
Southern blotting, Northern blotting, Western Written /
BI 7.4.4 Y Lecture/SGL
blotting, FISH Viva
Written /
BI 7.4.5 Polymerase chain reaction, Anti sense therapy, Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
RFLP, DNA finger printing, DNA sequencing, Written /
BI 7.4.6 Y Lecture/SGL
Microarrays. Viva
Phase 1 detoxification reactions( oxidation, Written /
BI 7.5.1 Y Lecture/SGL Pharmacology (VI)
reduction, hydrolysis) Viva
Phase 2 detoxification reactions( conjugation), Written /
BI 7.5.2 Y Lecture/SGL Pharmacology (VI)
role of cytochrome p-450 in detoxification Viva
Free radicals: definition, types, sources and Written /
BI 7.6.1 Y Lecture/SGL
generation of free radicals. Viva
Effects of free radicals, defence mechanism Written /
BI 7.6.2 Y Lecture/SGL
against free radicals ( lipid peroxidation) Viva
Written /
BI 7.6.3 Antioxidants: definition &classification Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
General Medicine
Role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of Written /
BI 7.7 Y Lecture/SGL Pathology(VI)
cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus Viva

Nutrition: 16 Hours
Number of competencies: (05)
Energy content of different food items: Calorific Written /
BI 8.1.1 Y Lecture/SGL
value of foods, respiratory quotient of foodstuffs Viva
BMR - Definition, Normal values, Factors Written /
BI 8.1.2 Y Lecture/SGL
affecting and biomedical importance. Viva
 112

Specific Dynamic Action-

Written /
BI 8.1.3 Definition, SDA for different foods and Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
significance.
Dietary sources and nutritional importance of Written /
BI 8.1.4 Y SDL
carbohydrates Viva
General medicine
Written /
BI 8.1.5 Dietary fibre: definition, examples & importance. Y Lecture/SGL Pediatrics
Viva
Pathology(VI)
Nutritional Importance of Lipids: essential fatty
Written /
BI 8.1.6 acids, their functions, sources and deficiency Y SDL
Viva
manifestations.
Written /
BI 8.1.7 Nutritional Importance of Dietary proteins Y SDL
Viva
Assessment of nutritive value of proteins: Protein
Written /
BI 8.1.8 efficiency ratio, biological value & Net protein Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
utilization
PEM: Classification of PEM, (WHO terminology
MAM, SAM): Causes, occurrence, clinical features, Written / Paediatrics(VI)
BI 8.2.1 Y Lecture/SGL
biochemical basis of manifestations and Viva
treatment of Kwashiorkor.
Aetiology, occurrence, clinical features,
Written /
BI 8.2.2 biochemical manifestations and treatment of Y Lecture/SGL Paediatrics(VI)
Viva
Marasmus
General Medicine
Recommended dietary allowances Written / Pediatrics,
BI 8.3.1 Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Community
Medicine (VI)
 113

General Medicine
Written /
BI 8.3.2 Balanced diet- definition and composition. Y Lecture/SGL Pediatrics.,Communit
Viva
y Medicine(VI)
Glycaemic index: definition, calculation, Written /
BI 8.3.4 Y Lecture/SGL
importance Viva
Obesity: Definition, grading based on BMI &
Written / General Medicine
BI 8.4.1 causes (including dietary habits) of Obesity Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Pathology(VI)
/Overweight
Metabolic changes, complications and health Written /
BI 8.4.2 Y Lecture/SGL General Medicine (VI)
risks due to obesity /overweight Viva
General Medicine(VI)
Summarise the nutritional importance of
Written / Pediatrics ,
BI 8.5 commonly used food items including fruits and Y Lecture/SGL
Viva Community
vegetables
Medicine (VI)
Extra cellular matrix: 3 Hours
Number of competencies: (03)
Composition and functions of extra cellular
matrix: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, contractile Written /
BI 9.1 Y Lecture/SGL
proteins. Viva

Extra cellular matrix in health and diseases: eg

Written /
BI 9.2 Osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehler-Danlos Y Lecture/SGL General Medicine (VI)
Viva
syndrome ,Mucopolysaccharadosis
Describe protein targeting and sorting along Written /
BI 9.3 N Lecture/SGL
with its associated disorders Viva
Oncogenesis and Immunity: 12 Hours
No
(5 L+7 SGL)
 114

Number of competencies: (05)

Number of procedures that require
certification: (NIL)
Aetiology of cancer (Role of chemical
Written /
BI 10.1.1 carcinogens, radiation and viruses in Y Lecture/SGL Pathology(VI)
Viva
carcinogenesis).
Molecular basis of carcinogenesis ( Initiation Written /
BI 10.1.2 Y Lecture/SGL Pathology(VI)
,promotion) Viva
Oncogenes & Tumour suppressor genes and Written /
BI 10.1.3 Y Lecture/SGL Pathology (VI)
their role in carcinogenesis. Viva
Written /
BI 10.1.4 Apoptosis Y Lecture/SGL Pathology (VI)
Viva
Tumour markers: definition, classification, clinical Written / Oncology(VI)
BI 10.2.4 Y Lecture/SGL
significance. Viva
Biochemical basis of cancer therapy: role of
alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, Written / Oncology(VI)
BI 10.2.4 Y Lecture/SGL
receptor blockers, radiotherapy and monoclonal Viva
antibodies in cancer therapy.
Written / Microbiology(VI)
BI 10.3.1 Cell mediated and Humoral immunity Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Immunoglobulin: structure, types and functions Written / Microbiology(VI)
BI 10.3.2 Y Lecture/SGL
of immunoglobulin, disorders associated. Viva
Immune response (Primary and secondary) Written / Microbiology(VI)
BI 10.4.1 Y Lecture/SGL
Innate and adaptive immunity Viva
Describe innate and adaptive immunity, Self /
Written / Microbiology(VI)
BI 10.4.2 non self-recognition and the role T Cell and B cell Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
in immune response
 115

Cytokines

Describe antigens and concepts in vaccine Written / Microbiology(VI)

BI 10.4.3 Y Lecture/SGL
development Viva
Antigen antibody reactions & Use of antigen
Written / Microbiology(VI)
BI 10.4.4 antibody reactions in laboratory(ELISA, Y Lecture/SGL
Viva
Radioimmunoassay)
Biochemical Laboratory tests: 54 hours
Number of competencies: (24)
Number of procedures that require
certification: (05)

Principles and applications of the following

BI 11.1.1 instruments: Semi-automatic analyser, Fully Y Lecture
automatic analyser, Spectrophotometer, ISE
BI 11.1.2 Principle, Types and uses of chromatography Y Lecture
Principles and applications of the following
BI 11.1.3 Y Lecture
instruments: Electrophoretic apparatus
Principles and applications of the following
BI 11.1.4 Y Lecture
instruments: ELISA and Immuno analysers
Part 1: Qualitative experiments-Introduction
and Urine analysis-
BI 11.1.5 Good safe laboratory practice and Biomedical SGL
waste disposal, commonly used lab equipment,
Y Viva
glassware and reagents
 116

Preparation of buffers and estimation of pH

BI 11.2 Y SGL Viva
using pH meter
BI 11.3 Describe the chemical components of urine Y SGL Viva
Skill
Analysis of Normal urine- Physical properties,
assessment-
organic constituents of urine Y DOAP
OSPE/Spott
Certifiable procedure
er
Abnormal Constituents of Urine – Routine
Skill
1) Physical properties
assessment-
BI 11.4 2) Chemical tests- Glucose/ Reducing DOAP-
Y Qualitative
BI 11.20 substances, Ketone bodies, Blood, Protein, Bile
experiments
salts, Bile pigments
/OSPE
3) Urine Dipstick analysis
Abnormal Constituents of Urine – Routine Skill
(Clinical Scenario Based-Glycosuria, ketonuria, assessment-
BI 11.4 DOAP-
jaundice, proteinuria, hematuria etc) Y Qualitative
BI 11.20
Certifiable procedure experiments
/OSPE
Abnormal Constituents of Urine -clinical scenario
based
Skill
1) Physical properties
assessment
2) Chemical tests screening tests for - Metabolic DOAP
–Qualitative
BI 11.5 disorders and inborn errors of metabolism – Y
experiment/
Phenyl ketonuria, MSUD, Hartnup’s disease,
OSPE/Spott
Hereditary fructose intolerance, Galactosemia,
er
Pentosuria etc
3) Urine Dipstick analysis
 117

Y
Part 2: Quantitative Experiments
BI 11.6 &
Principles of Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry
BI 11.18 Y SGL Viva
and their application
BI 11.21
Skill
Estimation of plasma glucose by enzymatic
assessment
method
BI 11.21 Y DOAP –
Certifiable procedure
Quantitative
analysis
Written/Viva
GTT: Indications, contraindications, precautions,
BI 11.21 Y SGL /OSPE/Spott
procedure, types of graph, Glycosuria
er
Skill
Estimation of blood urea and BUN
assessment-
BI 11.21 Certifiable procedure Y DOAP
Quantitative
analysis
Skill
Estimation of serum and urine creatinine by
BI 11.7 assessment
Jaffe’s method, Creatinine clearance
BI 11.21 Y DOAP -
Certifiable procedure
BI 11.22 Quantitative
analysis
Skill
Estimation of Total protein and albumin in serum
BI 11.8 assessment
and AG ratio
BI 11.21 Y DOAP -
Certifiable procedure
BI 11.22 Quantitative
analysis
 118

Principles
and clinical
relevance
BI 11.9, Estimation of Total Cholesterol and HDL,
Y DOAP may be
BI 11.10 Estimation of Triglycerides, Lipid Profile
assessed by
OSPE/Spott
er
Principles
and clinical
relevance
BI 11.11 Estimation of Calcium and Phosphorus
Y DOAP may be
BI 11.12 Estimation of serum Bilirubin
assessed by
OSPE/Spott
er
Principles
and clinical
BI 2.2 relevance
BI 11.13 & Estimation of ALT,AST& ALP Y DOAP may be
BI 11.14 assessed by
OSPE/Spott
er
Part 3: Demonstrations
Proper filling of request form Specimen
Skill
collection and pre analytic errors in clinical Demonstratio
assessment-
BI 11.16.1 laboratory Y n-
OSPE/Spott
Sample collection- Phlebotomy technique,
er
colour coded blood collection tubes, anti-
 119

coagulants, order of draw, changes on keeping,

Sample processing, preservation and transport

Skill
Observe the use of commonly used equipment in
assessment
the clinical laboratory – centrifuge, pH meter, Demonstratio
BI 11.16.2 –
Automated chemistry analyzer, Immunoanalyzer Y n
OSPE/Spott
,Estimation of serum electrolytes by ISE & Blood
er
gas analysis using ABG analyser, Quality Control

POCT- Glucometer and Blood Gas analyzer, Urine Demonstratio

BI 11.16.3 Y OSPE
dipstick n
Skill
Serum protein electrophoresis and applications Demonstratio assessment
BI 11.1 .4
Paper Chromatography/TLC of amino Y n –
BI 11.1 .5
acids/sugars OSPE/Spott
er
Skill
Principle, Procedure and applications of ELISA,
assessment
Immunodiffusion, Blotting techniques, PAGE Demonstratio
BI 11.16.7 Y –
Principle, DNA isolation, Procedure and n
OSPE/Spott
applications of PCR
er
BI 11.17.1
Interpret the laboratory results related to
BI 3. 8. 2
disorders of carbohydrate, lipid and proteins, Skill
BI 3.10.2
minerals, homeostasis, endocrine and genetic Y SGL assessment/
BI 4 . 5 BI 4 .
disorders, organ dysfunction - Clinical scenario Viva
7
based chart discussion
BI 5.5.1
 120

BI 6.9.1
BI 6.10
The basis and rationale of biochemical tests done
in the following conditions: - diabetes mellitus,
BI 11.17.2
dyslipidaemia, myocardial infarction, renal
failure, gout, Proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome,
Skill
oedema, jaundice, liver diseases, pancreatitis, General Medicine
Y SGL assessment/
disorders of acid- base balance, thyroid and Pathology(VI)
Viva
adrenal disorders, disorders associated with
metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid ,proteins and
nucleotide Clinical scenario based chart
discussion
Written/Viva
BI 11.15 Describe and discuss the composition of CSF Y SGL
/Spotter
Nutrition- Nutritional importance of commonly
used food items
Calculate energy content of different food Items, Written/Viva
BI 11.23
food items with high and low glycaemic index Y SGL /Spotter
BI 11.24
and explain the importance of these in the diet
Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of
unsaturated, saturated and trans fats in the diet
Provide dietary advice for optimal health –
Children, adults and Pregnancy Written/Viva
BI 8.3.5 And in disease conditions like Diabetes mellitus Y SGL /Spotter
and Coronary heart disease
 121

*Suggested Teaching Learning Method-This is a general guideline. The faculty have the liberty choose the teaching
Learning method- Lecture/SGL /SDL/ECE/Home assignments/Library assignments etc according to the available resources
in their institution but within the guideline given by NMC& KUHS
 122

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1.Text book of Biochemistry for Medical students (latest Edition) – Dr. DM Vasudevan,

Dr. Sreekumari. S, Dr. Kannan Vaidyananthan.

2.Text book of Medical Biochemistry (latest edition) – Dr. Rajinder Chawla, Dr. Tarek

H. El Metwally, Dr. Suchanda Sahu.

3.Text book of Medical Biochemistry (latest edition)- Dr. Dinesh Puri.

4.Text book of Biochemistry for Medical Students (latest edition) – Dr. Rafi M D
5.Biochemistry (latest edition) -Dr. Satya Narayana.

6.Biochemistry (latest edition) - Dr. Pankaj Naik.

Reference Books

1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (latest edition)- Victor W Rodwell

2. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews – Biochemistry (latest edition) –Richards

3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (latest Edition)-David L Nelson

4. Text book of Biochemistry with Clinical co-relation (latest edition)-Thomas M

Devlin
5. Tiet’z Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (latest
Edition - Nader Rifai
6. Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques and Correlations Hardcover – Michael L.

Bishop
 123

Topic division for Paper I and Paper II

Topic for paper 1

1 Cell
2 Enzyme

3 Carbohydrate metabolism and related topics

4 Lipid metabolism and related topics

5 Protein metabolism and related topics

6 Minerals

7 Vitamins
8 Biological oxidation
9 Integration of metabolism

10 Nutrition

Topic for paper 2

1 Nucleotide chemistry and metabolism

2 Acid Base and Fluid Electrolyte Balance

3 Hemoglobin , Heme metabolism and related topics

4 Function Tests

5 Molecular Biology

6 Detoxification

7 Free radicals
8 Extra Cellular Matrix
9 Immunology
10 Laboratory Tests
The topics to different paper are generally evaluated under those
sections. However, a strict division of the subject may not be
possible and some overlapping of topics is inevitable. Students
should be prepared to answer overlapping topics
 124

BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION PATTERN

Practical - 80 marks, Viva - 20 marks, Total - 100 marks

A. Practical Examination -Include -4 Components –Quantitative experiments,

Qualitative experiments, OSPE, Spotter (20 marks Each -Total -80 marks)

I Qualitative Analysis

20 Marks

• Questions only from Abnormal urine analysis (Sugar, Ketone body, Protein, blood,

Bile salts, Bile pigments)

• Clinical history to be given and the student asked to:

-decide the relevant tests including both physical and chemical tests

-do all the physical tests and two relevant chemical tests for confirmation of

the provisional diagnosis

Mark division

Physical tests - 4 marks (for performing all tests and indicating the relevant physical
test findings)

Demonstrate two relevant positive/ negative chemical tests and document the
procedure, observation and principle and inference –5 marks each (Selection of

relevant test-1, procedure -1 marks, observation -1 mark and principle and inference
-2 mark) 5x2 = 10 marks

Discussion - 6 marks

Examples of cases that can be given- Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diabetic

Nephropathy, Obstructive, Hepatocellular and Hemolytic Jaundices, Acute

Glomerulonephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome etc.
 125

II Quantitative Analysis 20

Marks

A) Clinical history is to be given and the student asked to:

1. Write 4 relevant laboratory tests to be done in the given case & its biological
reference interval

- 4 marks
2. Write the principle (3 marks) & procedure (3 marks) of the prescribed estimation

-6 marks

(Estimation of B. glucose, B. Urea, S. Creatinine, S. Total Protein and S. Albumin)

(1 and 2 may be collected after 15 minutes of giving the question)

3. Do the prescribed estimation correctly within the permissible error limits

-4 marks

4. Discussion -6
Marks

Note: The students are not required to memorize the quantities of reagents. This may
be provided at the exam hall. However, the entire procedure will not be provided

(only the volumes of the reagents will be provided.

III Spotting 20
Marks

Ten spotters two marks each with sub-questions (one or two)/each spotter -1
minute -Based on chemical tests/Nutrition /Instruments/ Reference

intervals/Electrophoretic pattern/ chromatogram/Picture/ Graphs/Clinical

condition or case scenario.
 126

IV OSPE (4 stations/2-5 minutes- 5 marks each)

20 Marks
2 Performance Stations and 2 Response stations (Performance station should

be a manned station with check list). One of the performance stations should
be for the assessment of AETCOM competencies

OSPE- Performance stations- (TWO)

1.Tests for organic constituents of Normal urine- Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine

urobilinogen
(OR)

2.Tests for metabolic screening- Screening tests for carbohydrates (e.g.:

Benedict’s test, Seliwanoff’s test) Screening tests for amino acidurias (e.g.Color

reactions specific of Amino acid , DNPH test, Ferric Chloride test etc)
AND

3. Demonstrate the use of glucometer to simulated patients (AETCOM)

(OR)

4. Demonstrate the ability to give proper instruction for doing biochemical

investigations regarding diet restrictions and other advices using simulated

patients – OGTT, 24-hour urine for protein, VMA, etc. (AETCOM)

Note: Skills competencies acquired during the Professional Development

Programme (AETCOM module) shall be tested during practical and viva.

OSPE Response stations

Response station 1- Must be based on the following.

Principles and Clinical Applications of any one of the following Serum:

Total Cholesterol, TGL, HDL-C, Calcium, Phosphorus, Bilirubin, SGOT,

SGPT, ALP
Response station 2 - Based on any one of the following.
 127

a. Give clinical scenario and ask the student to fill the investigation form

provided, correctly writing the relevant investigations and other details.

b. Clinically relevant biochemical calculations and ratios (Clearance and

eGFR, PC ratio, BUN, Anion gap, Lipid profile etc.)

c. Questions based on Graphs- GTT, MI, Enzyme graphs etc.

d. Clinical scenario-based questions.

B. Viva - 20 marks
Charts based on clinical scenarios and laboratory findings given and questions

asked.
Each examiner may ask two charts. Topics to be divided between four

examiners.
for equal representation and to avoid overlapping.

(Each examiner- 2 charts -5 marks/chart= 10 marks.

Add to 40 and can be converted to twenty)

1. Examiner 1 -Function tests, Acid base disorders, Clinical enzymology

2. Examiner 2-Metabolic disorders, Nutritional disorders, Disorders

associated with vitamins, minerals, In-born errors of metabolism.

3. Examiner 3 -Commonly used equipment and techniques in Biochemistry,

sample collection, preservation, transport and processing Pre and post

analytical errors quality control

4. Examiner 4- Genetic disorders, Molecular biology techniques etc.
 128

MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

 Model Question Paper
QP code: xxxxxx RegNo.....................
First professional MBBS degree R/S Examinations 2024
Human Anatomy -Paper II (2019 Scheme)
General Anatomy, General Histology, General Embryology, Genetics, Upper limb, Head and Neck, Neuroanatomy, &
(2019 Scheme)
related Systemic Histology and Embryology
Time: 3 Hrs Max mark: 100
1. Multiple Choice Questions (1x20=20)
Question numbers (i-v) are single response type questions.
i. Which of the following is a powerful supinator in a semi flexed elbow
a) Brachialis
b) Supinator
c) Brachioradialis
d) Biceps Brachii
ii. Which of the following exhibit metachromasia with toludine blue
a) Fibroblast
b) Histiocyte
c) Mast cell
d) Plasma cell
iii. Which of the following actions demonstrate disrespect to the cadavers?
a) wrapping undissected parts of the cadaver with a cloth
b) leaving dissection wastes on the cadaver
c) replacing the cadaver in formalin tanks every weekend
d) using carbolic acid to remove fungus from cadaver
iv. Which of the myotomes gives rise to the muscles of the tongue?
a) Pre-occipital
b) Occipital
c) Cervical
d) Otic
v. The following are intracerebellar nuclei except
a) Globosus
b) Trapezoid
c) Fastigii
d) Dentatus
Question numbers (vi-x) are case scenario-based questions.
A 48-year-old female court stenographer is admitted to the orthopaedic clinic with symptoms of
carpal tunnel syndrome, with which she has suffered for almost a year.
vi. Which muscles most typically become weakened in this condition?
a) Dorsal interossei
b) Lumbricals III & IV
c) Thenar
d) Palmar interossei
vii. Which is the nerve likely to be compressed here?
a) Median
b) Ulnar
c) Radial
d) Musculocutaneous
viii. What is the sensory loss in this patient?
a) Over the anatomical snuff box
b) Over the lateral 3 1⁄2 digits
c) Over medial 1 1⁄2 digits
d) Over the lateral part of palm
ix. The bones taking part in carpal tunnel are all except
 a) Scaphoid
b) Lunate
c) Triquetral
d) First metacarpal
x. The clinical effects in carpal tunnel syndrome are all except
a) Paralysis of thenar muscles
b) Paralysis of 3rd & 4th lumbricals
c) Weakness in flexing and abducting thumb
d) Vasomotor changes in lateral 3 1⁄2 fingers
Question numbers (xi-xv) consists of two statements-Assertion (A) and reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate options given below.
xi. (A) In the surgical exposure of Radial nerve in spiral groove of humerus, lateral head of
triceps brachii need to be divided.
(R) Lateral head of triceps brachii originates from posterior surface of humeru above
spiral groove and overlaps radial nerve.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A

b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c) A is correct but R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect but R is correct

xii. (A)Median cubital vein is chosen for venepuncture

(R) Median cubital vein shunts blood from cephalic vein to basilic vein.

a)Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A

b)Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d)A is incorrect but R is correct

xiii. (A) The circumvallate papillae is innervated by Chorda tympani nerve

(R)The circumvallate papillae develops from cranial part of hypobranchial eminence
derived from 3rd pharyngeal arch.

a)Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A

b)Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d)A is incorrect but R is correct

xiv. (A) A stab injury at supraclavicular fossa may result in venous air embolism.
(R) External jugular vein at 2.5cm above clavicle is tightly adherent to deep cervical
fascia and is unable to retract upon injury.

a)Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A

b)Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d)A is incorrect but R is correct

xv. (A) Choroid plexus is responsible for production of cerebrospinal fluid.

(R) Tela choroidea refers to pial element of choroid plexus.

a)Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A

b)Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d)A is incorrect but R is correct
 Question numbers (xvi –xx) are multiple response type questions. Read the statements &
mark the answers appropriately.
xvi. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about allantois?
i. it is represented by median umbilical ligament in adults.
ii. it is involved in the development of urinary bladder.
iii. it involutes to form urachus before birth.
iv. its persistence can result in occurrence of Meckel’s diverticulum.
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i,,ii, iv
d) ii,iii
xvii. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about osteocytes?
i. they represent osteoblasts trapped in lacunae due to matrix around.
ii. They are located within lacunae and their processes lie in canaliculi
iii. They are the precursors of osteoblasts
iv. Their processes do not communicate with that of other osteocytes.
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) ii, iii
d) i, ii
xviii. Which of the following statement/s is /are examples of denoted epiphyses?
i. Pressure epiphysis: lower end of fibula
ii. Aberrant epiphysis: upper end of humerus
iii. Traction epiphysis: olecranon process of ulna
iv. Atavistic epiphysis: coracoid process of scapula
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i, ii, iv
d) ii, iii
xix. Which of the following artery/arteries supply Medulla Oblungata?
i. Superior cerebellar
ii. Anterior spinal
iii. Posterior spinal
iv. Labyrinthine artery
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) ii, iii
d) i, ii
xx. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about Trochlear nerve?
i. It is the only cranial nerve emerging from dorsal aspect of brainstem
ii. It is having longest intracranial course
iii. Its nucleus lie in superior colliculus of the midbrain
iv. It innervates inner ear
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i,,ii, iv
d) i, ii

Long Essays: (2x10=20)

2. A 34-year-old woman came to the hospital with a nodular swelling in the midline of the neck.
The swelling moved with swallowing. On examination, it was found that she had slight
tremors on outstretched hands, her pulse rate was 100 per minute and there was slight
bulging of the eyes. Blood levels of T3 and T4 were high and TSH level was low. With your
knowledge in anatomy, answer the following:
a) Name the structure that is responsible for midline swelling in the neck.
 b) Give anatomical reason for the movement of swelling with swallowing.
c) Describe parts and relations of the structure with a diagram.
d) Describe the clinical importance of the capsules of the structure.
e) Write briefly on the development of the structure. (1+2+3+2+2=10)

3. Describe radial nerve under the headings: origin, course, branches, clinical effect of its injury
at various levels. (1+3+2+4=10)

Short Essays: (6 X 6 =36)

4. Describe parts, relations & fibres within Internal capsule. (1+1+4=6)
5. Describe stratified epithelium with site of occurrence of each type. (2+2+2=6)
6. Describe the formation and anomalies of placenta. (4+2=6)
7. Explain karyotyping and its clinical applications. (4+2=6)
8. Describe the extent & lymphatic drainage of mammary gland. (2+4=6)
9. Describe the location, relations & clinical importance of cavernous sinus. (1+3+2=6)

Short Notes: (6 X 4 =24)

10. Distinguish the microscopic features of hyaline & elastic cartilage.
11. Describe Circle of Willis.
12. Describe first pharyngeal arch.
13. Describe the anatomical basis of Frey’s Syndrome.
14. Construct a detailed plan of action to emphasise respecting cadavers and derive a protocol
for handling biological tissues
15. Draw a neat labelled diagram of sagittal section through the Shoulder joint.

********************
 Model Question Paper
QP code:xxxxx RegNo.....................
First professional MBBS degree R/S Examinations 2024
Human Anatomy- Paper II
Thorax, Abdomen & Pelvis, Lower Limb with Concerned Embryology & Histology
(2019 Scheme)

Time: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 100

1. Multiple Choice Questions (1x20=20)

Question numbers (i-v) are single response type questions.

i. Locking of knee is produced by

a) Quadriceps Femoris
b) Popliteus
c) Biceps Femoris
d) Semimembranosus
ii. During a pleural tap, the needle pierces the following structures except
a) External intercostal muscle
b) Internal intercostal muscle
c) Innermost intercostal muscle
d) Pulmonary pleura
iii. Which of the following is considered equivalent to vagina in males?
a) Seminal colliculus
b) Urethral crest
c) Prostatic utricle
d) Prostatic sinus
iv. The largest of the spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules of testis is
a) Spermatogonium
b) Primary spermatocyte
c) Secondary spermatocyte
d) Spermatid
v. In which year the Anatomy act of India was enacted?
a) 1899
b) 1900
c) 1948
d) 1977
Question numbers (vi-x) are case scenario-based questions.
A 58-year-old woman complained of dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) for the duration of
one month. Barium swallow and esophagoscopy were performed. A biopsy taken from the
lesion in the lower-third of oesophagus confirmed the diagnosis of malignancy.

vi. The vertebral extent of oesophagus is

a) C5-T11
b) C6-T11
c) C4-T10
d) C3-T10
vii. All are the structures producing constrictions of oesophagus except
a) cricopharyngeus muscle
b) left bronchus
c) left pulmonary artery
d) arch of aorta
viii. The artery supplying abdominal part of oesophagus is
 a) Inferior phrenic
b) Left gastric
c) Left gastroepiploic
d) right gastric
ix. The oesophagus develops from
a) hindgut
b) midgut
c) foregut
d) allantois
x. The histological feature differentiating lower 1/3 of oesophagus from rest of it is
a) mucous glands are seen in submucosa
b) lining epithelium of lower 1/3 is simple columnar and that of rest of the wall is non-
keratinised stratified squamous
c) muscularis externa consists of smooth muscles only in lower 1/3 whereas skeletal
muscle is seen in rest of the wall
d) serous glands are seen in upper part of oesophagus
Question numbers (xi-xv) consists of two statements - Assertion (A) and reason (R).
Answer these questions by selecting the appropriate options given below.
xi. A. The Ischial head of adductor magnus is grouped under hamstrings
R: Adductor magnus is inserted to adductor tubercle & tibial collateral ligament of knee
joint is its degenerated tendon.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect but R is correct

xii. A. Rib cage is formed by sternum, ribs & thoracic vertebra

R: Bones of the limbs along with girdle constitute appendicular skeleton
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect but R is correct

xiii. A. Menisci are devoid of blood supply

R: Menisci are made up of fibrocartilage
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect but R is correct

xiv. A. Oesophagus is likely to be compressed in left atrial hypertrophy

R: Oesophagus lies posterior to left atrium
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect but R is correct

xv. A. The spread of cancer between Prostate & rectum is rare

R: Denonviller’s fascia separates prostate from rectum
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
c)A is correct but R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect but R is correct
 Question numbers (xvi –xx) are multiple response type questions. Read the statements &
mark the answers appropriately.

xvi. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about Left phrenic nerve?
I. arise from ventral rami of C2, C3, C4
ii. descends between mediastinal pleura and fibrous pericardium
iii. passes through vena caval opening of diaphragm
iv. provides motor supply to diaphragm and carries sensation from central part of
diaphragm
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i, ii, iv
d) ii, iii
xvii. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about inferior vena cava?
i. Passes through diaphragm at 8th thoracic vertebra
ii. Left suprarenal vein directly drains into it
iii. It forms posterior boundary of epiploic foramen
iv. It lies anterior to right renal artery
a) i,ii,iii
b) i,iii,iv
c) i,ii,iv
d) ii,iii
xviii. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about Vas deferens?
i. terminal part is dilated to form ampulla
ii. it hooks around inferior epigastric artery at deep inguinal ring
iii. related to posterior wall of urinary bladder
iv. it crosses ureter in the region of sacral promontory
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i, ii, iv
d) ii, iii
xix. Which of the following statement/s is /are true about effects of tibial nerve injury?
I. paralysis of extensor digitorum longus and brevis
ii. Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint
iii. sensory loss in posterior calf region
iv. sensory loss along medial border of foot
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i, ii, iv
d) ii, iii

xx. The structure/s injured while resecting the free edge of lesser omentum is / are?
i. Hepatic artery
ii. portal vein
iii. Hepatic vein
iv. common bile duct
a) i, ii, iii
b) i, iii, iv
c) i, ii, iv
d) ii, iii

Long Essays (2x10=20)

2. A 30-year-old man was brought to the casualty with a bleeding stab wound in left loin.
There was marked swelling in the left renal angle. Plain X-ray of abdomen revealed fracture
 of left 11th and 12th ribs. Urine specimen showed frank blood. With your knowledge in
anatomy, answer the following:
a. Which organ is injured detailing anatomical basis for its involvement.
b. Describe the coverings of the organ.
c. Describe the anterior relations of the organ.
d. Describe the development of the organ. (2+3+3+2=10)

3. Describe hip joint under following headings: articular surfaces, ligaments, relations &
movements. (1+2+3+=10)

Short Essay (6x6= 36)

4. Describe the origin, course & branches of right coronary artery. (1+2+3=6)
5. Describe the rotation of midgut & developmental anomalies. (4+2=6)
6. Describe the microscopic features of different phases of uterus. (3+3=6)
7. Describe the formation, course, termination & clinical importance of great saphenous vein
(1+2+1+2=6)
8. Describe the bronchopulmonary segments & its clinical significance. (4+2=6)
9. Describe the Lymphatic drainage & blood supply of stomach. (3+3=6)

Short Answer (4x6=24)

10. Distinguish Direct & indirect inguinal hernia
11. Describe the anatomical basis of vomiting of blood (haematemesis) in portal hypertension
12. Describe features in the interior of anal canal.
13. Describe the boundaries & contents of popliteal fossa
14. Reflect on the statement “Cadaver as our first teacher”
15. Draw a neat labelled diagram of Mediastinal surface of right lung

******************
 Model Question Paper
QP code: xxxxxx RegNo.....................
First professional MBBS degree R/S Examinations 2024
Physiology -paper-I
(2019 Scheme)
Time: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 100
1. Multiple Choice Questions (1x20=20)

Question numbers (i-v) are case scenario-based questions.

A chronic smoker with long –standing bronchial asthma has difficulty in breathing. He was
advised to stop smoking and perform pulmonary function tests for further assessment and
treatment. Answer the following questions based on this clinical scenario.
i. He wishes to know which pulmonary function test would be most reproducible and
reliable to assess the severity of the disorder.
a) FEV1
b) FEV2
c) FRC
d) VC

ii. Which of the following is true regarding this patient

a) Surfactant levels are decreased
b) Work of breathing is reduced
c) Lung compliance decreases
d) Airway resistance is reduced

iii. Name the type of respiratory disorder seen here

a) Restrictive lung disorder
b) Histotoxic hypoxia
c) Sleep apnea syndrome
d) Obstructive lung disorder

iv. The type of breathing pattern seen here is

a) Slow, deep breathing
b) Kussmaul’s breathing
c) Cheyne- Stokes breathing
d) Rapid, shallow breathing
v. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient
a) Diuretics
b) Bronchodilators
c) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
d) Arterio-venous shunts
For Questions (vi-x), there are 2 statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Mark your answer as per the options provided.

vi. (A)- Coronary blood flow is more during systole

(R)- Coronary arteries undergo extramural compression
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A
b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

vii. (A)- Apnoea is seen during deglutition

 (R)- Swallowing centre inhibits respiratory centre during deglutition

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

viii. (A)- von Willebrand factor deficiency causes clotting time prolongation
(R)- von Willebrand factor helps in platelet adhesion.

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

ix. (A)-Hypercapnia stimulates central chemoreceptors

(R)-Stimulation of potassium channels cause chemoreceptor stimulation

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

x. (A)- Flare reaction is a feature of Axon reflex

(R)- Arteriolar dilatation is due to orthodromic conduction

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

Question numbers (xi –xv) are multiple response type questions. Read the statements &
mark the answers appropriately.

xi. If a drug that blocks sodium reabsorption is taken, it will cause-

1. Decrease in water reabsorption 2. Decrease in amino acid reabsorption
3. Increase in glucose reabsorption 4. Decrease in chloride reabsorption
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4

xii. Heterometric regulation of cardiac output is determined by

1. Respiratory rate 2. Heart rate
3. Blood volume 4. Stroke volume
a) 1, 2 and3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4

xiii. Pitting oedema can be caused by-

1. Hepatic dysfunction 2. Hypothyroidism
 3. Hypertension 4. Congestive cardiac failure
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4

xiv. With respect to ABO blood group system, following are true-
1. Follows autosomal dominant inheritance
2. Found in saliva
3. Antibodies to A and B antigens are complete antibodies
4. Attached to plasma proteins
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4

xv. Features of WPW syndrome include:

1. Elevated ST interval 2. Shortened PR interval
3. Delta wave 4. Widening of QRS complex
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4
Question numbers (xvi-xx) are single response type questions.

xvi. Normal Serum albumin level is

a) 3-5g%
b) 5-10g%
c) 4-6g%
d) 7-9 g%

xvii. Oxygenation of Haemoglobin lowers its affinity for CO2. This is called-
a) Bainbridge effect
b) Haldane effect
c) Bohr effect
d) Herring- Breur effect

xviii. Which of the following has the highest pH-

a) Small intestinal juice
b) Gastric juice
c) Hepatic bile
d) Pancreatic juice

xix. As part of cardiac adjustments in exercise, the blood vessels of skeletal muscles show
a) Sympathetic vasoconstriction
b) Sympathetic vasodilatation
c) Parasympathetic vasoconstriction
d) Parasympathetic vasodilatation

xx. Tachycardia in hypertension is stimulated by-

a) Increase in vagal tone
b) Beta-1 adrenergic receptors
c) Sino-aortic reflex
d) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Long Essays (2x10=20 Marks)

2. A 45-year-old business man was brought to the emergency medicine department after a
road traffic accident. He had a broken femur and deep wound on the legs, was disoriented
and irritable. On examination, his BP was 70/40mm Hg, respiratory rate was 24/minute and
pulse rate was 150 beats /minute. His ECG did not show any abnormalities
a. What is the most probable diagnosis?
b. Describe the physiological basis of the features mentioned above.
c. Add a note on baroreceptor reflex. (1+4+5)
3. Explain the enteric nervous system and its components. Add a note on the movements of
large intestine. Write briefly on the skills needed to convey the clinical condition of
Hirschsprung’s disease in a child to the family. (2+3+5)

Short Essay (6x6= 36)

4. Explain the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
5. Give the differentiating features between different types of hypoxia.
6. Describe the body’s mechanisms of response to cold.
7. Counter current multiplier system.
8. Describe the factors affecting erythropoiesis.
9. Describe glucose reabsorption. Add a note on TMG.
Short Answer (4x6=24)
10. Give the physiological basis of bleeding in obstructive jaundice.
11. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the oxygen dissociation curve.
12. Give the physiological basis of myocardial infarction on rapid ascent from deep sea.
13. Describe with a neat labelled diagram the juxta glomerular apparatus.
14. Give the physiological basis of antibiotic treatment in peptic ulcer.
15. Explain the aortic pressure changes with a neat labelled diagram.

************************************
 Model Question Paper
QP code:xxxxx RegNo.....................
First professional MBBS degree R/S Examinations 2024
Physiology- paper-II
(2019 Scheme)
Time: 3 Hrs Max. Marks: 100
1. Multiple Choice Questions (1x20=20)

Question numbers (i-v) are case scenario-based questions.

A 35-year-old woman came to OPD with complaints of double vision, difficulty in chewing,
swallowing and talking as well as weakness affecting mainly her upper limbs that become
worse towards evening. After her blood test results and a physical exam, she was diagnosed
with Myasthenia Gravis and neostigmine was prescribed.
i. True about Myasthenia Gravis
a) Autosomal dominant
b) Antibodies are formed against muscarinic Ach receptor
c) Tolerance of acquired immune system to one’s tissue is depressed
d) Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles
ii. Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Myasthenia Gravis?
a) Fatigue
b) Resting tremor
c) Drooping of eyelids
d) Diplopia
iii. End plate potential
a) Obeys All or none law
b) Hyperpolarizing potential
c) Can be Propagated
d) Can be Summated
iv. Neostigmine helps to improve the symptoms associated with myasthenia gravis by
a) Activating acetyl choline
b) Increasing the destruction of acetyl choline
c) Activating choline esterase
d) Inhibiting acetylcholine esterase
v. Curare
a) Inhibits release of acetylcholine from presynaptic membrane
b) Compete with acetylcholine for the same receptors on post synaptic membrane
c) Cause persistent depolarization
d) Inhibit choline esterase
For Questions (vi-x), there are 2 statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Mark your answer as per the options provided

vi. (A): Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhoea
(R): Glucose stimulates sodium and fluid reabsorption from intestine

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

vii. (A): Chronaxie is an index of the excitability of a tissue

(R) : Chronaxie is the minimum strength of current which when applied for an adequate
time produce a response.
 a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A
b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

viii. (A): Classical contraceptive pill prevents fertility without inhibiting ovulation
(R) : Classical contraceptive pill contains orally active progesterone and small amounts
of estrogen.

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

ix. (A): Spinal shock refers to the acute loss of motor, sensory, and reflex functions below
the level of spinal cord transection
(R) : Neurogenic shock results in loss of sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels and
unopposed vagal activity.

a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A

b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

x. (A): Cushing syndrome can cause hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance

and dyslipidemia
(R) : Aldosterone causes salt and water retention increasing blood volume and
therefore blood pressure.
a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A
b) Both A& R are correct but R is not reason for A
c) A is correct R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect R is correct

Question numbers (xi –xv) are multiple response type questions. Read the statements &
mark the answers appropriately.

xi. Correct statements regarding stretch reflex

1) Monosynaptic reflex
2) Receptor is extrafusal fibre
3) Control body posture
4) Highly developed in antigravity muscles
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4
xii. Olfactory receptors are
1) Chemoreceptors
2) G protein coupled receptors
3) Slowly adapting receptors
4) in direct contact with external environment
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4
 xiii. Somatostatin is produced in
1) Stomach
2) Pancreatic islets
3) Thalamus
4) Hypothalamus
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4
xiv. Human chorionic gonadotropin
1) Produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta
2) Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
3) Not absolutely specific for pregnancy
4) Maximum production during third trimester of pregnancy
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4
xv. Secretion of oxytocin is increased by
1) Milk ejection
2) Prolactin
3) Dilation of cervix
4) Suckling
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4
Question numbers (xvi-xx) are single response type questions.
xvi. EEG rhythm having lowest frequency
a) Alpha
b) Beta
c) Delta
d) Theta
xvii. All the following statements are true EXCEPT
a) Spermatogonia and Leydig cells are present in seminiferous tubules
b) Sertoli cell provide nutrition to germ cell
c) Leydig cell secrete androgens
d) Small blood vessels are present along Leydig cells
xviii. Examination of a patient with cerebellar lesion revealed slurred speech, dysmetria on left
side with finger-to-nose testing. His gait was normal. The site of lesion will be
a) Cerebellar vermis
b) Flocculonodular lobe
c) Left cerebellar hemisphere
d) Right fastigial nucleus
xix. Somatomedin mediates
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipolysis
c) Gluconeogenesis
d) Decreased glucose uptake by cells
xx. Neurotransmitter involved in presynaptic inhibition
a) Dopamine
b) Glutamate
c) Glycine
d) GABA
Long Essays (2x10=20 Marks)

2. A 45-year-old female came to OP with complaints of progressive weight gain in 1 year,

fatigue, deepening of her voice, somnolence, dry skin, constipation and cold intolerance. O/E
Temperature is 96.40F, Pulse 58/mt, BP 110/86 mm Hg. She had puffy face with pale, cool,
dry and thick skin. Deep tendon reflexes are delayed.
a) What is your probable diagnosis?
b) Explain the physiological basis of the symptoms and physical findings that made
you consider that diagnosis.
c) List the lab data that will support the diagnosis. (1 + 7 + 2 )
3. Draw and label corticospinal tract showing its origin, course and termination. List the
differences between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesion. (5 + 5 )

Short Essay (6x6= 36)

4. With the help of a flow chart, explain the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction.
5. Describe passive transport mechanisms across cell membrane.
6. Describe the functions of middle ear.
7. Explain the ovarian changes during menstrual cycle giving its hormonal basis.
8. List 8 functions of hypothalamus and explain any one function.
9. Differentiate the actions of parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D in calcium metabolism.
Short Answer (4x6=24)
10. Draw and label nerve action potential giving its ionic basis.
11. Physiological basis of lactational amenorrhea.
12. Draw and label light reflex pathway.
13. Physiological basis of main symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
14. Explain positive and negative feedback regulation giving suitable examples.
15. Enumerate and describe professional qualities and roles of a physician.

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 Page 1 of 4

Model Question Paper-2019 scheme

QP code:XXXXXX Reg No:………………………
First professional M.B.B.S degree R /S Examinations 2024
Biochemistry- Paper I
Time: 3hrs Max. marks: 10

1. Multiple Choice Questions (1x20=20marks)

Question numbers (i-v) are single response type questions.

(i) The product of oxidation of odd chain fatty acids is

a) Aceto Acetyl CoA
b) Malonyl CoA
c) Propionyl CoA
d) Fumaryl CoA
(ii) Pulses are deficient in
a) Lysine
b) Threonine
c) Methionine
d) Tryptophan
(iii) Main lipid component of lung surfactant is
a) Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline
b) Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl serine
c) Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
d) Phosphatidyl inositol
(iv) The enzyme which act on the specified peptide bond
Gly Ala Val Ile Lys Phe Trp Ser His leu- Arg Tyr Gly coo-
a) Trypsin
b) Pepsin
c) Elastase
d) Chymotrypsin
(v) Aldolase belongs to the following enzyme class
a) Class 2
b) Class 3
c) Class 4
d) Class 5
Question numbers (vi –x) are multiple response type questions. Read the statements &
mark the answers appropriately.

(vi) Regarding creatine kinase (CK) as a marker for myocardial infarction (MI) choose the correct
statements
1) Level starts to rise within 3-6 hours of MI
2) Level peaks by 3-72 hours
3) Remains elevated for 7-10 days post MI
4) Normal level of CK MB is less than 5% of total CK
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 2,3 and 4
c) 3&4
d) 1,2 &4
 Page 2 of 4

(vii) The false statements about beta-oxidation of palmitic acid are

1) Activation of fatty acid is the rate-limiting enzyme
2) Carnitine acyl transferase I is inhibited by malonyl Co A
3) Net energy yield is 108 ATP
4) Ketotic hypoglycemia is a feature of Long chain fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
a) 1&2
b) 2&3
c) 3&4
d) 1,3&4
(viii) True about RBC metabolism
1) RBCs depend solely on Glycolysis for energy
2) End product of glycolysis in RBC is acetyl Co A
3) GLUT 3 is the glucose transporter
4) 30% of glucose is utilized for HMP shunt pathway
a) 1,2 &3
b) 2,3&4
c) 1,3&4
d) 1,2&4
(ix) Choose the correct statement about protein complexes of Electron transport chain
1) Arranged in the order of decreasing redox potential
2) Located in the soluble matrix of mitochondria
3) Connected by two mobile carriers Coenzyme Q and Cytochrome oxidase
4) Barbiturates inhibit Complex I
a) 1,2 &3
b) 2,3&4
c) 1,3&4
d) 3&4
(x) In iron deficiency anemia
1) Serum ferritin level is decreased
2) Transferrin level is increased
3) Soluble transferrin receptor level is decreased
4) TIBC is decreased
a) 1,2 &3
b) 2,3&4
c) 1,3&4
d) 1,2&4
Question numbers (xi-xv) consists of two statements - Assertion (A) and reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate options given below.

(xi) Assertion (A): Antituberculosis treatment with isonicotinic acid Hydrazide(INH) causes vitamin B6
deficiency
Reason (R) : INH inhibit absorption of pyridoxine

a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A

b) A correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
d) Both A and R are incorrect
(xii) Assertion (A): Vitamin B12 deficiency causes folate deficiency
Reason (R). Conversion of methyl THFA to THFA require vitamin B12
a) Both A and R are correct, R is the reason for A
b) A Correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
 Page 3 of 4

d) Both A and R incorrect

(xiii)Assertion (A) Blood sample for glucose estimation is collected in Fluoride tubes
Reason(R). Fluoride inhibit aldolase
a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
d) Both A and R incorrect
(xiv) Assertion (A). Muscle will release glucose to blood during fasting (R). Muscle lacks glycogen
synthase enzyme
a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
d) Both A and R incorrect
(xv) Assertion (A) Alpha helix is generally right handed. Reason (R) Amino acids present in proteins are
of L variety
a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A incorrect R Correct
c) Both A and R incorrect
d) Both A and R are correct, R is the reason for A

Question numbers (xvi-xx) are case scenario-based questions.

A 42-year-old man working as CEO of a corporate company came for a routine health checkup his
fasting lipid profile levels are as follows. Total Cholesterol -380 mg/dl, Triglycerides-150mg/dl, HDL C-
45mg/dl. His father died at the age of 52 due to myocardial infarction and his elder brother also had
undergone angioplasty for Ischemic heart disease. His physical examination is remarkable for
bilateral Achilles tendon thickening/xanthomas and a right carotid bruit

(xvi) The most likely molecular defect in the above case

a) Apo CII deficiency
b) Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
c) LDL receptor defect
d) Apo E defect
(xvii) What is the LDL-C level in this patient calculated by friedewald’s formula
a) 185 mg/dl
b) 335mg/dl
c) 305 mg/dl
d) 230mg/dl
(xviii) Recommended LDL-C level for this patient is
a) < 100mg/dl
b) <130mg/dl
c) < 150mg/dl
d) < 200mg/dl
(xix) You decide to treat a patient who has very high levels of serum cholesterol with the statin
drug atorvastatin. Statins are competitive inhibitors of
a) HMG CoA synthase.
b) HMG CoA lyase.
c) HMG CoA reductase.
d) HMG CoA oxidase
(xx) The recommended dietary modifications for this patient will include all the following
EXCEPT
 Page 4 of 4

a) Reduced intake of saturated fat

b) Increased consumption of simple carbohydrates
c) Increased consumption of dietary fibre
d) Reduced intake of dietary cholesterol

Long Essays (2x10=20marks)

2. 2-week-old
2 weeks infant was presented with refusal to feed, vomiting and recurrent episodes of
convulsions. The baby was lethargic and the laboratory investigations revealed high levels of
ammonia and glutamine, low urea level in blood and high levels of glutamine and orotic acid in
urine
1) Identify the enzyme defect (1 mark)
2) Describe the sources of ammonia formation and various mechanisms for the detoxification
and disposal of ammonia (3+6 =9 marks)
3. Delineate the pathway of synthesis of glucose from lactate. Explain the mechanisms of
regulation of the pathway. Calculate the energy requirement for the synthesis of a
molecule of glucose (5+3+2=10 marks)
Short Essays (6x6=36 marks)
4. A 36-year-old male came with high grade fever and chills. He gave history of travelling to
northeast states of India. He was diagnosed with malaria. He was prescribed with anti-malarial
drugs. Next day he reported with passing of high colored urine. On further investigation the
person is found to have low G6PD levels which resulted in drug induced hemolysis
1) Explain the mechanism of drug induced hemolysis in G6PD deficiency (3marks)
2) Discuss the physiological significance of HMP shunt pathway (3 marks)

5. Differentiate between kwashiorkor and marasmus

6. Substantiate LDL is proatherogenic and HDL is antiatherogenic
7. Explain the biochemical basis of clinical and laboratory findings in Von Gierk’s disease
8. Summarise the functions of prostaglandins and validate their therapeutic applications
9. Compare and contrast competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition

Short answers (6x4=24 marks)

10. Describe the tertiary structure of protein with suitable example
11. Causes of Steatorrhea
12. Describe the compounds synthesized from Glycine
13. Give reason-
a) Mousy odour of sweat and urine in phenyl ketonuria
b) Niacin deficiency is common in population with maize as staple diet
14. Describe the Biochemical basis of –
a) Bleeding manifestations in scurvy
b) Congenital cataract in galactosemia
15. As a primary care physician what are the dietary advises you will give to a newly diagnosed Type 2
diabetic patient
***************
 Page 1 of 4

Model Question Paper-2019 scheme

QP code:XXXXXX Reg No:………………………
First professional M.B.B.S degree R/S Examinations 2024
Biochemistry -Paper II
Time: 3hrs Max. marks: 100

1. Multiple Choice Questions (1x20=20marks)

Question numbers (i-v) are single response type questions.

(i) Which is a Nucleotide

a) Nitrogenous base + Sugar
b) Nitrogenous base + Phosphate.
c) Nitrogenous base + Phosphate+ Sugar
d) Nucleoside + sugar
(ii) Amino acid involved in both purine and pyrimidine synthase
a) Glycine
b) Glutamine
c) Aspartic acid
d) Glutamic acid
(iii) Predominant Immunoglobulin of primary response is
a) Ig A
b) Ig D
c) Ig G
d) Ig M
(iv) Hemolysed samples give falsely high value for all EXCEPT
a) Potassium
b) Magnesium
c) LDH
d) Bilirubin
(v) Best suited anticoagulant for biochemical estimations is
a) Heparin
b) EDTA
c) Citrate
d) Oxalate
Question numbers (vi –x) are multiple response type questions. Read the statements &
mark the answers appropriately.

(vi) Regarding Bence- Jones protein in multiple myeloma choose the correct statements
1) Monoclonal light chains excreted through urine
2) Formed due to synchronous production of L & H chain
3) Precipitate between 45-60 degree C
4) Seen in 80% patients with multiple myeloma
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 2,3 and 4
c) 3&4
d) 1 ,3 & 4
(vii) Factors affecting Electrophoresis are
1) Net charge of the particle
 Page 2 of 4

2) Mass and size

3) Temperature
4)pH of the medium
a) 1&2,
b) 2&3
c) 1,3&4
d) 1 &4
(viii) Select the incorrect pair
1)Ataxia telangiectasia – Double strand break repair
2) Xeroderma pigmentosa - Nucleotide excision repair
3) Cockayne syndrome - Mismatch repair
4)Lynch syndrome-Base Excision repair
a) 1,2 &3
b) 2,3&4
c) 1,3&4
d) 1,2&4
(ix) Choose the correct statement about DNA polymerases (DNAP) of eukaryotes
1)DNAP alpha has the primase activity
2) DNAP Delta is responsible for lagging strand synthesis
3) DNAP Beta synthesize the leading strand
4)DNAP epsilon involved in DNA repair
a) 1,2 &3
b) 2,3&4
c) 1,3&4
d) 1,2&4
(x) Choose the correct statement about thyroid function test
1)TSH is decreased and T3 and T4 decreased in secondary hypothyroidism
2) TSH increased and T3 and T4 increased in secondary hyperthyroidism
3) TSH decreased and T3 and T4 increased in primary hyperthyroidism
4)TSH increased and T3 and T4 decreased in primary hypothyroidism
a) 1,2 &3
b) 2,3&4
c) 1 &4
d) 1,2,3, &4
Question numbers (xi-xv) consists of two statements - Assertion (A) and reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate options given below.

(xi) Assertion (A): In sickle cell anemia, sickling of RBCs occur due to polymerization of hemoglobin
molecules in the oxygenated state
Reason (R): In HbS glutamic acid in the 6th position of beta chain of HbA is replaced by valine

a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A

b) A incorrect R Correct
c) Both A and R are incorrect
d) Both A and R are correct, R is the reason for A
(xii) Assertion (A): Ammonia excretion is decreased in acidosis
Reason (R). Glutaminase is suppressed by acidosis
a) Both A and B are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A Correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
d) Both A and R incorrect
(xiii) Assertion (A) Hyperventilation causes tingling and paresthesia
 Page 3 of 4

Reason (R). Hyperventilation causes alkalosis which favors binding of calcium with protein
a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A incorrect R Correct
c) Both A and R incorrect
d) Both A and R are correct, R is the reason for A

(xiv) Assertion (A). Lead poisoning causes anemia

Reason (R). Lead inhibit PBG deaminase
a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
d) Both A and R are correct, R is the reason for A
(xv) Assertion (A): Alcohol precipitate gouty attack
Reason(R): Alcohol causes lactic acid accumulation
a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the reason for A
b) A correct R incorrect
c) A incorrect R Correct
d) Both A and R are correct, R is the reason for A

Question numbers (xvi-xx) are case scenario-based questions.

A 19-year-old female was admitted to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain.
Finding on abdominal examination is nonspecific. Ultra sound examination of abdomen was
normal. Laboratory tests revealed normal blood counts, but elevated serum and urine ALA and
porphobilinogen levels

(xvi) The most likely enzyme defect in the above case

a) UPG -1 synthase
b) UPG III Co synthase
c) UPG decarboxylase
d) CPG III oxidase
(xvii) Test to detect the presence of PBG in urine
a) Silver nitroprusside test
b) Cyanide nitroprusside test
c) DNPH test
d) Watson-Schwartz test
(xviii) Following clinical manifestation is NOT observed in the above condition
a) Peripheral neuropathy
b) Psychiatric symptoms
c) Photosensitivity
d) Clear urine when freshly voided
(xix) All are precipitating factors for the above condition EXCEPT
a) Barbiturate
b) High carbohydrate diet
c) Alcohol
d) Steroid hormones
(xx) The specific treatment for this condition to give intravenous heme infusion to suppress
the activity of the following enzyme
a) ALA synthase
b) ALA dehydratase
c) PBG deaminase
d) UPG co synthase
 Page 4 of 4

Long Essays (2x10=20marks)

2. A 45-year-old overweight female reported abdominal pain, loss of appetite, tiredness, nausea,
passage of clay-coloured stool, dark yellow urine and intolerance to fatty food. On examination,
she has tenderness in the right hypochondrium, liver enlargement and yellowish discolouration
of skin and sclera. Lab reports reveal the following: Serum bilirubin- Total 12 mg/dl, Indirect -3
mg/dl, Serum ALT- 90 U/L Serum AST-106 U/L Serum Alkaline phosphatase -680U/L
a) What is the type of jaundice? Substantiate with relevant clinical and laboratory findings
(2 marks)
b) Differentiate different types of jaundice based on the laboratory investigations (4 marks)
c) Briefly describe the formation and excretion of bilirubin (4 marks)

3. Compare the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Add a note on post
transcriptional modification (6+4=10 marks)
Short Essays (6x6=36 marks)
4. A 38-year-old male reported with excruciating pain and swelling of first metatarsal joint. He gave
history of attending a party in the previous night where he had taken pretty large quantity of
alcoholic drinks. On examination his uric acid levels were elevated. He was diagnosed with gout
a) Explain the biochemical basis of why alcohol precipitate a gouty attack
b) Discuss the other causes of gout and biochemical basis management of gout
5. Descibe the types of mutation with suitable examples
6. Describe the principles and applications of PCR
7. Explain the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis with examples
8. Analyze the structure –function relation of collagen
9. Explain the role of kidney in the regulation of acid base balance in health and disease

Short answers (6x4=24 marks)

10. List any four reactions generating reactive oxygen species
11. Orotic aciduria
12. Write four examples of phase 2 detoxification reactions
13. Give reason-
a. Hyperventilation in metabolic acidosis
b. Blood sample for cortisol estimation should be collected before 8AM
14. Biochemical basis of
a. Phototherapy in neonatal jaundice
b. Methotrexate resistance in cancer therapy

15. You are working as an intern in the paediatric department. One of your patients is a 4-year-old
child admitted with nephrotic syndrome, need 24-hour urine protein estimation. Prepare the
instructions to be given to the mother of this patient

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