SYLLABUS, ToS & OSPE

M.B.B.S.

FIRST PROFESSIONAL

PART-I

ANATOMY INCLUDING
HISTOLOGY

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 “GROSS ANATOMY”
The study of gross anatomy must lay emphasis on applied anatomy as related to clinical medicine
and surgery. For teaching, actual dissection of cadaver, dissected specimens, models, and computer
aided programs shall be used. Normal images of different diagnosis techniques i.e. X-rays and CT
scans, MRI and Ultra-sonography shall also be introduced.

The time for dissection of the cadaver for each region is as under:

Upper Limb - 12 weeks

Lower Limb - 12 weeks
Thorax - 8 weeks

“GENERAL ANATOMY”

After the end of the course, the students are able to:
1. Explain anatomical terms and sectional planes of the body.
2. Skeletal System:

1. Classify the skeleton system (appendicular and axial).

2. Classify bones on the basis of shape, size, evolution, structure, development, region
and miscellaneous
3. Describe general features of bones of human body
4. Explain the functions of bones
5. Discuss the general concepts of ossification and growth of bones.
6. Describe the blood supply of bones
7. Comprehend clinical correlates of skeletal system (fractures, rickets, osteoporosis,
osteomalacia, sternal puncture, avascular necrosis, radiological appearance of bone,
cartilage and fractures)

3. Joints:
1. Explain the basis of classification of joints.
2. Discuss the characteristics, types and movement of synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous
joints.
3. Mention and describe the factors responsible for the stability of joints.
4. Explain general principles of blood and nerve supply of joints.
5. Understand, describe, and analyze different clinical scenario resulting into dislocation
of joints.

4. Muscles:
1. Describe different terms related to muscles.
2. Comprehend the basis of classification of muscles.
3. Describe general principles of blood and nerve supply of muscles.
4. Explain sprain, spasm, trophic degeneration and regeneration changes
5. Define and explain the mechanism of sprain and spasm.
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 6. Comprehend and explain the function of synovial structures related to muscles
(tendon sheaths, bursae)
7. Understand and describe different form of fibrous structures occurring in skeletal
muscles (aponeurosis, tendon, raphae)

5. Circulatory Systems:
1. Give the classification of circulatory systems (cardiovascular, lymphatic)

a) Cardiovascular System:
1. Understand and describe different types of cardiovascular circulation
(Systemic, Pulmonary and Portal)
2. Understand and explain the classification and structures of different types of
blood vessels.
3. Define, understand and classify anastomoses with examples and their clinical
correlates
b) Lymphatic System:

1. Define and describe components of lymphatic system (lymph nodes and lymph
vessels)
2. Comprehend the mechanism of production and circulation of lymph.
3. Describe the functions of lymphatic system and its role in spread of infection
and cancer

6. Nervous System:
1. Name different components of nervous tissue (neuron, ganglion, nuclei, nerve, tracts)
2. Define and classify different types of nervous system (Somatic and Autonomic)
3. Enumerate different parts of somatic nervous system, their morphology and functions
(central nervous system and peripheral nervous system).
4. Describe the formation and distribution of a typical spinal nerve.
5. Discuss the nerve plexus formation; define dermatomes and give their clinical
importance.
6. Enumerate and describe different parts of autonomic nervous system and their
functions (sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system).
7. Define and comprehend reflex, reflex arc and referred pain.
7. Skin and Fascia:
1. Name different types of skin and mention its components (dermis and epidermis).
2. Enumerate its appendages and give their function (hair, nail, arrector pili muscles,
sebaceous and sweat glands).
3. Comprehend and describe the structure and function of superficial and deep fasciae
including retinaculae and septae.
4. Describe the skin lines and their significance.
5. Give clinical significance of discolouration of skin (jaundice, cyanosis and anemia).

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8. Common Diagnostic Techniques used in the study of Human Body
1. Interpret normal radiographs of different regions of the body.
2. Identify displacement of the fracture segments of the bone.
3. Diagnose dislocation of the joints.
4. Understand and interpret ultra-sonographs of abdominal viscera.
5. Understand principle of CT scan and interpret the normal scans.
6. Comprehend MRI and interpret normal images of different diagnosis techniques i.e.
X-rays and CT scans, MRI and Ultra-sonography.
7. Take the Biopsy and prepare it for examination.

“Course objectives of Upper & Lower Extremities / Limbs”

After the end of the course, the students are able to:

1. Develop an expertise in prosection and identification of structures in a cadaver

2. Develop clear concepts of the topographic anatomy of the regions.
3. Understand muscle attachments, their actions, nerve supply and effect of paralysis
occurring in groups and important individual muscles
4. Develop clear concept of structure and mechanism of joints and the clinical
conditions involving them.
5. Understand bones of the appendicular skeleton, their general and special features
6. Recognize and describe the bones of the foot and hand individually, in articulation
and in skiagrams.
7. Develop clear concept about common fractures of the bones, displacement of their
fragments and, factors causing it.
8. Understand nerve plexuses of limbs, their normal variations and different clinical
conditions related to them.
9. Understand different kinds of injuries to the important nerves of the extremities,
the ways these injuries are produced, their effects and clinical tests to diagnose
the conditions.
10. Recognize important superficial veins and their clinical uses.
11. Understand the mechanism by which the blood is pumped from lower limb and
anatomical factors which predispose to development of varicose veins.
12. Understand anatomical relevance to important clinical conditions in the regions.
13. Understand the scheme of regional lymphatic drainage and vascular supply.
14. Interpret normal skiagrams, C.T. Scans, MRI and Ultrasound.

“Course objectives of Thorax”

On completion of the Gross Anatomy of Thorax the students are able to:
1. Develop an understanding of the topographic anatomy of the region and describe it.
2. Understand and describe the anatomy of the bony thorax and costo-vertebral and
other joints of thorax and the mechanism of respiration.
3. Understand and mark the important thoracic viscera and pleural reflections on the
surface of the body.
4. Understand the importance of percussion nodes in eliciting the extent of resonant
and non resonant viscera and their clinical importance.
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 5. Give a precise account of the Anatomy of thoracic viscera, muscles, nerves,
blood vessels and fasciae of the region and correlate anatomical information to
common clinical conditions.
6. Understand and describe the scheme of the regional lymphatic drainage and lymph
nodes.
7. Interpret normal skiagram, CT scan, MRI and other diagnostic techniques.

“GENERAL HISTOLOGY”
After the end of the course, the students are able to:
1. Enumerate and describe structure of different components of cell.
2. Classify the basic tissues of the body.
3. Classify and describe different types of epithelia with examples.
4. Comprehend and describe surface modification of plasmalemma (intercellular
junctions, microvilli, cilia, stereocilia, basal striations).
5. Define, classify and describe different types of connective tissue proper with
examples.
6. Comprehend and describe the structures of connective tissue cells, fibers and
ground substance.
7. Classify and describe different types of cartilages with examples.
8. Classify bones from histological point of view (spongy and compact), and describe
their microscopic structure.
9. Comprehend and describe histogenesis of bone (intramembranous and
intracartilagenous).
10. Classify and describe light and electron microscopic structure of muscles (smooth,
cardiac and skeletal).
11. Classify and describe the structure of neuron, neuroglial cells and nerve fibre
12. Describe microscopic structure of lymphoid organs (lymph node, spleen, tonsils and
thymus) and give their functions.
13. Classify and describe different sub-division of vascular system.
14. Understand and describe microscopic structure of different types of blood vessels.
15. Describe microscopic structure of skin and its appendages (hair follicle, sebaceous
and sweat glands) and give their functions.
16. Understand and describe the microscopic structure of mammary gland in different
functional stages.
17. Describe the microscopic structure of respiratory system (nasal cavity, epiglottis,
trachea, bronchi and lungs) and give the changes in structure correlating these to
their functions.
18. Define apoptosis, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, hyperplasia, anaplasia,
neoplasia, necrosis.
19. Identify, draw and label light microscopic structures of above mentioned tissues.

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 “EMBRYOLOGY”
After the end of the course, the students are able to:
1. Comprehend and describe the process of cell division (mitosis and meiosis) and
gametogenesis.
2. Understand and describe ovarian and menstrual cycle.
3. Understand and describe fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation and
implantation of the embryo (1st week of development).
4. Comprehend and describe stages of early embryonic development in second and
third week of intrauterine life.
5. Understand and describe development of embryo (4th - 8th week of development).
6. Comprehend and describe fetal period (9th week to birth).
7. Define and describe fetal structures (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois and
umbilical cord)
8. Comprehend and describe formation of placenta, its structure and anomalies.
9. Understand and describe the basis of multiple pregnancies.
10. Understand and describe procedures for assessment of fetal status.
11. Define and understand clinical correlates i.e. anovulatory cycles, semen analysis
and abnormal sites of implantation.
12. Understand In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF), assisted in-vivo fertilization.
13. Understand and describe the rationale of choriocarcinoma, pregnancy test, sacro-
coccygeal teratoma, hydatidiform mole.
14. Understand the check points of estimation of gestational age and viability of fetus.
15. Understand the basis of intrauterine growth retardation, hydramnios, twin
transfusion syndrome, conjoined twins, umbilical cord length variation, and
amniotic bands.
16. Define teratogenesis and name common teratogens.
17. Describe the development of Integumentry system including mammary gland and
their anomalies.
18. Describe the development of limbs and vertebral column including their anomalies.
19. Understand and describe the development of muscular system and their anomalies.
20. Understand and describe the structural and numerical chromosomal anomalies i.e.
Klinefelter syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Super-female, Down’s syndrome,
Polyploidy.

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Clinical Module

1. Describe clinical effects of nerve injuries of the upper and lower limbs
2. Explain the anatomical aspects of fracture of bones of upper and lower limbs
(clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, scaphoid) and ribs
3. Explain the anatomical aspects of dislocation of joints of limbs
4. Describe anatomical basis of contracture, ganglia, pulp infection, carpel tunnel
syndrome
5. Explain the anatomical basis of femoral hernia, varicose veins, bursitis and
lymphadenitis
6. Describe anatomical basis of spread of carcinoma breast
7. Explain clinical importance of coronary circulation with reference to angina and
myocardial infarction
8. Define cardiac temponade, pericarditis and paracentesis in relation to anatomical
aspects
9. Define pleural effusion pleurisy, pleural tap, pneumothorax, hydrothorax,
haemothorax, pneumonia, bronchogenic carcinoma, foreign body in airways in
relation to anatomical aspects

RECOMMENDED BOOKS (Latest Edition):

1. General Anatomy by Prof. Tassaduq Hussain Sheikh
2. Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain Siddiqui
3. Cunningham’s Clinical Dissector
4. Di-Fiore Atlas of Histology
5. Clinically Oriented Embryology by Keith L Moore
6. Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
7. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy by G.J. Romanes, 15th Ed., Vol-I, II.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Clinical Anatomy by Snell.
2. Grant’s Dissector of Anatomy.
3. Wheater’s Functional Histology
4. Basic histology by Junqueira and Carniero
5. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy
6. Langman’s embryology

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 MBBS 1st Professional Part (I) OSPE
Gross Anatomy, Radiological Anatomy & Embryology

Gross & Radiological Anatomy and Embryology.

1. Total No. of stations 12, each station will have 02 marks and 04 spots of identification.
2. Each station shall be given 1.5 min.
3. Total marks shall be 24.
Gross Anatomy of Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Thorax, Radiological Anatomy & Embryology

Time per station: 1.5 minutes (18 minutes)

Sr.No Region/Area Station No No of Spots Marks Each Stations

1 Upper Limb 01 04 02

Upper Limb 02 04 02

Upper Limb 03 04 02

2 Lower Limb 04 04 02

Lower Limb 05 04 02

Lower Limb 06 04 02

3 Thorax 07 04 02

Thorax 08 04 02

4 Radiological Anatomy 09 04 02

5 Embryology 10 04 02

Embryology 11 04 02

Embryology 12 04 02

Total 12 48 24

HISTOLOGY OSPE AND VIVA

1. There shall be 10 slides fixed on 10 microscopes.

2. They will move from one to the next slide in a predetermined direction.
3. For each station one minute shall be given, students will give point/points of identifications for each slide
(Annexure A).
4. Total number of identifications spots 10

a. Each spot will be given 01 mark (0.5 marks for identification and
2 points of identification, 0.25 marks each)

b. Total marks allocated shall be: 10

5. Time consumed shall be 10 min.

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 Long slide (Total Marks 10):

6. Time: 15 minutes will be given for

Identification 1 mark

Drawing 1 mark

Labeling 1 mark

Interactive Examination Long Slide: 7 marks

ANATOMY STRUCTURED VIVA

The following areas shall be examined; the questions are framed with emphasis on those areas which are
not easily evaluated in theory examinations. Course segments, the marks allocation and number of
questions for each are given as under:

Sr. # Course Area Marks allocated Minimum Number of Questions

Surface
04 01
1. marking

Upper limb 10 02
2.

Lower limb 10 02
3.

Thorax 10 02
4.
Embryology 12 03
5.
Total 46 10

Note: Materials for the examination shall be the responsibility of the Department/ College which should be put in
place well before the time of the examination. Examination space and facilities shall be evaluated by the external
examiner who will make sure that the movements of the candidate are well organized to maintain the transparency of
the procedure.

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 Annexure A

Standardized Identification Points for Histology Slides for

1st Year MBBS Class
General Histology

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
Simple squamous epithelium:
Slide view 
a) Single layer of flattened / elongated/ fusiform cells
b) Central elongated bulging nucleus
Surface view 
a) Single layer of flattened / squamous cells
b) Central round nucleus
Simple cuboidal epithelium:
a) Single layer of cuboidal / square shaped cells
b) Central round / spherical nucleus
Simple columnar epithelium:
a) Single layer of tall / cylindrical cells
b) Elongated nucleus in basal part of each cell/ oval basal nucleus
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium:
a) Single layer of tall / cylindrical cells
b) Hair like cilia (on luminal surface)
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
a) Single layer of short basal and tall columnar cells
b) Nuclei at different levels
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium:
a) Single layer of tall columnar ciliated cells and short round / cuboidal basal cells
b) Nuclei at different levels

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STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium:
a) Multilayered epithelium
b) Superficial layer consisting of non-keratinized squamous cells
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium:
a) Multilayerd epithelium
b) Superficial layer of keratinized squamous cell
Stratified cuboidal:
a) Multilayered epithelium
b) Superficial / surface cuboidal cells
Stratified columnar epithelium:
a) Multilayered epithelium
b) Surface columnar cells
Transitional epithelium:
a) Multilayered epithelium
b) Surface layer consists of dome-shaped cells ] Any one of b, c, d
c) Middle layer consists of pear shaped cells / polyhedral cells ]
d) Basal layer consists of cuboidal / columnar cells ]

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Areolar tissue / Loose connective tissue:
a) Abundant ground substance with Connective tissue cells
b) Scattered / dispersed fibres (collagen fiber bundles / elastic fibers)
Adipose tissue (H & E):
a) Vacuolated round or oval cells
b) Peripheral nucleus
Dense regular fibrous connective tissue:
a) Regularly-arranged densely packed collagen fibre bundles
b) fibroblasts in between the fibre bundles

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Dense regular elastic connective tissue:
a) Densely packed elastic fibres
b) Fibroblasts in between the fibres
Dense irregular connective tissue:
a) Densely packed scattered various types of connective tissue fibres
b) Fibroblasts nuclei in between the fibres / scanty ground substance
Mucoid connective tissue:
a) Abundant ground substance
b) Stellate fibroblasts / mesenchymal cells
Hyaline costal cartilage:
a) Homogeneous matrix with isogenous group of chondrocytes
b) Perichondrium
Hyaline articular cartilage:
a) Isogenous groups of chondrocytes in homogenous matrix
b) Perichondrium absent ] Any one of b, c
c) Isogenous groups of chondrocytes in vertical columns ]
Elastic cartilage:
a) Elastic fibres in the matrix
b) Perichondrium ] Any one of b, c
c) Isogenous groups of chondrocytes ]
Fibrocartilage:
a) Collagen fibres in the matrix
b) Chondrocytes in between fibres ] Any one of b, c
c) Perichondrium absent ]
Compact bone:
a) Haversian systems
b) Outer and inner circumferential, interstitial lamellae
Spongy bone:
a) Bony traneculae with osteocytes
b) Irregular marrow cavities

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MUSCLES:
L.S. Skeletal muscles:
a) Elongated / cylindrical muscles fibres with cross striations
b) Multiple subsarcolemmal / peripheral nuclei
T.S. Skeletal muscles:
a) Bundles of transversely cut muscle fibres
b) Peripheral rounded nuclei
Cardiac muscles:
a) Elongated / cylindrical branching striated muscle fibres
b) Central single nucleus ] Any one of b, c
c) Intercalated discs ]
Smooth muscles:
a) Spindle shaped non striated muscle cells
b) Single oval central nucleus
NERVOUS TISSUE
TS peripheral Nerve:
a) Bundles of transversely cut nerve fibres (axons)
b) Epineurium / perineurium / endoneurium
Sensory ganglion:
a) Rounded pseudounipolar neurons in groups at the periphery
b) Bundles of nerve fibres in central region ] Any one of b, c
c) Thick connective tissue capsule ]
Autonomic ganglion:
a) Small multipolar neurons
b) Cells bodies of neurons scattered irregularly
Spinal cord:
a) Central canal
b) Inner H-shaped gray matter ] Any one of b, c
c) Out white matter ]

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Cerebrum:
a) Outer gray matter and inner white matter
b) Pyramidal cells in gray matter
Cerebellum:
a) Outer gray matter and inner white matter
b) Purkinje cell layer
Elastic artery:
a) Predominant elastic fibres in tunica media
b) Internal elastic lamina not identifiable in tunica media
Muscular artery:
a) Predominant smooth muscle fibres in tunica media
b) Prominent internal elastic lamina
Vein:
a) Thin tunica media
b) Thick tunica adventitia containing abundant collagen fibres
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Epiglottis:
a) Elastic cartilage
b) Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium / pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Trachea:
a) Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
b) C-shaped hyaline cartilage
Lung:
a) Alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium
b) Sections of bronchi and bronchioles
LYMPHOID ORGANS:
Lymph node:
a) Cortex containing lymph nodules
b) Cords of lymphoid tissue in medulla

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Palatine tonsil:
a) Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
b) Tonsillar crypts ] Any one of b, c
c) Lymph nodules ]
Thymus:
a) Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles in medulla
b) Cortical lobules containing densely packed lymphocytes (thymocytes)
Spleen:
a) Red pulp with splenic cords and venous sinuses
b) White pulp containing lymphatic nodules
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Thin skin:
a) Epidermis with thin layer of keratinized cells
b) Dermis containing hair follicles
Thick skin:
a) Epidermis with thick stratum cornium and prominent stratum lucidum
b) No hair follicles

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