GNED 10: GENDER & SOCIETY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN AGRICULTURE

CHAPTER 2: Gender Transexual – Identify as the opposite gender to
LESSON 1 their biological sex.
Sex and Gender Physical formations, ex: Genital
Difference between Sex and Gender reassignment surgery or hormonal replacement
therapy.
Sex Gender
Biological Socially constructed Transgender – broad term that like Trans covers a
Characteristics. characteristics of
 
range of identities and behaviors. Most often used
(male/female/inters women and men. to describe non-traditional gender behaviors or
ex)  Differentiated
identity.
Fixed at Birth Roles, Attitudes,
Physical Attributes and Values. Intersex – refers to a range of conditions where a


(features, genitals,  Society influences


person’s sex is not strictly male or female. This may
hormones, our understanding due to the presence of male and female sex
chromosomes) between
characteristics, or the under development of
Generally masculinity and
primary sex characteristics.
permanent femininity.


 Can be changed. Two Types of Transgender

Gender Role – it is the learned behavior in a Transwoman – male at birth identifies as woman.
given society or community of a social group


and is influenced by perceptions and Transman – female as birth identifies as man.

expectations.
What is SOGIE?
Sociology of Gender – examines how society Sogie Bill – fundamental rights of every person
influences our understandings and perception of

regardless of their sexual orientation or gender
differences between masculinity and femininity. identity.
Masculinity – deemed appropriate behavior for a
man. SO – Sexual Orientation


Femininity – deemed appropriate behavior for a GI – Gender Identity

woman E – Expression


Sexuality – about sexual attraction, sexual SC – Sexual

practices, and identity. Characteristics


Gender and sexuality are not just personal Sexual Orientation

identities; they are social identities. They arise from Whom you’re attracted to and want to have a
our relationships to other people and how we relationship with. It is the your desire/attraction.
understand ourselves in relation to others. Sexual Orientation refers to each person’s capacity
for profound emotional, affectional, and sexual
Women Men attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with
Cooking Leader individuals of a different gender or the same gender
Childcare Home Provider or more than one gender.
Housekeeping Always in charge
Sex Role – Can be done by certain sex. Example: Gay, Lesbian, straight, bisexual, and
asexual.
Women Men
Child Bearing Ovum Fertilization Heterosexual/Straight – refers to when people tend
Lactation Produces the to be attracted to the opposite sex/gender. This is
Gestation Spermatozoa which also called Binary Gender.
Menstruation determines the child’s
sex Homosexual – refers to a person who is emotionally,
Transpeople – this is the broad term often used to physically, and sexually attracted to those of the
refer to either transexual and/or transgender. same sex/gender. This is also called Non-Binary
Refers to when a person identifies means in between. They identify themselves either
with the opposite gender, those who identify male or female or neither.
themselves opposite to their biological sex.
Two Types of Homosexual
GNED 10: GENDER & SOCIETY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN AGRICULTURE
Gay – refers to the same-sex attraction and is Gender Fluid – when they don't identify solely as
most often used to in reference to men. male or female, and their gender identity changes


Lesbian – refers to women who are mostly over time. Thus, the term refers to a change in a
attracted to other women, or people identifying person's gender expression (the way they look or


as women. behave), identity or both.

Bisexual – Individuals who are attracted to both Agender – is not having a gender or a “lack of” a
sexes and genders. gender. Agender people see themselves as neither a
man nor a woman, or both. They're gender-neutral
Pansexual – The romantic, emotional, and/or sexual and often are described as genderfree or
attraction to people regardless of their sex or genderless. Lack of gender identity.
gender identity.
Gender Expression
Example: Attracted to men, women, nonbinary How a person presents gender outwardly, through
people, and people of any other gender identity.

behavior, clothing, voice or other perceived
(Gender Blind) characteristics. Society identifies these cues as
 Omnisexuality masculine or feminine, although what is considered
Asexual – Individuals who do not or have not yet masculine or feminine changes over time and varies
experienced sexual attraction to anyone. Lack of by culture.
sexual orientation or doesn’t desire sexual contract.  Masculine – a person who has qualities and
They call themselves “ace”. characteristics which traditionally associated
Aromantic – Individuals do not experience romantic with a man.
attraction to others. They may still experience Feminine – a person who has qualities and
characteristics which are traditionally

sexual attraction or have close friendships, but they
don’t have romantic feelings. They call themselves associated with a woman.
“aro”. Gender Neutral – A person who has qualities
and characteristics differ from those which are


Demisexuality – refers to the individuals who only traditionally associated with a man or woman.
experience sexual attraction after forming a strong Androgynous – A person who’s qualities and
emotional connection with someone. characteristics are a combination of those


traditionally associated with a man or woman.

Zoophilia – individuals who are attracted to
animals. A transgender however will normally express
herself/himself according to their gender identity,
Objectophilia - individuals who are attracted to
not their biological sex. Hence, it is more respectful
objects.
and acceptable to greet them based on their gender
Gender Identity identity and expression rather than biological sex.
Means a person’s internal sense of whether they’re
Sexual Characteristics
male or female, both, or neither. Person’s own
Male
preferences.
Female


Intersex

Cisgender – People whose gender identity 
matches the sex they were assigned at birth.


Transgender – A person whose gender identity

does not correspond with the sex registered for


them at birth.
Queer – Having or relating to a gender identity
or a sexuality that does not fit society’s


traditional ideas about gender or sexuality.

Multiple gender identities, including bisexual,
non-binary, pansexual, gender fluid, and more.
GNED 10: GENDER & SOCIETY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN AGRICULTURE
- School - Religion
- Peers - Life

1. Parents / Family – Parents are typically a child’s

first source of information about gender. Upon the
birth of the child, parents orient the children with
different expectations relative to their sex.
The family
has the power to influence individual self-concept,
emotions, attitude, and behavior.

Canalization – it is a gender socialization through

interaction with toys, colors, and objects. The
choice of toys is gendered and often predicts future
prescribed gender roles for children. Girls (playing
with dolls, loves pink) Boys (playing with Legos,
loves blue)

Verbal Appellation – children are given nicknames

or pet names that are appropriate for their sex.

Activity Exposure – exposing children to gender

appropriate tasks or activities. Children observe
their parents or other elders and try to be like
them. Girls (household chores, expected to help
their mother). Boys (engage in more roughhousing
with his father, given more freedom outdoors).

2. Teachers / School – Teachers play vital role in

shaping children’s understanding about gender
relations, roles, class, history, etc.
Teachers and school
administrators model gender roles and sometimes
demonstrate gender stereotypes by treating their
CHAPTER 3: Gender Socialization male and female students in different ways.
Lesson 1
Classrooms – most of the primary schools in the
Gender Socialization
Philippines separate boys and girls when it comes
Gender Socialization – we learn from the
to seating arrangements.
environment we are in. It is the process of teaching
how we should act or behave. Textbook – there are still remaining teaching
materials that are sexist and gender insensitive.
It is the process by which individuals are taught
how to socially behave in accordance with their 3. Peers – Peer interactions also contribute to
assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based gender socialization. Children tend to play with
on their biological sex. same-gender peers. Through these interactions,
they learn what their peers expect of them as boys
The process of learning the social expectation and
and girls.
attitudes associated with one’s sex. Boys learn to be
boys and Girls learn to be girls. Friends / Groups – those who do not fit into their
gender role may get called names and bullied.
Gender Role – it is society’s expectation on how an
- This is more true for
individual should behave.
boys more that girls. - Girls are
Agents of Gender Socialization allowed to be “tomboys” but boys who are feminine
- Family - Media face scorn.
GNED 10: GENDER & SOCIETY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN AGRICULTURE
4. Media – Media including movies, Tv, and books Common Stereotypes
teaches children about what it means to be boy or 1. Racial Profiling – One of the more common
girl. Media conveys information about the gender in stereotype examples are stereotypes
people’s lives and can reinforce gender stereotypes. surrounding race. Racial profiling is a form
of stereotyping that has particular
Print Media – plays a significant role in gender implications for racialized persons.
socialization. Most magazines concentrate on Regional Stereotyping – example: Ang mga
finance, business, sports, technology, hobbies, and taga – cavite ay mga redflag.
sex, women’s as well as man magazines. 2. Gender Profiling
- Media portray
images women which are often negative. Men Women
- Strong and do all - Aren’t smart as
Advertisement – women are almost exclusively the work man
present in ads promoting cooking, cleaning, or - Men are the - Can’t do as
childcare-related products. - Men are “Backbone” good of a job as
strongly affected by the media representation of the - Messy and a man
ideal body shape and the definition of masculinity. unclean - Not good at
- Spend too much sports
Films – boys are often active and heroes of time on the
adventure. - Girls are often shown to be computer or read
less active and need boys to help them/save them. are geeks.
- Women
tend to have less significant roles and are often 3. Cultures – Stereotypes also exist about
portrayed as wives or mothers. cultures and countries as a whole.
- All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists.
5. Church / Religion – also a powerful social (Middle East) - All people who live in
institution that shape gender identity in society. the city are more liberated. - Italian
There are sacred spaces where only men are and French people are the best lovers.
allowed to enter and not for women. - All informal settlers are poor.
6. Gender Socialization throughout Life – it is a 4. Groups of Individuals – a different type of
lifelong process. The beliefs about gender that we stereotype also involves grouping of
acquire in childhood can affect us throughout our individuals like skaters, dancers, gangsters,
lives. The impact of this socialization can be big and the likes. Most of this stereotyping is
(shaping what we believe we are capable of taking place in schools.
accomplishing and thus potentially determining our • Goths – wear black clothes, black make up,
life’s course), small (influencing the color we are depressed and hated by society.
choose for our bedroom walls), or somewhere in the • Punks – wear spikes, chains, are a menace
middle. to society and are always getting in trouble.
• All politicians are philanders and think
What are Stereotypes? only of personal gain and benefit.
Gender Stereotypes – It can be positive or negative.
• Girls are only concerned about physical
General assumptions, belief, solid impression.
appearance.
- Generalization about the roles
• All librarians are women who are old, wear
believed as exclusive to each gender. They are
glasses, tie high bun, and have a perpetual
simply inaccurate generalizations of the male and
frown on their face.
female attributes.
• All teenagers are rebels.
- Basically, putting down someone because of their
“sex” or not believing they are able to do something • All children don’t enjoy healthy food.
because they are either male or female. • Only anorexic women can become models.
- These are also beliefs • The Elderly have health issues and behave
that people have about the characteristics of male like children.
and female. 5. Sexual Stereotypes – suggests that any
feminine man is gay and any woman is a
GNED 10: GENDER & SOCIETY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN AGRICULTURE
lesbian. Those who believe gay stereotype the ownership of land by females, even if their
may also believe that homosexuality is constitution claims equal rights.
immoral, wrong, and an abomination. 9. Access to Education - Women make up more
than two-thirds of the world's illiterate adults,
Implications of Stereotype and access to education is especially a problem
- Violence against women - Culture Gaps
in Afghanistan where groups that oppose female
Gender Inequality education attack many schools.
Acknowledges that men and women are not equal
When does Gender Equality be Achieved?
and that gender affects an individual’s lived
Gender equality is achieved when women and men
experience. The disparities between
enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all
women and men in society in terms of their access
sectors of society, including economic participation
and opportunities in the social, economic and
and decision making, and when the different
political spheres and their share in decision-making
behaviors, aspirations and needs of women and men
power at all social levels.
are equally valued and favored.
Identified Gender Inequality
“The gender stereotypes introduce in childhood are
1. Lack of Mobility - Women are forbidden to drive
reinforced throughout our lives and become self-
in Saudi Arabia, despite numerous protests, and
fulfilling prophesies. Most leadership positions are
must rely on their fathers or husbands to get
held by men, so women don’t expect to achieve
from place to place.
them, and that becomes one of the reasons they
2. Freedom of marriage - According to the U.N., 40
don’t.” – Sheryl Sandberg.
percent of young women in South Asia and sub-
Saharan Africa are married by age 18. In
Pakistan, women are expected to accept
arranged marriages and refusal can lead to
"honor killings" that typically go uncontested by
the government.
3. Discriminatory Divorce Rights - As men are
typically viewed as superior, they can divorce
their wives relatively easily and even through
mere oral renunciation. Women, on the other
hand, face many more challenges. In Lebanon,
abused women do not even have the right to file
for divorce unless an eyewitness is willing to
testify.
4. Citizenship - The exception of Israel, Iran,
Tunisia, and parts of Egypt, women in the
Middle East do not have the right to pass
citizenship on to their children while men have
the ability to not only pass it to their children,
but also to their non-national wives.
5. Custody Rights - In some countries, the courts
automatically grant custody rights to the father,
and women are left without any means of
financial support.
6. Violence - Unequal legal rights make women
increasingly vulnerable to violence. s
7. Professional Obstacles - Even in developed
countries, women are at a disadvantage when it
comes to earnings.
8. Restricted Land Ownership - In some countries,
customary or religious law effectively prohibits