ART APPRECIATION

PHILIPPINE ARTS AND CRAFTS: A CHRONOLOGY

According to the Philippine Art Period Timeline, the history of Philippine art is
described in detail.
Art History
1. Prehistoric Art
(40,000-4,000 BC)
● relied on the use of natural pigments
● stone carvings to create representations of objects, animals, and rituals
that governed a civilization’s existence.
● Wall/cave paintings
Art Forms
Stationary
Portable Art
Example Artworks
1. Lascaux Cave paintings in France
-the Great Hall of the Bulls
-The Chamber of Felines
-The Shaft of the Dead Man.
2. Venus of Willendorf, fertility sculpture found in Willendorf Austria
3. Stonehenge (Post and Lintel), Salisbury Plain Wiltshire,England

Philippine Prehistoric art

1. Angono Petroglyphs,
● the oldest known artworks in the Philippines. 127 figural carvings engraved
on the wall of a shallow cave of volcanic tuff.
2. Manunggul Jar
● a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the
Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan, Philippines.

3. Maitum Jar
- are earthenware secondary burial vessels
- discovered in 1991 by the National Museum of the Philippines'
archaeological team in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani
Province, Mindanao, Philippines.

2. Ancient Art (4,000 B.C.–A.D. 400)

a. Mesopotamia
b. Egypt
c. Greece
d. Rome
e. China
f. India
g. Persia
h. Palestine
● Art was produced by advanced civilizations, which in this case refers to
those with an established written language.
Functions of Arts
● to tell stories
● decorate utilitarian objects like bowls and weapons
● display religious and symbolic imagery,
● demonstrate social status
● depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses.
Sample Ancient
Artworks
1. Code of Hammurabi. Created around 1792 B.C., the piece bears a
Babylonian set of laws carved in stone
Mesopotamia
1. Parthenon (Architecture)
▪ a temple in honor of the city’s patron goddess Athena.

Greece
2. Venus de Milo (Sculpture)
▪ carved in 100 B.C. during the Hellenistic Age by the little-known
Alexandros of Antioch
▪ discovered in 1820 on the island of Melos.
3. Kerch vases (Pottery)
▪ is an archaeological term describing vases from the final phase of Attic
red-figure pottery production.
4. Krater or crater (pottery)
▪ (Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, literally "mixing vessel") was a large vase in
Ancient Greece, used for the dilution of wine with water.
5. Pelike (Pottery)
▪ It has two open handles that are vertical on their lateral aspects and
even at the side with the edge of the belly, a narrow neck, a flanged
mouth, and a sagging, almost spherical belly

3. Medieval Art (500–1400)

● often referred to as the “Dark Ages,”
● marked a period of economic and cultural deterioration following the fall
of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
Characteristics
● artwork produced reflects that darkness
● characterized by grotesque imagery and brutal scenery.
● centered around the Church.
● more sophisticated and elaborately decorated churches emerged
● windows and silhouettes were adorned with biblicalsubjects
● scenes from classical mythology.
● emergence of the illuminated manuscript and Gothic architecture style

Art forms
▪ Relief sculptures
● sculpture is any work which projects from but which belongs to the wall,
● a sculpture with figures that protrude from a background while still
being attached to it.

▪ Fresco paintings
● method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster,
usually on wall surfaces

▪ Mosaics
● a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored
stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a
surface

▪ Metal works
● useful and decorative objects fashioned of various metals, including
copper, iron, silver, bronze, lead, gold, and brass.

▪ Stained glass
● refers to glass that has been colored by metallic oxides during the
manufacturing process

▪ Gothic architectures
● a European style of architecture that values height and exhibits an
intricate and delicate aesthetic.
● Pointed arches
● Large, stained window glass
● Rib vaults
Art Period
1. Early Medieval Art
2. Romanesque Art
3. Gothic Art.
Sample Artworks and architecture
▪ Rose window
▪ Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul, Turkey.
▪ Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
▪ Lindisfarne Gospels (illuminated manuscript)
▪ Byzantine mosaics at The Palatine Chapel in Sicily.
▪ Notre-Dame Cathedral

4. Renaissance Art (1400–1600)

● period of "rebirth" in arts, science, and culture, and is typically thought
to have originated in Italy
● capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of
the natural world.
Famous Artist
1. Leonardo (1452-1519)
▪ the ultimate “Renaissance man”
▪ epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.
▪ Famous works
● “Mona Lisa” (1503-05)
● “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1485)
● “The Last Supper” (1495-98), Fresco
● Vitruvian Man
● allowed him to reproduce reality with a remarkable degree of accuracy.
2. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
▪ the dominant sculptor of the High Renaissance
▪ Famous works
● Pietà in St. Peter’s Cathedral (1499)
● David in his native Florence (1501-04)
● Giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, completed over
four years (1508-12) and depicting various scenes from Genesis.
3. Raphael Sanzio
▪ the youngest of the three great High Renaissance masters,
▪ Sistine Madonna, Madonna of the Chair, The School of Athens
4. Filippo Brunelleschi
▪ father of Renaissance architecture,
▪ Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence’s central cathedral
5. Donatello (1386-1466)
▪ one of the best-known sculptors of the Renaissance
▪ His most famous piece, the bronze David, was the first free-standing
nude statue made since antiquity
6. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
▪ Primavera’,
▪ The Adoration of the Magi
▪ ‘Venus and Mars’
▪ The Birth of Venus
7. Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516)
▪ Portrait of Doge Loredano

5. Baroque (1600–1750)
● over-the-top visual arts and architecture.
● characterized by grandeur and richness
a. Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio (1573-1610)
▪ Realistic religious depictions, done on a grand scale,
▪ Italian painter
▪ Known for: dramatic use of lighting in Baroque paintings
▪ Death of the Virgins
b. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
▪ Italian sculptor and architect
▪ Known for: creating the Baroque style of sculpture
c. Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, (1599-1660),
▪ Portrait of Philip IV, Las Meninas
d. Peter Paul Rubens (1577 – 1640)
▪ Flemish painter, draughtsman, and diplomat
▪ Assumption of the Virgin, Judgement of Paris, The Garden of Love
e. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, (1606-1669)
▪ Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker
▪ one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art,
▪ possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods
and dramatic guises.
▪ The Night Watch, Man with the Golden Helmet, Descent from the Cross
6. Rococo Art (1700-1800)
● It is characterized by lightness, elegance, and an exuberant use of
curving natural forms in ornamentation.
● The word Rococo is derived from the French word rocaille, which
denoted the shell-covered rock work that was used to decorate artificial
grottoes.
Jean Antoine Watteau (1684–1721)
● The father of Rococo painting
● who invented a new genre called fêtes galantes, which were scenes of
courtship parties.
● La Surprise
7. NEOCLASSIC
● was the predominant movement in European art and architecture
during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
● Neoclassical works (paintings and sculptures) were serious,
unemotional, and sternly heroic.
Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
● The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates, The Lictors Returning to
Brutus the Bodies of his Sons, The Death of Marat, Bonaparte Crossing the
Grand Saint-Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
● La Grande Odalisque, The Vow of Louis XIII, The Apotheosis of Homer,
The Turkish Bath,
8. Romanticism
● The artists emphasized that sense and emotions – not simply reason
and order - were equally important means of understanding and
experiencing the world.
● Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the
enduring search for individual rights and liberty.
Francisco Goya (1746 -1828)
● Spanish painter and printmaker
● The Black Duchess, The Nude Maja, The Third of May, 1808, Saturn
Devouring His Son,
Théodore Géricault (1791-1824)
● French Painter
● The Raft of the Medusa, Portrait of Mustapha,
Eugène Delacroix (1798 -1863)
● French Painter
● widely regarded as the leader of the Romantic movement in 19th-
century French art.
● Scenes from the Massacres of Chios, The Death of Sardanapalus, Liberty
Leading the People, Apollo Slaying the Serpent
 I. Art Appreciation, Art, creativity, imagination, and
expression
Beauty
● Sensual qualities in a thing or idea which excites one’ immediate
admiration, pleasure or satisfaction for itselrather than for its uses.

Sources of beauty
1. Nature
● “Mother of all arts”
2. Art
● Made by man, not imitative but creative
Art Definition
● The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination
● The term ART derives from the old Latin, which implies a “craft or
specialized sort of expertise, as carpentry or smithing or surgery”
(Collingwood, 1938).
Essential Requirements of Arts
1. Art must be man-made
2. It must benefit and satisfy man
3. It must be expressive through certain medium or material
The subject in art
● refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork
● The subject of art is VARIED.
● Usually anything that is represented in the artwork. (Person, object, sense,
event.
Two kinds of arts as tosubject
1. Representational Art or Objective Art
● arts which depict (represent) objects that are commonly recognized by
most people
● Arts that have subjects (paintings, sculpture, literature, graphic arts,
theatre arts)
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art
● Arts that do not have subject (Music, Architecture, and many of the
Functional art)
● They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to identifiable
objects or symbols
● Appear directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying
organization of their sensuous and expressive elements.
Kinds of subjects
● Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes
● Still Life
● Animals
● Portraits
● Figures
● Everyday Life
● History and Legend
● Religion and Mythology
● Dreams and Fantasies

Functions of Art
1. AESTETIC FUNCTION
●Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauties of nature and the
benefits he gets from his own work and those done by his fellow man.
2. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION
● Art provides comfort and happiness
● Shelter, clothing, landscaping, etc.
3. CULTURAL FUNCTIONS
●Transmit and preserve skills and knowledge from one generation to another
●Broadens one’s cultural background
4. SOCIAL FUNCTION
● Through civic and graphic arts, man learns to cooperate, love and help
each other.

CLASSIFICATION OF ART
I. FINE OR AESTHETIC ART
1. Music
●Harmonious combination of sound
●Most dynamic, most emotional, most universal, and most abstract of all fine
arts
2. Painting
● Visual art which expresses either by line, form, texture, or value of color

3. Sculpture
●Express by carving, shaping, or modeling
4. Architecture
● Most useful of all the fine arts
● Sometimes called as “frozen music” because it has many rhythmic
features such as windows, ornaments, columns, and floorings.
5. Literature
● Includes the writing of poems, short-stories, novels, plays, histories,
biographies, essays, etc.
6. Dancing
● Based upon music or rhythmic sound
● Characterized by rhythm or repetition
● The only art having one medium – the performer or dancer
7. Drama
●Includes acting, directing, stage setting, stage lighting and public speaking

II. PRACTICAL OR USEFUL ART

1. Industrial Art
● Changing raw material into some significant product or human
consumption or use.
2. Applied or household art
●Refers mostly to household arts such as, flower arrangement, interior
decoration, dressmaking, embroidery, make-up, etc.
3. Civic Art
● Refers to civic planning and beautification to improve the standards of
living
4. Commercial Art
●Involves business propaganda in the form of advertisements in newspaper,
magazines, signages, billboards, and the likes
5. Graphic Art
● Anything printed from raised or sunken reliefs and plain surfaces.

II. ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS

1. Art Is Universal
•Timeless, transcending generations and nations through and through.
•Misconception: Artistic created long time ago.
•Age is not a factor in determining art.
•Literature has contributed crucial terms of art.
•lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that one’s being taught in
school.
•The Sanskrit compositions Mahabharata and Ramanaya are also classics in
this domain.
2. Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not Nature
•In the absence of a depiction of reality, art may be thought of as a
perspective of reality.
•In the Philippines, it is fairly uncommon for some viewers of local films to
express their dissatisfaction with the films' realism by stating that they are
unrealistic. They argue that local movies are based on a set of formulas that
are detrimental to the content and fidelity to reality of the films they produce
•'Well and Grinding' is a painting by French artist Paul Cezanne that depicts
a situation from reality.
•The Chateau Noir's Forest has a wheel, and it is located there.
3. Art is a result of personal experience
•It is not a comprehensive guide, but rather an experience. The actual act of
accomplishing something.
•For others, reaching this point without having a good definition of art might
seem bizarre and bizarre. For most people, art does not need a
comprehensive definition. Art is nothing more than a sensory experience.

III.Visual Arts
I. ELEMENTS OS ARTS
- The elements of art are the basic components of art-marking.
- They are the building blocks of composition in arts
1. Lines
- Refers to the contour, profile, or outline of an object.
- It determines the shape or form of the object
Type of lines
a. Straight lines
- horizontal lines
- vertical lines
- diagonal or slanting lines
- zigzag lines
b. Curved Lines
- Spiral
- Wave
- Concave
- Convex
2. Shapes
- It is an enclosed line
- a two-dimensional area that is defined by a change in value or some other
form of contrast.
- An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to
- height and width.
Types of Shapes
a. Geometric shapes
- Can be described using mathematical terms
- They are very regular or precise
- They are more often found in man-made things because
- they are easier to reproduce and make things with
- Types of geometric shapes
Circle, square, triangle, rectangle, etc
b. Free-form or organic shapes
- shapes that seem to follow no rules
- shapes that are irregular or asymmetrical in appearance and tend to have a
curvy flow to them
- Nearly all shapes found in nature are organic in appearance. Examples are
leaves, flowers etc.

3. Form
- It connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume,
having length, width, and height.
a. Geometric forms
- are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named
- sphere, cubes, cone, pyramid
b. Organic forms
- are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical
- They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches,
leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure, etc.

4. Color
- It originates from a light source, that is either view directly or as reflected
light.
- Color is one of the most expressive elements because its quality affects our
emotions directly and immediately

Categories of Color
1. Properties of colors
a. Primary colors
- Independent colors
- Red, yellow and blue
b. Secondary Colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary colors
- Green, violet, orange
c. Tertiary or intermediate colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary and secondary colors
- Yellow green, yellow orange, blue green, blue violet, red orange, red violet
2. Hue
- The actual color, or the identity of a color
- Red, yellow, blue, pink, orange
3. Intensity
- is the brightness or dullness of color
- is a color’s strength, saturation, purity
4. Temperature of colors
a. Warm colors
- Cheerful, exciting, aggressive colors
- Red, yellow, orange
b. Cool colors
- Calm, restful and depressing
- Blue, green, violet
5. Color Harmony
- a pleasing combination of colors
- Harmonious combination of colors
a. Monochromatic Colors
- This scheme may be achieved using tints and shades of one hue
- Mono means one or single
- Chroma means color
b. Analogous colors
- One or more adjacent colors in the color wheel.
c. Complementary Colors
- Combination of any two opposite colors in the color wheel
d. Triad Colors
- Combination of three colors which form an equilateral triangle in the color
wheel
5. Value
- The lightness or darkness of a color
- Adding black will darken a hue or lower its value. This is called a SHADE.
- Adding white will lighten a hue or raise its value. This is called a TINT.
6. Texture
- It is the perceived surface
- quality of a work of art.
- the roughness or smoothness of the material from which it is made.

Types of Texture
a. Physical Texture
- Experience texture rough touch
b. Implied Texture
- An artist may use his/her skillful painting technique to create the illusion of
texture.
7. Space
- The distance around, between, above, below, and within an object.

II. Principles of Design

- Harmonious arrangement of elements of arts
1. Harmony
- Order or unity
- It is the quality which unifies every part of an arrangement
2. Balance
- Equal distribution of VISUAL weight on either side of a
composition’s center
- Used to create a sense of stability
- Types of Balance
a. Symmetrical balance
b. Asymmetrical balance
c. Radial balance

3. Rhythm
- The regular, uniform, or related movement made through the repetition of
a unit or motif
- Rhythms can be broadly categorized as random, regular, alternating,
flowing, and progressive
4. Proportions
- is the relationship of sizes between different parts of a work.
- Ratio, harmony of size, beautiful sizes, law of space relationships
5. Emphasis
- The dominance and subordination, center of interest, dominant interest.
6. Variety
- Contrast, variation
7. Movements
- Using art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a path through the
artwork, and/or to show movement, action and direction

ASIAN ART
Asian art is diverse and rich as a result of thousands of years and the
contributions of numerous nations. It is also well renowned for its calligraphy,
which is regarded as the highest form of art in East Asian art, along with
ritual bronzes, exquisite ceramic sculptures, jades, textiles, poetic painted
landscapes, garden design, amazing temples, shrines, pagodas, and stupas.
Fan Kuan's Travelers amid Mountains and Stream, Katsushika Hokusai's
series of 36 views of Mount Fuji, and Basawan's Akbar Restraining the
Enraged Elephant Hawai'i are just a few instances of artworks that have
stood the test of time (Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawaii). In
recent years, Asia has significantly influenced modern art. Asian modern art
has gained popularity recently. The number of regional biennials and
triennials, the opening of new contemporary art museums, and the
international acclaim of artists like Cai Guo-Qiang (born in China), Miwa
Yanagi (born in Japan), Suh DoHo (from Korea), and Rirkrit Tiravanija (from
Thailand), among others, have
all contributed to the exponential growth of Asian contemporary art in recent
years.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN ART

The Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque (including Baroque and
Rococo), Renaissance (including Baroque and Rococo), Neolassicism
(including Neoclassicism), Romanticism (including Realism), Impressionism
(including Impressionism), Modernism (including Modernism and
Postmodernism), and Postmodernism are among the successive periods and
or movements that are distinguished in the history of Western art (including
Postmodernism).

A GREEK CHANT (GREGORIAN CHANT)

One of the most well-liked styles of music during the Middle Ages was this
one, which featured a single line of vocal melody that was unaccompanied
and in free rhythm. This is not at all surprising given the importance of the
Catholic church throughout this time period. The Mass, which commemorates
and celebrates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ, has always been and will
always be a ceremonial event using predefined words (liturgy), which were
both spoken and sung throughout the service.

MUSICAL POLYPHONIC DEVELOPMENT

Composers began experimenting with new methods as the Medieval Period
went on, and as a result, polyphonic genres were born.
ORGANUM
Organum was a crucial early strategy that made it possible to investigate
polyphonic texture. It had two lines of voices and a selection of different
heterophonic textures. The three major kinds of organum are as follows:

A type of organum that coexists alongside another organum is called a

parallel organum, also referred to as a "strict organum." One voice sings the
melody while the other sings at a set interval, giving the impression that the
two voices are moving parallel to one another. For a better understanding,
listen to this synthesised example of a parallel organum.

melismatic organum (melismatic organ)

The other accompaniment component wanders around above the pitch on
which one section of the accompaniment stays fixed. Listen to this
synthesized sample and observe how the second voice stays on the same
note while the first voice sings the melody, as well as how the second voice
stays on the same note while the first voice sings the melody.

NUEMES
The direction in which the pitch was shifting was indicated by these symbols
engraved above chants.

The flute is a type of musical instrument constructed of wood. Medieval

flutes resembled modern recorders more in appearance since they had
finger apertures rather than keyholes.
Dulcimer The Middle Ages' dulcimers were originally plucked, but as
technology advanced, hammers were used to strike them.
Lyra
The lyra, which dates back to antiquity, is frequently recognized as one of
the earliest known bowed instruments. Two more medieval instruments that
can be found are the recorder and the lute. Traveling singers and performers
called troubadours and trouvères were also common around this time.

MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC HAS ITS OWN SPECIAL STYLES

Ars Nova, which is Latin for "new art," was a brand-new kind of music that
evolved in the 14th century and had its roots in France and Italy. The phrase
comes from a work written by Philippe de Vitry and published in France in
1320. In writing, the style was characterized by a wider variety of rhythms,
the usage of double time, and a higher level of freedom and autonomy.
These experimental initiatives laid some of the groundwork for later musical
development throughout the Renaissance. During the Art Nova era, the
chanson was the most popular secular genre.

THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE MUSIC THROUGHOUT

HISTORY
Baroque music was a style of Western art music that was composed in the
Western world from roughly 1600 and 1750. The Classical era came next,
coming after this era, which occurred after the Renaissance. The name
"baroque," which is derived from the Portuguese word barroco and means
literally "misshapen pearl," was used pejoratively to describe the complex
and ornately embellished music of this era. Later, the phrase began to be
used to describe the same era's architecture as well. As a large portion of
the "classical music" canon, baroque music is still frequently studied,
performed, and heard today.
Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti,
Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann,
Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arcangelo Corelli, Tomaso Albinoni, François
Couperin, Denis Gaultier, Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz, Jean-Philippe
Rameau, Jan Dismas Zelenka, and Johann Pachelbel

CLASSICAL MUSIC
The history of classical music is a long one (1750-1810)
The term "classical," with a capital "C," designates anything of the greatest
level and is frequently linked to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The letter
"C" stands for it and designates a certain composer's style. Any non-
contemporary music is incorrectly referred to as traditional music while
discussing classical music. This type of music is actually referred to as "art
music" by composers from the era. The most important composers to
remember and admire are those who have been designated with an asterisk.
Galant is a name in fashion. This early classical style is also referred to as
"galant," which is a French word that means "galant" or "galant-like." This
early classical design also has a very courtly aspect. Instead of trying to
provoke thought, it was meant to make the listener feel good. The most well-
known composers that utilized this technique were Johann Christian Bach
and C.P.E. Bach.

THE ORCHESTRA IS ON THE WAY

The size of the Orchestra began to grow. The use of the harpsichord continuo
gradually decreased in the repertory. Horns in particular were more
important in tying the texture together than other wind instruments.
In spite of this, the main instrument was still the string section, to which two
horns, one or more flutes, or a pair of oboes could be added. Gradually, as
needed, composers started adding one or two bassoons, along with a pair of
trumpets or a pair of kettle drums. Clarinets were initially made available in
the latter part of the 18th century. Due to his compositions, Mozart is
credited with making the clarinet more well known.
Simple broken chords repeated in the left hand make up the Alberti Bass,
which drives the beat and defines the harmony. One of the first composers
for the piano, C.P.E. Bach began his work around 1750. J.C. The first piano
recital by Bach took place in London. Many pieces of music were published
for harpsichord or piano, although harpsichord use steadily declined.

SONATA
A sonata is a piece of music with one or more movements for one or more
instruments. It is a trio with three instruments, a quartet with four, and a
quintet with five.
SYMPHONY
A symphony is an orchestral sonata. The Symphony evolved from the Italian
Overture, however it features three movements rather than three sections.
First movement: Usually fast, and in sonata form.
Second movement.. Usually slower and more song-like. It could be in
sonata form or ternary form, and perhaps with variations.
Third movement: Haydn and Mozart wrote a minute in trio at this point.
Beethoven later turned this into a Scherzo (A direct translation is joke.)
Fourth movement: Fast, often light hearted, perhaps in Rondo form, or
sonata form, or with variations. Haydn wrote numerous sonatas, including
the Surprise Symphony, the Drum Roll Symphony and the London
Symphony. Trios and quartets were also in four movements. Sonatas might
have three or four movements. The Classical Concerto did not include the
minuet, so only had three movements. Sonata form is a way of building up
an individual movement, not a piece.
It consists of three sections:
1. The Exposition: The composer exposes his musical ideas. The main
ideas
are called subjects. The first subject is in the tonic, which modulates
(changes key) near the end to a bridge (transition) passage, which leads to
the second subject. The second subject is in a new, but related, key, often
the dominant (Sta) or relative major (If the first subject is m a minor key).
The second subject is usually more tuneful.
2. Development: Here the ideas are developed. It creates a feeling of
tension and conflict. The climax may be in this section.

3. Recapitulation: The music is repeated from the beginning, but the

second subject is now in the tonic. Finally, the music may have a coda (A
direct translation is tail), which rounds off the music.

THE CONCERTO
It contains a solo instrument and an orchestra. There are three movements
(slow, fast, slow). The first movement has a double-exposition. The first is for
the orchestra alone, followed by the soloist. The second, with the second
subject group in the related key. Then comes the development and the
recapitulation, for both the orchestra and the soloist. Towards the end, the
orchestra pauses, and the soloist plays a cadenza (a short passage,'based on
themes heard earlier, which displays the brilliance of the player.) When the
soloist finishes, the soloist ends with a trill, which signifies the orchestra
should come in and finish off the piece. The orchestra plays the coda to end.

OPERA
Classical composers wrote much vocal music, especially opera. Gluck was an
important opera composer. Orfeo ed Euridice is one of his works. He made
the
actions more important in the opera. At the start of the opera, the overture
prepared the audience for what was to come, Mozart wrote operas including
The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. The Magic Flute is
an example of singspiel (an opera in which singing is mixed up with
dialogue). The orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of the action. Don
Giovani is an example of 'opera buffa' (comic opera).

SOUL-MAKING is the process of creating and deriving meaning through art.

For a person to make sense of language and draw meaning from words, it is
necessary to take into consideration semantic and grammatical principles.