ART APPRECIATION

PHILIPPINE ARTS AND CRAFTS: A CHRONOLOGY

According to the Philippine Art Period Timeline, the history of Philippine art is described in detail.
Art History

1. Prehistoric Art (40,000-4,000 BC)

● relied on the use of natural pigments
● stone carvings to create representations of objects, animals, and rituals that governed a
civilization’s existence.
● Wall/cave paintings

Art Forms
Stationary
Portable Art
Example Artworks
1. Lascaux Cave paintings in France
-the Great Hall of the Bulls
-The Chamber of Felines
-The Shaft of the Dead Man.
2. Venus of Willendorf, fertility sculpture found in Willendorf Austria
3. Stonehenge (Post and Lintel), Salisbury Plain Wiltshire,England

Philippine Prehistoric Art

1. Angono Petroglyphs,
● the oldest known artworks in the Philippines. 127 figural carvings engraved on the wall of a
shallow cave of volcanic tuff.
2. Manunggul Jar
● a secondary burial jar excavated from a
Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in
Palawan,
Philippines.
3. Maitum Jar
- are earthenware secondary burial vessels
- discovered in 1991 by the National Museum of the Philippines' archaeological team in Ayub
Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines.

2. Ancient Art (4,000 B.C.–A.D. 400)

● Art was produced by advanced civilizations, which in this case refers to those with an established
written language.

a. Mesopotamia
b. Egypt
c. Greece
d. Rome
e. China
f. India
g. Persia
h. Palestine
Functions of Arts
● to tell stories
● decorate utilitarian objects like bowls and weapons ● display religious and symbolic imagery,
● demonstrate social status
● depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses.

Sample Ancient Artworks

Code of Hammurabi. Created around 1792 B.C., the piece bears a Babylonian set of laws carved in stone
1. Parthenon (Architecture)
▪ a temple in honor of the city’s patron goddess Athena.
2. Venus de Milo (Sculpture)
▪ carved in 100 B.C. during the Hellenistic Age by the little-known Alexandros of Antioch
▪ discovered in 1820 on the island of Melos.
3. Kerch vases (Pottery)
▪ is an archaeological term describing vases from the final phase of Attic red-figure pottery
production.
4. Krater or crater (pottery)
▪ (Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, literally "mixing vessel") was a large vase in Ancient Greece, used for the
dilution of wine with water.
5. Pelike (Pottery)
▪ It has two open handles that are vertical on their lateral aspects and even at the side with the
edge of the belly, a narrow neck, a flanged mouth, and a sagging, almost spherical belly

3. Medieval Art (500–1400)

● often referred to as the “Dark Ages,”
● marked a period of economic and cultural deterioration following the fall of the Roman Empire in
476 A.D.

Characteristics
● artwork produced reflects that darkness
● characterized by grotesque imagery and brutal scenery.
● centered around the Church.
● more sophisticated and elaborately decorated churches emerged
● windows and silhouettes were adorned with biblical subjects
● scenes from classical mythology.
● emergence of the illuminated manuscript and Gothic architecture style

Art forms
▪ Relief sculptures
● sculpture is any work which projects from but which belongs to the wall,
● a sculpture with figures that protrude from a background while still being attached to it.
▪ Fresco paintings
● method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall surfaces
▪ Mosaics
● a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held
in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface
▪ Metal works
● useful and decorative objects fashioned of various metals, including copper, iron, silver, bronze,
lead, gold, and brass.
▪ Stained glass
● refers to glass that has been colored by metallic oxides during the manufacturing process
▪ Gothic architectures
● a European style of architecture that values height and exhibits an intricate and delicate aesthetic.
● Pointed arches
● Large, stained window glass
● Rib vaults

Art Period
1. Early Medieval Art
2. Romanesque Art
3. Gothic Art.

Sample Artworks and architecture

▪ Rose window
▪ Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul, Turkey.
▪ Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
▪ Lindisfarne Gospels (illuminated manuscript)
▪ Byzantine mosaics at The Palatine Chapel in Sicily.
▪ Notre-Dame Cathedral

4. Renaissance Art (1400–1600)

● period of "rebirth" in arts, science, and culture, and is typically thought to have originated in Italy
● capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural world.

Famous Artist

1. Leonardo (1452-1519)
▪ the ultimate “Renaissance man”
▪ epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.
▪ Famous works
● “Mona Lisa” (1503-05)
● “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1485)
● “The Last Supper” (1495-98), Fresco
● Vitruvian Man
● allowed him to reproduce reality with a remarkable degree of accuracy.

2. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

▪ the dominant sculptor of the High Renaissance
▪ Famous works
● Pietà in St. Peter’s Cathedral (1499)
● David in his native Florence (1501-04)
● Giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, completed over four years (1508-12)
and depicting various scenes from Genesis.

3. Raphael Sanzio
▪ the youngest of the three great High Renaissance masters,
▪ Sistine Madonna, Madonna of the Chair, The School of Athens

4. Filippo Brunelleschi
▪ father of Renaissance architecture,
▪ Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence’s central cathedral
5. Donatello (1386-1466)
▪ one of the best-known sculptors of the Renaissance
▪ His most famous piece, the bronze David, was the first free-standing nude statue made since
antiquity

6. Sandro Botticelli (1445- 1510)

▪ Primavera’,
▪ The Adoration of the Magi
▪ ‘Venus and Mars’
▪ The Birth of Venus

7. Giovanni Bellin (1430-1516)

▪ Portrait of Doge Loredano

5. Baroque (1600–1750)
● over-the-top visual arts and architecture.
● characterized by grandeur and richness

a. Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio (1573-1610)

▪ Realistic religious depictions, done on a grand scale,
▪ Italian painter
▪ Known for: dramatic use of lighting in Baroque paintings
▪ Death of the Virgins

b. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

▪ Italian sculptor and architect
▪ Known for: creating the Baroque style of sculpture

c. Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, (1599- 1660),

▪ Portrait of Philip IV, Las Meninas

d. Peter Paul Rubens (1577 – 1640)

▪ Flemish painter, draughtsman, and diplomat
▪ Assumption of the Virgin, Judgement of Paris, The Garden of Love

e. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, (1606- 1669)

▪ Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker
▪ one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art,
▪ possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises.
▪ The Night Watch, Man with the Golden Helmet, Descent from the Cross

6. Rococo Art (1700-1800)

● It is characterized by lightness, elegance, and an exuberant use of curving natural forms in
ornamentation.
● The word Rococo is derived from the French word rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered rock
work that was used to decorate artificial grottoes.

Jean Antoine Watteau (1684– 1721)

● The father of Rococo painting
● who invented a new genre called fêtes galantes, which were scenes of courtship parties.
● La Surprise
7. NEOCLASSIC
● was the predominant movement in European art and architecture during the late 18th and early
19th centuries.
● Neoclassical works (paintings and sculptures) were serious, unemotional, and sternly heroic.

Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)

● The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates, The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his
Sons, The Death of Marat, Bonaparte Crossing the Grand Saint-Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
● La Grande Odalisque, The Vow of Louis XIII, The Apotheosis of Homer, The Turkish Bath

8. Romanticism
● The artists emphasized that sense and emotions – not simply reason and order - were equally
important means of understanding and experiencing the world.
● Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for
individual rights and liberty.

Francisco Goya (1746 -1828)

● Spanish painter and printmaker
● The Black Duchess, The Nude Maja, The Third of May, 1808, Saturn Devouring His Son

Théodore Géricault (1791-1824)

● French Painter
● The Raft of the Medusa, Portrait of Mustapha,

Eugène Delacroix (1798 -1863)

● French Painter
● widely regarded as the leader of the Romantic movement in 19th-century French art.
● Scenes from the Massacres of Chios, The Death of Sardanapalus, Liberty Leading the People, Apollo
Slaying the Serpent

I. Art Appreciation, Art, creativity, imagination, and expression

Beauty
● Sensual qualities in a thing or idea which excites one’s immediate admiration, pleasure or
satisfaction for itself rather than for its uses.

Sources of beauty
1. Nature ● “Mother of all arts”
2. Art ● Made by man, not imitative but creative

Art Definition
● The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination
● The term ART derives from the old Latin, which implies a “craft or specialized sort of expertise, as
carpentry or smithing or surgery” (Collingwood, 1938).

Essential Requirements of Arts

1. Art must be man-made
2. It must benefit and satisfy man
 3. It must be expressive through certain medium or material
The subject in art
● refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork
● The subject of art is VARIED.
● Usually anything that is represented in the artwork. (Person, object, sense, or event.

Two kinds of arts as to subject

1. Representational Art or Objective Art

● arts which depict (represent) objects that are commonly recognized by most people
● Arts that have subjects (paintings, sculpture, literature, graphic arts, theater arts)
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art
● Arts that do not have subject (Music, Architecture, and many of the Functional art)
● They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to identifiable objects or symbols
● Appear directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of their sensuous and
expressive elements.

Kinds of subjects
● Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes
● Still Life
● Animals
● Portraits
● Figures
● Everyday Life
● History and Legend
● Religion and Mythology
● Dreams and Fantasies

Functions of Art

1. AESTETIC FUNCTION
●Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauties of nature and the benefits he gets from his
own work and those done by his fellow man.
2. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION
● Art provides comfort and happiness
● Shelter, clothing, landscaping, etc.
3. CULTURAL FUNCTIONS
●Transmit and preserve skills and knowledge from one generation to another
●Broadens one’s cultural background
4. SOCIAL FUNCTION
● Through civic and graphic arts, man learns to cooperate, love and help each other.

CLASSIFICATION OF ART

I. FINE OR AESTHETIC ART

1. Music
●Harmonious combination of sound
●Most dynamic, most emotional, most universal, and most abstract of all fine arts
2. Painting
● Visual art which expresses either by line, form, texture, or value of color
3. Sculpture
●Express by carving, shaping, or modeling
4. Architecture
● Most useful of all the fine arts
● Sometimes called as “frozen music” because it has many rhythmic features such as windows,
ornaments, columns, and floorings.
5. Literature
● Includes the writing of poems, short-stories, novels, plays, histories, biographies, essays, etc.
6. Dancing
● Based upon music or rhythmic sound
● Characterized by rhythm or repetition
● The only art having one medium – the performer or dancer
7. Drama
●Includes acting, directing, stage setting, stage lighting and public speaking

II. PRCTICAL OR USEFUL ART

1. Industrial Art
● Changing raw material into some significant product or human consumption or use.
2. Applied or household art
●Refers mostly to household arts such as, flower arrangement, interior decoration, dressmaking,
embroidery, make-up, etc.
3. Civic Art
● Refers to civic planning and beautification to improve the standards of living
4. Commercial Art
●Involves business propaganda in the form of advertisements in newspaper, magazines, signages,
billboards, and the likes
5. Graphic Art
● Anything printed from raised or sunken reliefs and plain surfaces.

II. ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS

1. Art Is Universal
•Timeless, transcending generations and nations through and through.
•Misconception: Artistic created long time ago.
•Age is not a factor in determining art.
•Literature has contributed crucial terms of art.
•lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that one’s being taught in school.
•The Sanskrit compositions Mahabharata and Ramanaya are also classics in this domain.
2. Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not Nature
•In the absence of a depiction of reality, art may be thought of as a perspective of reality.
•In the Philippines, it is fairly uncommon for some viewers of local films to express their
dissatisfaction with the films' realism by stating that they are unrealistic. They argue that local movies
are based on a set of formulas that are detrimental to the content and fidelity to reality of the films
they produce
•'Well and Grinding' is a painting by French artist Paul Cezanne that depicts a situation from reality.
•The Chateau Noir's Forest has a wheel, and it is located there.

3. Art is a result of personal experience

•It is not a comprehensive guide, but rather an experience. The actual act of accomplishing
something.
 •For others, reaching this point without having a good definition of art might seem bizarre and
bizarre. For most people, art does not need a comprehensive definition. Art is nothing more than a
sensory experience.

III.Visual Arts
I. ELEMENTS OS ARTS
- The elements of art are the basic components of art-marking.
- They are the building blocks of composition in arts
1. Lines - Refers to the contour, profile, or outline of an object.
- It determines the shape or form of the object
Type of lines
a. Straight lines
- horizontal lines
- vertical lines
- diagonal or slanting lines
- zigzag lines
b. Curved Lines
- Spiral
- Wave
- Concave
- Convex

2. Shapes - It is an enclosed line

- a two-dimensional area that is defined by a change in value or some other form of contrast.
- An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to
- height and width.
Types of Shapes
a. Geometric shapes
- Can be described using mathematical terms
- They are very regular or precise
- They are more often found in man-made things because they are easier to reproduce and
make things with
- Types of geometric shapes
Circle, square, triangle, rectangle, etc
b. Free-form or organic shapes
- shapes that seem to follow no rules
- shapes that are irregular or asymmetrical in appearance and tend to have a curvy flow to
them
- Nearly all shapes found in nature are organic in appearance. Examples are leaves, flowers
etc.

3. Form - It connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and
height.
a. Geometric forms
- are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named
- sphere, cubes, cone, pyramid
b. Organic forms
- are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical
- They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles,
clouds, animals, the human figure, etc.
4. Color - It originates from a light source, that is either view directly or as reflected light.
 - Color is one of the most expressive elements because its quality affects our emotions directly and
immediately

Categories of Color
1. Properties of colors
a. Primary colors
- Independent colors
- Red, yellow and blue
b. Secondary Colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary colors
- Green, violet, orange
c. Tertiary or intermediate colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary and secondary colors
- Yellow green, yellow orange, blue green, blue violet, red orange, red violet
2. Hue
- The actual color, or the identity of a color
- Red, yellow, blue, pink, orange
3. Intensity
- is the brightness or dullness of color
- is a color’s strength, saturation, purity
4. Temperature of colors
a. Warm colors
- Cheerful, exciting, aggressive colors
- Red, yellow, orange
b. Cool colors
- Calm, restful and depressing
- Blue, green, violet
5. Color Harmony
- a pleasing combination of colors
- Harmonious combination of colors
a. Monochromatic Colors
- This scheme may be achieved using tints and shades of one hue
- Mono means one or single
- Chroma means color
b. Analogous colors
- One or more adjacent colors in the color wheel.
c. Complementary Colors
- Combination of any two opposite colors in the color wheel
d. Triad Colors
- Combination of three colors which form an equilateral triangle in the color wheel

5. Value - The lightness or darkness of a color

- Adding black will darken a hue or lower its value. This is called a SHADE.
- Adding white will lighten a hue or raise its value. This is called a TINT.

6. Texture - It is the perceived surface

- quality of a work of art.
- the roughness or smoothness of the material from which it is made.
Types of Texture
a. Physical Texture
- Experience texture trough touch
b. Implied Texture
- An artist may use his/her skillful painting technique to create the illusion of texture.
7. Space - The distance around, between, above, below, and within an object.

II. Principles of Design

1. Harmony - Harmonious arrangement of elements of arts

- Order or unity
- It is the quality which unifies every part of an arrangement
2. Balance - Equal distribution of VISUAL weight on either side of a composition’s center
- Used to create a sense of stability
Types of Balance
a. Symmetrical balance
b. Asymmetrical balance
c. Radial balance
3. Rhythm - The regular, uniform, or related movement made through the repetition of a unit or motif
- Rhythms can be broadly categorized as random, regular, alternating, flowing, and progressive
4. Proportions - is the relationship of sizes between different parts of a work.
- Ratio, harmony of size, beautiful sizes, law of space relationships
5. Emphasis - The dominance and subordination, center of interest, dominant interest.
6. Variety - Contrast, variation
7. Movements - Using art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a path through the artwork, and/or to show
movement, action and direction

ASIAN ART

Asian art is diverse and rich as a result of thousands of years and the contributions of numerous
nations. It is also well renowned for its calligraphy, which is regarded as the highest form of art in East Asian
art, along with ritual bronzes, exquisite ceramic sculptures, jades, textiles, poetic painted landscapes, garden
design, amazing temples, shrines, pagodas, and stupas. Fan Kuan's Travelers amid Mountains and Stream,
Katsushika
Hokusai's series of 36 views of Mount Fuji, and Basawan's Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawai'i are
just a few instances of artworks that have stood the test of time (Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant
Hawaii). In recent years, Asia has significantly influenced modern art. Asian modern art has gained popularity
recently. The number of regional biennials and triennials, the opening of new contemporary art museums,
and the international acclaim of artists like Cai Guo-Qiang (born in China), Miwa Yanagi (born in Japan), Suh
DoHo (from Korea), and Rirkrit Tiravanija (from Thailand), among others, have all contributed to the
exponential growth of Asian contemporary art in recent years.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN ART

The Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque (including Baroque and Rococo), Renaissance
(including Baroque and Rococo), Neolassicism (including Neoclassicism), Romanticism (including Realism),
Impressionism (including Impressionism), Modernism (including Modernism and Postmodernism), and
Postmodernism are among the successive periods and or movements that are distinguished in the history of
Western art (including Postmodernism).
 A GREEK CHANT (GREGORIAN CHANT)

One of the most well-liked styles of music during the Middle Ages was this one, which featured a
single line of vocal melody that was unaccompanied and in free rhythm. This is not at all surprising given the
importance of the Catholic church throughout this time period. The Mass, which commemorates and
celebrates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ, has always been and will always be a ceremonial event using
predefined words (liturgy), which were both spoken and sung throughout the service.

MUSICAL POLYPHONIC DEVELOPMENT

Composers began experimenting with new methods as the Medieval Period went on, and as a result,
polyphonic genres were born.

ORGANUM

Organum was a crucial early strategy that made it possible to investigate polyphonic texture. It had
two lines of voices and a selection of different heterophonic textures. The three major kinds of organum are
as follows:

A type of organum that coexists alongside another organum is called a parallel organum, also referred
to as a "strict organum."
One voice sings the melody while the other sings at a set interval, giving the impression that the two
voices are moving parallel to one another. For a better understanding, listen to this synthesized example of a
parallel organum. “melismatic organum (melismatic organ)”

The other accompaniment component wanders around above the pitch on which one section of the
accompaniment stays fixed. Listen to this synthesized sample and observe how the second voice stays on the
same note while the first voice sings the melody, as well as how the second voice stays on the same note
while the first voice sings the melody.

NUEMES The direction in which the pitch was shifting was indicated by these symbols engraved above chants.

The flute is a type of musical instrument constructed of wood. Medieval flutes resembled modern recorders
more in appearance since they had finger apertures rather than keyholes.

Dulcimer The Middle Ages' dulcimers were originally plucked, but as technology advanced, hammers were
used to strike them.

Lyra The lyra, which dates back to antiquity, is frequently recognized as one of the earliest known bowed
instruments.

Two more medieval instruments that can be found are the recorder and the lute. Traveling singers
and performers called troubadours and trouvères were also common around this time.

MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC HAS ITS OWN SPECIAL STYLES

Ars Nova, which is Latin for "new art," was a brand-new kind of music that evolved in the 14th
century and had its roots in France and Italy.
The phrase comes from a work written by Philippe de Vitry and published in France in 1320.
In writing, the style was characterized by a wider variety of rhythms, the usage of double time, and a
higher level of freedom and autonomy. These experimental initiatives laid some of the groundwork for later
musical development throughout the Renaissance. During the Art Nova era, the chanson was the most
popular secular genre.

THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE MUSIC THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Baroque music was a style of Western art music that was composed in the Western world from
roughly 1600 and 1750. The Classical era came next, coming after this era, which occurred after the
Renaissance. The name "baroque," which is derived from the Portuguese word barroco and means literally
"misshapen pearl," was used pejoratively to describe the complex and ornately embellished music of this era.
Later, the phrase began to be used to describe the same era's architecture as well.
As a large portion of the "classical music" canon, baroque music is still frequently studied, performed,
and heard today.

CLASSICAL MUSIC

The history of classical music is a long one (1750-1810) The term "classical," with a capital "C,"
designates anything of the greatest level and is frequently linked to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The
letter "C" stands for it and designates a certain composer's style. Any non-contemporary music is incorrectly
referred to as traditional music while discussing classical music. This type of music is actually referred to as
"art music" by composers from the era.
The most important composers to remember and admire are those who have been designated with
an asterisk.
Galant is a name in fashion. This early classical style is also referred to as "galant," which is a French
word that means "galant" or "galant-like."
This early classical design also has a very courtly aspect. Instead of trying to provoke thought, it was
meant to make the listener feel good. The most well-known composers that utilized this technique were
Johann Christian Bach and C.P.E. Bach.

THE ORCHESTRA IS ON THE WAY

The size of the Orchestra began to grow. The use of the harpsichord continuo gradually decreased in
the repertory. Horns in particular were more important in tying the texture together than other wind
instruments. In spite of this, the main instrument was still the string section, to which two horns, one or more
flutes, or a pair of oboes could be added. Gradually, as needed, composers started adding one or two
bassoons, along with a pair of trumpets or a pair of kettle drums. Clarinets were initially made
available in the latter part of the 18th century. Due to his compositions, Mozart is credited with making the
clarinet more well known.

Simple broken chords repeated in the left hand make up the Alberti Bass, which drives the beat and
defines the harmony. One of the first composers for the piano, C.P.E. Bach began his work around 1750. J.C.
The first piano recital by Bach took place in London. Many pieces of music were published for harpsichord or
piano, although harpsichord use steadily declined.

SONATA - A sonata is a piece of music with one or more movements for one or more instruments. It is a trio
with three instruments, a quartet with four, and a quintet with five.

SYMPHONY - A symphony is an orchestral sonata. The Symphony evolved from the Italian Overture, however
it features three movements rather than three sections.

First movement: Usually fast, and in sonata form.

 Second movement: Usually slower and more song-like. It could be in sonata form or ternary form,
and perhaps with variations.

Third movement: Haydn and Mozart wrote a minute in trio at this point. Beethoven later turned this
into a Scherzo (A direct translation is joke.)

Fourth movement: Fast, often light hearted, perhaps in Rondo form, or sonata form, or with
variations. Haydn wrote numerous sonatas, including the Surprise Symphony, the Drum Roll Symphony and
the
London Symphony. Trios and quartets were also in four movements. Sonatas might have three or four
movements. The Classical Concerto did not include the minuet, so only had three movements. Sonata form
Sonata form is a way of building up an individual movement, not a piece. It consists of three sections:

1. The Exposition: The composer exposes his musical ideas. The main ideas are called subjects. The
first subject is in the tonic, which modulates (changes key) near the end to a bridge (transition)
passage, which leads to the second subject. The second subject is in a new, but related, key, often the
dominant (Sta) or relative major (If the first subject is m a minor key). The second subject is usually
more tuneful.

2. Development: Here the ideas are developed. It creates a feeling of

tension and conflict. The climax may be in this section.

3. Recapitulation: The music is repeated from the beginning, but the

second subject is now in the tonic. Finally, the music may have a coda
(A direct translation is tail), which rounds off the music.

THE CONCERTO
It contains a solo instrument and an orchestra. There are three movements (slow, fast, slow). The first
movement has a double-exposition. The first is for the orchestra alone, followed by the soloist. The second,
with the second subject group in the related key. Then comes the development and the recapitulation, for
both the orchestra and the soloist. Towards the end, the orchestra pauses, and the soloist plays a cadenza (a
short passage, 'based on themes heard earlier, which displays the brilliance of the player.) When the
soloist finishes, the soloist ends with a trill, which signifies the orchestra should come in and finish off the
piece. The orchestra plays the coda to end.

OPERA
Classical composers wrote much vocal music, especially opera. Gluck was an important opera
composer. Orfeo ed Euridice is one of his works. He made the actions more important in the opera. At the
start of the opera, the overture prepared the audience for what was to come, Mozart wrote operas including
The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. The Magic Flute is an example of singspiel (an
opera in which singing is mixed up with dialogue). The orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of the action.
Don Giovani is an example of 'opera buffa' (comic opera).

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)

Beethoven composed to please himself. He wrote 32 piano sonatas, nine symphonies. The 9th
Symphony is the Choral Symphony. He wrote one opera, called Fidelio. Towards the end of his life, he became
deaf. He could still composer, and hear the sounds in his head, but had great difficulty in conducting his
works.

Beethoven modified Classical music. His music is weightier, and on a larger scale. There is more
emotion in his music, and his last movements are usually the most important. He uses more discords, more
dynamic contrast and more contrast in pitch. He increased the size of the orchestra, for example, he often
added a 3rd horn and a piccolo, and also added a choir in his 9th symphony.

SOULMAKING
Soul-making is a nontraditional method of getting to know oneself and delving into the depths and
true significance of what we do in our daily lives. It encourages the development of our inner artist while
also assisting us in communicating with others, understanding culture, and embodying tolerance and peace. It
opens the door to a plethora of different intelligences and expressions.

SOUL-MAKING is the process of creating and deriving meaning through art. For a person to make sense of
language and draw meaning from words, it is necessary to take into consideration semantic and grammatical
principles.

ART FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY

Art as a kind of emulation
Plato's The Republic portrays artists as mimics, and art as nothing more than a collection of
imitations. He believes that the things that exist in this world are simply copies of the original, the eternal,
and that authentic beings can only be discovered in the World of Forms, according to his metaphysics or
perspective of reality. Art is nothing more than a copy of another's work. In the World of Forms, a painting is
just a copy of nature, which in turn is an imitation of reality in the actual world.

Art as a means of communication

In agreement with Plato, Aristotle, on the other hand, saw art as a tool to help philosophy in the
pursuit of the truth. Art is a representation of a version of reality. Aristotelian philosophy holds that art has
two distinct purposes: it allows for the enjoyment of pleasure, and it has the power to be instructional,
teaching its audience valuable lessons about life and its surroundings.

Art as a kind of unbiased evaluation

Kant's Critique of Judgment asserted that the judgment of beauty, which he regarded to be the
foundation of art, was something universal, despite the fact that it was susceptible to subjectivity. In his
understanding of beauty, he acknowledged that it is subjective.

The Subjects of Art and the Method of Presenting Them

Subject of Art - The matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist.

- Person, object, scene, event.

2 kinds of art as to subject

1. Representational Art or Objective Art

- Uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in the artwork.

a) Still Life - Depicting mostly inanimate object matter, typically commonplace objects which may be
either natural (food flower, plants, rocks, shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases,
coins, pipes, etc.) in an artificial setting.
b) Portraiture - Portrait
- Painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face
and expression is predominant.
c) Landscapes,
Seascapes, and Cityscapes
2. Non – Representational Art or Non- Objective Art
- Uses “content” and concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted.

Methods of Presenting Art Subjects

➢ Realism
- Began in France 1850s
- Believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against exaggerated emotionalism
- Depict what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear, an what the sense faculty may receive.
- Gustave Courbet and Honore Domier
➢ Abstraction
- In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his ideas or
his feeling about it (exaggerated emotionalism).
- Wassily Kandivinsky

a. Distortion
- Subject is in misshapen condition, irregular shape, twisted out
- Form of emphasizing detail to the point that something in no longer “correctly” depicted.
- The old guitarist – Pablo Picasso.
b. Elongated
- Being lengthen
- Protraction or extension.
c. Mangling
- Not commonly used to portray abstract art.
- Cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn, hacked, or disfigured.
d. Cubism
- Early 1900s
- Combination of basic geometric shapes – sometimes showing multiple viewpoints of a
particular image.
- Looking like a piece of fractured glass.

e. Abstract Expressionism
- Modern art movement in America (WWII)
- Depart completely from the subject matter from the studied precision and from any kind of
preconceived design.
- (parang batik batik lang kagaya kay JC Intal)

➢ Symbolism
- Systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of art more
subjective (rather than objective) and conventional.
- Spolarium

➢ Fauvism
- Les Fauves “the wild beast”
- Emphasized spontaneity and use of extremely bright colors.
- A color red tree.
- Henri Matisse

➢ Dadaism
- Dada “hobby – horse”
- System of art which is per se “non- essential”
 - Strives to have no meaning at all.
- Post – WW cultural movement against the barbarism.
- Fake urinal turned into fountain
➢ Futurism
- Modernist movement celebrating the technological, future era.
- A love of speed, technology, and violence.

➢ Surrealism
- Offshoot or child of dada.
- Also known as “super realism”
- Dream like
- Fantasy

a. Veristic Surrealism
- Allowed images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that the meaning could be
understood through analysis.
- They follow images if the subconscious until consciousness can understand the meaning.
- Rene Magritte, Salvador Dali.
b. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism
- Images of the subconscious should not be burdened by meaning, so they are represented in
an abstract form.
- Focused more on the feelings and less analytical
- Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud

Surrealistic Techniques
i. Scale – changing an objects scale or size.
ii. Levitation – floating objects that don’t normally float.
iii. Juxtaposition – joining 2 images together in impossible combinations.
iv. Dislocation – taking an object away from its usual environment and placing it in an unfamiliar one.
v. Transparency – making objects (that are not transparent) transparent.
vi. Transformation – changing objects in unusual way; dahon na may bitak na parang puzzle piece tas
naging butterfly.

➢ Impressionism
- Optical realism
- Focused on directly describing the visual sensation derived from nature.
- Devotees impressionism were not concerned with the actual depiction of the object they painted;
they were concerned with the visual impressions aroused by those objects.

Art as a means of conveying emotional content

Tolstoy believed that art has a significant function in communicating feelings that the creator has
previously experienced to an audience via communication. Emotions are communicated via art

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS

o RED (PHYSICAL)
Positive: Physical courage, strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, 'fight or flight’, stimulation,
masculinity, excitement
Negative: Defiance, aggression, strain
o BLUE (INTELLECTUAL)
Positive: Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, logic, coolness, reflection, calm
Negative: Coldness, aloofness, lack of emotion, unfriendliness.
o YELLOW (EMOTIONAL)
Positive: Optimism, confidence, self-esteem, extraversion, emotional strength, friendliness, creativity
Negative: Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety, suicide

o GREEN (BALANCE)
Positive: Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance,
environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace
Negative: Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation

o VIOLET
Positive: Spiritual awareness, containment, vision, luxury, authenticity, truth, quality
Negative: Introversion, decadence, suppression, inferiority.

o ORANGE
Positive: Physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, abundance, fun
Negative: Deprivation, frustration, frivolity, immaturity
o PINK
Positive: Physical tranquility, nurture, warmth, femininity, love, sexuality, survival of the species.
Negative: Inhibition, emotional claustrophobia, emasculation, physical weakness

o GRAY
Positive: Psychological neutrality.
Negative: Lack of confidence, dampness, depression, hibernation, lack of energy.

o BLACK
Positive: Sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety, efficiency, substance.
Negative: Oppression, coldness, menace, heaviness.

o WHITE
Positive: Hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity, cleanliness, simplicity, sophistication, efficiency.
Negative: Sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, elitism.

o BROWN
Positive: Seriousness, warmth, nature, earthiness, reliability, support.
Negative: Lack of humor, heaviness, lack of sophistication.