PSYCHOLOGICAL  The best way to gain powers of human

PERSPECTIVE knowledge was through reason.

“natural philosophy,”  Having distanced the
Socrates which is what we would self from all sources of
The only true wisdom is in now call science. truth from authority and
knowing you know nothing  Happiness, which is tradition, the self can
dependent in an only find its truth and
An unexamined life is not worth individual’s virtues, is authenticity within its
living the central purpose of own capacity to think.
 Know Thyself human life and a goal in
itself. John Locke
 Question Everything
 Only the Pursuit of St. Augustine No man’s knowledge here can
Goodness Bring go beyond his experience.
Happiness The truth is like a lion. You
don’t have to defend it. Let it Our concept of personal identity
 Socratic Method: must derive from inner
Question and Answer; loose. It will defend itself
experience
 Leads Students to think Do unto others what you want
for Themselves others unto you  The Self is defined as a
subject that thinks.
Plato  An important figure in  The self that has full
Human behavior flows from the development of competence in the
three main sources: desire, Western Christianity powers of human
emotion, and knowledge  His philosophy of man reason.
brings together wisdom  Having distanced the
Tripartite Soul of the Greek philosophy self from all sources of
 The Rational part and the divine truths truth from authority and
desires to exert reason contained in the tradition, the self can
and attain rational scripture. only find its truth and
decisions (RULING  The absolute and authenticity within its
CLASS) immutable is the Living own capacity to think.
 The Spirited part desires God, the Creator of the
entire universe. David Hume
supreme honor
(MILITARY CLASS)  To love God means to A wise man proportions his
 The Appetite part of the love one’s fellowmen, belief to the evidence.
soul desires bodily and to love one’s
fellowmen means never The self is a bundle of
pleasures such as food, impression”
drink, sex, etc. to do any harm to
(COMMONER) another.  He rejects the notion of
Rene Descartes identity over time.
Aristotle  There are no “persons”
All human actions have one or I doubt therefore I think, I think that continue to exist
more of these seven causes: therefore I am over time, there are
chance, nature, compulsions, The fact that I am doubting merely impressions.
habit, reason, passion, desire. cannot be anymore open to  According to Hume, you
doupt cannot think about the
Happiness depends on ourselves self
 Contributed the  • The Self is defined as a  Or, when you do, the
foundation of both subject that thinks. only things you are
symbolic logic and  The self that has full thinking about are
scientific thinking competence in the individual impressions
 or perceptions of your that there are mechanical causes  Consciousness, the
self. of corporeal movements and world, and the human
mental causes of corporeal body as a perceiving
Immanuel Kant movements thing are intricately
To be is to do intertwined and
 Rejects the theory that mutually “engaged”.
 Consciousness is the mental states are  Our perception of the
central feature of the separable from physical self is a collection of our
self. states. perceptions of our
 He concluded that outside world
The consciousness is adequate descriptions of
divided into: human behavior need
1. Internal Self- never refer to anything
but the operations of SOCIOLOGICAL
composed of PERSPECTIVE
psychological states and human bodies
informed decisions;  His form of Sociological Perspectives of the
remembering our own Philosophical Self:
state, how can we Behaviorism (the belief
that all mental  Self as Product of
combine the new and Modern Society
old ideas with our mind phenomena can be
explained by reference  Self as a Necessary
2. External Self-made up Fiction
of ourselves and the to publicly observable
behavior) became a  Post-Modern View of
physical world where the Self
the representation of standard view for
several decades.  Self as Artistic Creation
objects  Self Creation and
 He argued that
Sigmund Freud philosophers do not Collective Identity
need a “hidden”  Self Creation and the
The child is the father of a man Struggle for Cultural
principle to explain the
 The self continues from supra-mechanical Identity
childhood to adulthood capacities of humans,
Personality is because the workings of
determined by childhood the mind are not distinct Self as Product of Modern
experiences from the actions of the Society
 Personality is largely body, but are one and
Modernization “delocalized”
unconscious the same.
self. Free to seek own identity;
 Structure of the Self free from customary constraints
Maurice Merleau Ponty
Id: animalistic self;
pleasure principle We know not through our
Ego: executive self; intellect but through our
reality principle Self as a Necessary Fiction
experience
Superego: conscience; Self: sum of individual’s action,
morality principle  His work is commonly
thoughts and feelings (Friedrich
associated with the
Gilbert Ryle Nietzsche).
philosophical movement
called existentialism and Self as a representation;
To de is to do
its intention to begin
The dogma of the Ghost in the with an analysis of the Post Modern View of the self
Machine… maintains that there concrete experiences, Self is a narrative, a text written
exist both bodies and minds; perceptions, and and rewritten Manifestations:
that there occur physical difficulties, of human
processes and mental processes; existence.
Information technology cultural sensibilities of and pretend to be those
dislocates the self, thus, self is postmodernity, new information other people in order to
“digitalized” incyberspace technologies and globalization. express the expectations
Yet the project of self creation of significant others.
Global migration produces is embedded within imagined This process of role-
multicultural identities communities. playing is self-
Post-modern selves are consciousness and to the
✔ The self constantly lives in ger self
“pluralized” selves this paradox: to pursue self All the world’s a stage,
creation within pre-given, not and all the men and
willfully chosen social women merely players.”
Self as Artistic Creation circumstances. 3. Game the individual is
Self is not discovered, it is required to internalize
made through the socialization the roles of all others
process. BUT, individuals are Mead and the Social Self who are involved with
not just hapless victims of GEORGE HERBERT MEAD- him or her in the game
socialization. well-known for his theory of the and must comprehend
social self, which is based on the rules of the game.
Individual is an active,
strategizing agent that the central argument that the
negotiates for the definition of self is a social emergent George Herbert Mead is also
himself. o The social conception of well-known for his Concept of
the self entails that the “I” and the “me”. The self
individual selves are the has two sides:
Self Creation and Collective products of social o The “me” represents the
Identity interaction and not the exp attitudes of others
Memories (photographs, logical or biological (the gene) It is the
videos) play significant role in preconditions of that organized set of
creating the self and identity interaction. attitudes of others that
o It is not initially there at the individual assumes.
Self creation is formed within birth, but arises in the It is the socialized aspect
“imagined communities” process of social of the individual. It
Self creation along cultural lines experience and activity. represents the learned
must be done in maximum o Mind arises out of the behavior, attitudes, and
cultural recognition of social act of expectations of others
differences among and between communication. and the society. The
individuals and cultural groups. “me” is considered a
phase of the self that is
According to Mead, there are in the past. The “me”
Self Creation and the Struggle three activities through which has been developed by
for Cultural Identity the self is developed: the knowledge of
society and social
A challenge of self-identity 1. Language allows interactions that the
amidst recognition of racial and individuals to take on individual has gained.
ethnic identities the “role of the other” o The “I” can be
and allows people to
considered the present
respond to his or her
and future phase of the
Beyond self creation own gestures in terms of
self. It represents the
the symbolized attitudes
individual’s identity
✔ Search for self-identity is a of others.
based on response to the
product of modern society but 2. Play individuals take on
“me “The “I” is the
this is complicated by the socio- the roles of other people
 response to the “me,” or ANTHROPOLOGICAL Instead they are about culture
the person’s PERSPECTIVE: The Self is and experience insofar as these
individuality. It allows Embedded in Culture can be understood from the
the individual to still standpoint of bodily being-in-
express creativity and Culture- customary beliefs, the-world.”
individualism and social forms, and material traits
understand when to of a racial, religious, or social Embodiment is often defined as
possibly bend and group “how culture gets under the
stretch the rules that skin” (Anderson-Fye 2012, 16).
Tabula Rasa by John Locke -
govern social the implication is that at birth How culture shape the world
interactions. Existence all individuals are basically the we live in now?
in community comes same in their potential for
before individual character development and that  TV Networks contribute
consciousness. their adult personalities are in shaping our beliefs,
exclusively the products of their political ideologies and
postnatal experiences, which viewpoints thereby
The self is the joining point differ from culture to culture. creating an individual
between the individual and the among us.
society. Communication is the Human children are biologically  Television influences the
link that allows the interaction ill-equipped to survive without language, traditions,
to occur. culture. (Fussing, breastfeeding, beliefs, knowledge and
presence of parents… bi- even personalities.
directional influence.)  The print media is also
shaping us in many
The Self: I and Me Urie Bronfenbrenner -he different ways
divided the environment into  Radio also is a big
I - The spontaneous, driving five different levels. The
force that fosters all that is influence
microsystem is the most  Icons that serve as an
novel, unpredictable, and influential, has the closest
unorganized in the self. example and thus
relationship to the person, and is became an object of
Me - the objective self; the the one where direct contact emulation.
image of self seen when one occurs. The mesosystem  Our religion, tradition
takes the role of the other consists of interactions between and superstition impose
a person’s microsystems. a degree of influence on
This theory helps teacher look our being.
How Mead Matters Today into a very child’s  Our history, story,
environmental systems in order mythology and literature
What others think of us, the
to understand more about the give us our identity.
perspective of others we gain
characteristics and needs of  Art and its meaning and
from being a part of the
each child, each learner. The significance
conversation of gestures, are
school and the teachers can  The concept of beauty
absolutely necessary for us to
contribute stability and long and attractiveness
even have a sense of self.
term relationships in the home.  The concept of fitness
We think of ourselves as and health
individuals, to be sure, but we Thomas Csordas (1999, 143):
“If embodiment is an existential Clifford Geertz 1926-2006
are only able to do so by virtue
condition in which the body is American Anthropologist -aim
of being a part of a larger social
the subjective source or inter- of most his work is to provide
community
subjective ground of an understanding and
experience, then studies under acknowledgement of “thick
the rubric of embodiment are description” that exists within
not about the body per se. cultures; understanding other
peoples understandings of  He believes that culture Culture is also not a force or
things. is not something that causal agent in the world, but a
occurs in the heads of context in which people live out
Thick description is an humans; their lives.”
anthropological method of  “Culture is public,
explaining with as much detail because meaning is”
as possible the reason behind (Geertz 1973).
human actions