Daltons Atomic theory

Atoms
indivisible
matter
Basic units of
elements look alike
some
Atoms of is diff
a a diff
themselves in
react among
They
weight
fixed foopotions of

J J Thompson
cathode rays
ve
Low pressure

high voltage

bright spot

fjfj C a

energy particles fall

on it
 e

electrons

are
7 Cathode rays
ve
madeup of

ma

g
It
elm ratio
electrons
of found
Y were

q A
T
 taken inside the
Efm ratio for any gas
same
tube remains the fundamental
are
that elections
which proves
particles

stamina
shadow

tee passive nature

ores
F
it
m
t
Ea.dk
C
e

hit the
walls
canal rats
for
ratio of glass tube
elm ditt A genreale heat
is diff for Canode rays
gases
Canal rags
 0 0 Positive field
8 e's
0

model
not accepted

µ 2ns screen
2
Hey

I
i

Thin
aft
e
and foil
Fy
the space in an
most of
empty charged and
centre of atom
rely is
atom is concentrated at centre
whole mass of
 IOI
FI
s
as
is present
mass
40 Particles with measurable

onside remains
missing

distinnosiseim
To
x Loosing energy
Antinous nnnr
continuously
spectrum

dont loose energy

stable and
Atoms are a continuous
continuously to generate

spectrum matter interaction is

wave
precisely found
 MuueeyXA
mass number

Oinnent
ve volatile oil
q anise

im electrons
captured by
oil droplets
vet

required to balance the

Charge 19C
1.6 10
oildroplets
3 2 10 19 C
19 C
4 8 10

i
Ei
c

n
 Plancks Quantum Theory s Hertz
or
7
C hw
Joules Ed D plancies Constant
t radiation
velocity
bearuency of
s T the radiation
O wavelength of
m or A

l AO e lo Om
Inm lo 9M

available is
Zadiations are
Energy of duainta
called
discrete packets
E hid
Quanta is photons
the
for light
Velocity distance
c travelled by a
waskeeoinnd.mi

µf X
Frequency no
passing thru
of waves

34 a point in
h 6.626 10 g g unit time
 T 7
f
m
wave number
in unit distance
no of wavelengths
wave length
A light emits
a photon
the
of
from
30008 How many photons
equivalent to
Energy
will be
light source

300J
of C 300J
h
C
For 1 photon 3 108ms
6.626 10 3455
e
E 10M
3000 10

34 3 108
6.628 10
10
3000 10

7 300J
1000 10
3000 10
300
photons 34 108
nor if 6.626 10 31 z
10
_x1o
f
59
72
 el
B
based on
postulates were
His

A spectrum with
It samples
irradiated
He
energies
diff
radiation of he
exp
each set of
In
of energy
amount
calculated the he also
and
absorbed Absorption spectrum released
energy
calculated amount of
spectrum
emission he gave us
calculations
Based on this
postulates
following
the atom is
in an
electron values
all the
Energy of cannot
have
Quantized It

of energy
 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in
called orbit Each orbit
a circular path
its own energy
associated With
is levels
called energy
They are not loose
does
its own orbit around
E's in revolve
continuous
and circular motion
energy in uniform
nucleus
the levels
energy
Stationary
associated with the
momentum
angular
orbit
Mvr on ZR
3 4 or
n _1,2
N orbit no i

M n _i
k Sheil
Z
SheilL
L
K z M
shell
a 2 3 4 5 Shell
µ
q N
 absorb and get excited they
Es energy
excited to higher shell
get orbits by
to high energy
They jump
release the
They
absorbing energy to
original
and return
excess energy releasing the
do so by EMR
orbit They form of
in the
excess energy E g
COO J

tE _100J
O Eg
100J
N Es z f Ese
7
Es ztE2 F'T
L
K Cg 100J
A 2 3 4 5
N
7nF E5 tEf 3
n
n r E3 z

C 271

100J
Electrostatic force of attraction
and Z non f protons
between e S

exz
22

K
ge
2
Ckgpbofetatic
2
M
Centrifugal force

to have a uniform
for an e
around the
motion
circular
nucleus

Ze
2
K MI
T
Iz
2 K
mv2
mire
K E 2
t.E
JL.ee
 mv2 2 K
8
MVT I
2h

m2v2z2 nth
4h2

mv2 nth
497mn22
and
from
n2h
Zej
K
49 m 22

K 9 109
Ia
r
m e
NM 4G
t o 5zq.no A
Z

r O 529 Ao 3 0529
A Atom
for 0.529
Nc 4
5 0529
9 0 52gal
73 7 0 529
Ja 16 0 52gal
 Potential energy the electron
of as ve
atom is taken
inside an

O
P E
e free electron
T
PE
ZetZ K
y

p E ZI K

2 K
KRG 2
P E
K G t
T E
2 K
iz
I
I K
Z n2h2_
Ze 2K
4h2m
4 K2
4h2m 2

Energy of z n 2h2
e in nth
Z
orbit TEN za2mk2
n 2h2 I
18
En
2.19 X 10
4 2
J atom
 18 1
En 2.19 10 22 J atom
Tz
atom
En
13.6 ZI ev
NZ
19 J
ev s 6 10

nTses En Tses
as
E 13 bev 138
H atom
for 13.6 4
C 2
93.6
5136
E3 13.61g
13.6
13 61,6 724
C4
HUMPHERY
Radio
ffn I rr 6
n es T
arte
I I
nee IR
p
ne 3
i
illhtti

n 7
mvz nh_
2h

Zz n2
K
422m12

n.tn
zarmi
n h

zq.NL 4h2
m.e2

2nkTZV
2ae2
n h atomic
nor

106
2.186 IN osbii non

2 18 10 1822 J atom
En Tz
O
O 529 A
Tn

A 10 Om
 i
E s H atom 2 1

6 fEp
5

92
6,2

Ake f e
g
t

3
n _I
M
2 arrays
series v
Brackett
Nz5,617
n q spectrum

f
Nz 43 4,5 G 7 r n

IR
t

visible series

Paschen 2 4,516
Nyt 3
near series Nz
hi 3 IR
Aza 4
5,6
 18
En Z 18 10 2 h12

Enz 2.18 10
18 ZI
na

Enz En
2.18 10
18 22 Tz 2

selased d 22
Energy RH X
e
by tee constant
jumps
when it Rhydber
from Nz Al 2.18 10
18 J
d equivalent
Energy
released in
Energy
ER
the form
Ra IZ 4,7
E

f
2
h C
EE ft nta
TI y 6.6 10 34ps
I 120 22 tint
4
105cm for loam
 narwind to excise an
e Calculate Energy
in
est shell to 4th Shell
electron from radiation
calculate tee of
H atom Also
the e's
excite
used to

Fn 2.18 10 1822
ne
18
E Z 18 10 x g

18
C a
Z 18 10 1 42
1048 16 J
2 18

E 2.18 10
18 x l
t
Ea
18
2 18 10 1 16
10 185
2.04
18
h 10
2.04
15515 3 108ms
6.64
HC
X T.ggoI8 2.04 10 185
9.76 10 8M
 976 10 com
976ft
absorbs Kiev
An e in H atom
level
and Jumps to high energy
emitted
radiated
Calculate the X of
from that
e s if it falls
this in a
by shell
to first
excited Shell
manner
stepwise
E 13.6 ev 12Z

13 GeV

12 l EV
Cabsorbed
13.61 121
l Bev
En
2
13.6 2 1 515
NZ
2 1

13.6 n 3
n2 9
fine
 2 71
3 32 z
147.12
f RH l2 LT 32 4
RH FT X 45kt
3 I 33 10
FM
de Ry
133mm
Ix 10Am
72 20
Fm
I

720hm
 nz 2
n 7
I line 8 Lyman series
Balmer
s n Z 72
4
I limit 1 4
a 3
1
Paschen 8
I Ii a 72
is M 4
n
Bracher 0
II n
series nz
line for any
limiting
Az
4th limiting
n
2nd 3rd
pi 5 D
3 4
2 D
Lyman
1 G
4 5
3 D
2 7
Kilmer 5 6
3 4
Teschen 8
7

5
5 6
D
Brackett 4 8 9
6 7
N
Pfund co
8 9
6 7
Humphery
 emitted by
maximum non
f lines
when it
AN Electron
to hi is
Nz
from
jumps

of lines photons
nor
minimum
electron
AN
emitted by nz to n
is
from
when it jumps

Sample of atoms a 5 72
74 5 33
5 5
5 74 n
I
vs
4 71 3
3 u
3 21
2 7in
non f lines
or no f Photons

5 34 Nz Mtl Cha n

4 2h T
z 71
 in H atom jumps from 4th shell
An e
emits a photon of
shell and
to 1st in Het atom
scam Which transition in
X Same X as

a photon f
will emit
A atom
Rit 12

Kit Ent Te
Entente
f IT
RH
Ra I

i
fo IT IT
f
Tae
Fa
Z n z S
7
n Nz X
z
scam
H b I 4
Xnm
net
2T
EL Iz
XM
z
 C M
12
µ2t 3
n nz X
Z

Het 2 3 6 Yam 7 o

9 nm
List 3
6 2am
Het 2 4
2mm
3 6 9
citt
 electrons
Deal nature of
master waves
deBroglie
X mv
Bhors
Muz
n
ha statement

Zao n hav

222 9 X

circumference

in phase revolunon
nfh
Zar 44
A 4

tf out of phase revolution

 mv2
K E I
2
m
2 K C
2
m2
2 m K G
KrE
Mrs

h_ de Broglie ceruation
X Mr

x h_
2 make

or no

1 e
f 7
k.GE.e.PL
d to
charge e

h
t
J2 m e
Ph potential
1 din i
charge on the
particle
 principle observed
uncertaining Bohr
what nod position 8
Heisenberg s
Lorin e
of c
E
N

measure velocity
possible to
it is not
and position of
C this momentum
Simultaneously
particle
a subatomic
loot accuracy
with
Ex
M Ev Z Fa
uncertaining in velocity
j
in position
uncertainty
b
DX sp Z 4h

myr n_ a
 E
n
Bohr atom 2h22
5th orbit of
waves made is 5
no f
1 ton
is
transition X
Lowest enemy lowest energy Longer

z 71
Lyman series 73
Paschen n 4
5 24
Brackett
3 32
Balmer
6 75
Pfund
7 76
Humphery
Cw
Refer
did already 7 34
10
6.6 10
Da X

ay
DX DP
tf 4 3 14

DX 5.25 10
2 um 5
Dp 10 g
3 MS I
152 10 10 2kg DP 0
b
7 l Doc a
10
Kgms
 AB
5 10 Em
XA
mu a
Cmv B Iz
XB
da Fgf
cA DB_
KYA
XB 77
XA
10 8
2
5
co Fm

Pe 1kV 1 103 v

Me 9.1 10 311cg
66 10 34

a I 2xgixio
37xt6fYoYT
J2 m.e.gs
3 85 10 m
Ax move
er
39.1 0.0007
6.6 10
34 10 Dva
3.14 4
34
0 525 10
DV 31
co 9 91 10
36
Are 525
g 10 35
1 m
5.3 10

E o 53M
o 579M

him
M a 200 10 3 Kg
200g
5 MS
Smh
3600
54
34 66 10 36
6.6 0 10
3
10
odx5_ 34 36
3600 616 10
2
X 10
32
100 10
go 30M
 Energy f tree
13 GeV
N electron _O

n 4
sequised to
Energy
is energy
Ionisation gaseous
a
neutral
an e from
amore
atom
Ionisation Energy
K E Energy given possessed
energy
ta c in
by
the orbit

in it atom 13 Gev
I E J e
13.6 2
C absorbed
13 6
KE 2 13 b
13 GeV
34
66 0
b
in 31 X
12 m GE 12 9.1 10
19
3 6 1.6 10
 34 6.6 10 9
X 6.6 10

18.296 136 10 50
118.2 1.6 136
8.1 10 9
20
fo
3.3 10 M

l
11808 KI Moy
3 I C

103 g atom
I
I G 1118
6 023
20
10 J atom
118,08

Enemy e in atom

8
118,0 10 203
20
18.22 08 10
2.18
102 1168
12
2
22 1118 10
6 2.18
 2 3
22 z g
13108 24
3 1 s
non f protons

E 2.18 10 18

10
18
2.18
4
IT
18
2 18 10 I
Eq E a

10
18
2 18 1 16
2.18 1048 Y
Enemy ten J
this C
Radiation that Prodivides

10 18
6.6 1534 3 108
2 18
5,3 T
54 3 108 16
X 6.6 10

5 2.18 10 18

g
687158M
15 2.18
 Bohrs theory
Shortcomings of
to Uni electron Species
applicable
H Het Litt Best
does not take uncertaining principle
It

into account not

is
mvr nh_
21T
to uncertaining principle
valid ace

spectral lines
splitting of Boh's theory
not
explained by
is
to n _I
Nz 3
from
on e
fall
according to Bohn
3 72 2 lines seen
z model
external magnetic
In the presence of
more ran 2 lines
electrical field
R and blank effect
seen Zeeman
are
Quantum Model atom
of
01213

dimensional space
3
ORBITAL where the
around the nucleus
e is maximum
probability of finding

Stationary
waves

an electron
Amplitude
wave function of

is continuous
Y Y
Y is finite
is singlevalued
Y
 y
t.tn

is

y X Y
N
T
r

the amplitude of electron

Y represents

wave
Can be
both
4
n ve
tve
Y
Y
 II t.FI
Ek 8ah2m O

fE Iao y

Bohr interpration
Square of 4
Ace to
probability
or 141 at a point gives

at that point
densig
finding e's at any
y probability of
distance 8 from the
point at

nucleus

Iy IE
Hamiltonian operator

eigenvalues and eigen function

ORBITALS
 numbers are obtained
Quantum

Schrodiengers wave equation

from
no Cn
Principal Quantum

1 2 3 4
L M N n
K
from the
distance of the electron
talk about
nucleus 67 this
e too
energy of
no
Cl
Azimuthal Ouantum

0 to Cn D
l 1 0 Sorbitol
al b I porbital
eliphI aY e di

sommerfled l 3

IS n 3
0
f I 4 e o 35
O l ZP zp
n z l
25 2 3d
 magnetic Quantum non cm
l o tl
m o spherical orientation
to
S orbital m
m I Pe P Pz
e p
O 3 degeneracy
pomital
I y
spherical y

L
x
x
n
Py
s Poe dumbell
Shape
y M Z
2
2
if f 7
Pz O
entations
X ti
2

day dxz.de 2 5 degeneracies

5 earual energy
dicky de orbitals
d
mo
 Y 2

2
does
day
y dye

x
x dza
2
dicky
derived from
no not
Spin ouantum earuantion
wave
to revolve
z freedoms
Cg

t E
 s 2C2lH 2h2
A l m
hell
orbital
1 Yes Yz Z Z
I 0 O
S
K

O two 42 2
Z O
28 8
L
I 42542
1
ZP o tye Ya 6

fi tyre 42

Yz Z
O tyre
3 O
t 12
M
I Yz
42
G 18
l O tyz
I 42
ya
1 2
s
2 Yz
2 YZ
I Yz s

O
0 1 Ye s Yz
fI Yz s Yz
z t Yz s Yz
sT.sn T
non.ofe shell
orbital
 e's in orbital 2 C 21ft
No of
S 9 0 2
6 2 in each Px Py
P l
Pe
d lez co 2 in a day dice
dyz dx2y
dat
l 3 14
f
2e
IS zees
2Pa
2e
2dg
2 Pz 2e

in a Shell 2h2
no
f e's
shell n 2
a
orbitals in a

3rd shell 9 orbitals

35 3Pa 314,312
3day 3dxz 3dyz

3dx2yz 3dL
 35 3p
IS C 25 210
1ST as c3d 4ps
L sss 4d
210
sp CGS 248
35 310 3d g d crop
L
4S 4P 4d 48

Ss 5P Sd 58 5g
X

ios Gp Gd 6f
r
2 CITI
75
1 0 S 2e
SP Ge
LES ee p
d toe
l Z
IS f 7145
e 3

lower energy level first

Electrons occupy
level Aufbau
and then higher energy principle
value Greater the energy
Greater the Intl value then
have Some nfl
2 orbitals
if Value higher energy
anager n
 n l Ntl

IS 1 O l

2
2 O
ZS
3
2 I
Rp
O 3
3s 3

3s ZP

3 l 4
31
2 5
3d 3

O 4
45 4

452 3d
 Electronic configuration
35 C 3P L 4S L
3ds 410
I s s 25 L Zp

Sss ed

H is he
152 Mt opposite spin
Lte no 2 electron
exclusion principle value
Pauli's have some
can
in atom
an numbers
Quantum
all the 4 is 25
for
1522 s C 2,13 EH DT
gli
Be 15225 Dt Dt
1St 252
9
1525210 Days ME TI
B

b 252102 Dav her 19

go
Dir TAI
multiplicity
Hunds rule Of maximum spin
will take place in degenerate
Pairing of e s
orbitals all degenerate orbitals have le
only after
 orbials all degenerate
only after
each 25 ZP
is
MET half
g
N 15252ps filled
15 252104Dq Dav Jj
go
Is 252ps
Dtv tf
qF tf Compleat
IF Doe filled
one Ecg.sI
orbitals 7 half fisted
completely filled
sw partially filled

152252 zp6 3g
Na
y
352
12mg
152252ft
1522522106 352 3p
z A1 35273102
1525 2pb
gsi 152252
2,06 352
3133
15 P 2106 352 3124
152 252
165 Zpb 352 3ps
7 Q 15252 352 Spf
2ps
15 IS 35 Spt qsl2
g AT 2p
q
k 5225 2,08 352 Spb
Ca 15225
 2
SC 15225 2pb 3523106 452 3d
2
2106 352 3106 452 3d
Ti 152 252 3
3106 452 3d
2Pb 352
V 15225 4
3106 45
2252 2p6 352
co CS 4S
3ds
za
At
5
3106 452 3d
352
152 2522106 3d 5
gym Ar 452
2 6
3106 as 3d
352
CS 25 2Pb 7
zgfe 422
3d
406 352 sp
15252
zfo
AD 412318
zgNi cf
4523
afar
yell CAR Is
3110
3d
152521,83523126452
or cab
23dL
yn
 are
All the above configurations
around stale electronic
called
configurations zite 152
1522522,06
Ale
2 He L
co
152252406
P Ayn
8
ONE 3523pA
35 310
3d
18 AT k
1522522106

so
f Ess
54 L ne ng't configur
65 GP
gg Rn L
anon
unpaired is
7S
L It

CAD 45 3ds
4 Patamn

28 Hi 18 10

CKD 5549 1St

nounpaired e's
48J 36
diamagnetic

unpaired e paramagnetic
presence
of
weekly attracted
towards Magnets
 orbit angular momentum mvr nd
29

momentum Tet h_
orbital angular 2h

or T
Jeceti
orbital
S orbital e o
angularmomentum

l
orbital ang mom Tatya
Is i

4 n
a thZa
l 2
di 4
s JI
l 3 2h
f
magnetic
momentum JF Bmg
spin only
Ms Bm Bohr Magneton
unpaired e's
n no
of
Fe
CAD453dB ITTIHAD
n 4

t2 4.913M
µs
 5
CAN 45 3d
2ft
Dr ITTIHAD
N 6
jogs 5.48 Bm
µ G 913M

25 t I
electrons
Spin number of
impaired
no
of e s
S nz
3
5
N 1St 252 2ps n 3 2

nor 2 3
Spin
4

C 15225 2102 na 2 Sa I
21 1
spinner
3
 y graphs

i l's
35

eh

in

I
 orbital tune
Zhao
S on ode 2 e
i

anode z EEF
ha
Eon
to E e

3 Fo 3
23ft 2,2
3s
28390
2 nodes
e

1 nude
E f 20 390
e

2 243A
24 1 2 e
3d
o nodes h2 42 Eo
Ao
nodes
orbital where the
inside the
space
electron is
probability of finding

Zero

h l I
nodes
no of
n l I
n l
0
IS I 0

S spherical
2 D nudes
ZS
O
2 1 IS
ZP o
Z
3 0

j'T
35
S
i
3 I
3P 0

Z O
3
3d as
 d orbital radial nodes
P orbital

plane where the probability

nodal plane
electron is zero

of finding
plane I
l
nudes laudal
angular nodal planes
e
me of
0
S O

P l

2 2
d

Planes XY XZ YZ

Px 23 has es

YZ 7 nodal plane

nodal plane
Pj Xz

a a

Pz Xy
 nodes
d orbital no of nodal plane angular
2

in Xy plane
day e s
nodal planes
XZ and Yz
nodal planes Xy and Yz
dxz
e
n
Xy and x2
dyz
nodal planes
dx2 yr z
Cube
in a
diagonal planes
y

dx2y2

dz2 o nodal planes

 y graphs

i ki

3P 2
y

vi T
 Just a mathematical function
is
y itself
direct physical significance
with no

density and
to electron
42 corresponds

e s
the probability of finding
arty
at that density point
function
distribution
Radial probability
4ar do x 42
IS 25

4ardo
4daf3y2µ
µ

42
r
r

or
4982dg42 or pay 242
Radial distribution gash 122
function
 Zp 35
Qatar qar2dr
YL yl

r z
wt z

SP 3d
qatar
leaf yn
D8
Y
N N r
r
at a
an annular element
The volume of is proportional
the nucleus
from
distance r
a sphere of radius
the area 4hr2 of
to
e is being at
tee
r the probability of Vtdt from
T and
a distance between of
is given by the product
nucleus
the 4982dB and
volume spherical shell
tee of
I l f
Mobility density 122m42
Radial probability 4az2drxR2
4902dg 42
nl

zp
sp

807
f

3P
electrons
no nodes

diagram
Boundary surface
Py
IS it

prosanias
i i

density

p
a
Tp
Photo electric effect
ve
hI
surfed

G A 0
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e
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seas to
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stop the

C Threshold energy
f ta metal
hV WIK Ion
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light Tsa its enemy

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l I
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9 3
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energy level
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4523015
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3523106
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14
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orbitals takes place
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8
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is
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a 15
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nz 6 hi I
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IT
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o
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X emitted

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hi

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fitness 53 1 7313M
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if
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TENT
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at As 450 3d

n t
G
lines emitted
no of non of lines
m2 Ntl na n z
nz 4
6 i
na Cha 17 2

RH 22 2 2

x
151
n
iortxiffe.to X 106mm
 momentum
angular
Mvr 3 1652 10 34kg m2 Is

mvrn n.tn
2h
10 34
3.1652
nxb.by o 34gs

2 3.14
3.1652 2 3 14
n

Nc 22
N 3
2

RH 4 Is IT
f
4 RH 5T 512ft

E E t Ez
I d
Xz emited
absorbed

h h the
XL
data X XI
f 7,72
X tiz