Father of Sociology, Auguste Comte gabayan mo kami~

COMMUNITY - It introduces the concepts of social

capital and communitarianism.

ENGAGEMENT,
- Social capital is defined as the
networks of relationships among people
who live and work in a particular society
SOLIDARITY, AND for the effective function of the
community.
CITIZENSHIP - The concept of communitarianism
explains the connection between the
Transcribed by: Cons Sabangan & Carl individual and the community. Every
Costa (CNC) person has a special role in one’s
society, and it is part of human nature
to relate with other people in various
LESSON 1: DEFINITIONS conditions or situations.
- Study of people socializing in a society
OF COMMUNITY
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE

1. FIRST DIMENSION – The community is
- Group of people interacting with one
an existing establishment or physical
another in a particular area.
space where its members go for a
certain purpose.
ANTHROPOLOGY
EXAMPLES: Companies, hospitals or
- This field examines the various
educational institutions.
aspects of humans, such as their
biology, behavior, culture and social
2. SECOND DIMENSION – Views the
interactions. It may also study how
community as a social model.
people adapt their ways of living to
EXAMPLES: Catholic Church, Agama
various environments.
Islam Society, Couples for Christ

ECONOMICS
3. THIRD DIMENSION – The community is
- This field studies the production,
composed of the ways people act,
allocation and consumption of goods
interact with each other, react and
and services.
expect each other to act and interact.
EXAMPLES: “Father” is both a role and
POLITICAL SCIENCE
an institution.
- This field encompasses the various
ways and means of allocating power,
influence, and decision-making. This
CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
includes types of governments and - This perspective stresses the idea of
management systems, and how people forming a group, foundation or an
in small bands or informal groups make organization in service to society.
decisions when they do not have This perspective views society as a
recognized leaders. community of citizens linked by
common interest and collective activity
SOCIOLOGY EXAMPLES: ABS CBN Foundation,
Ayala Red Cross Foundation, Boy and
- This field is the study of society, social
Girls Scouts of the Philippines and
order, social interactions and culture.
Caritas Manila.
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LOCAL AND GRASSROOTS Local Economy and Businesses

PERSPECTIVE - Nature of business
- This perspective highlights - Sources of employment
volunteerism. Members of different - Employment profile of residents
communities may involve themselves in - Adequacy of public transportation
various programs or activities. The
community uses self-organization and Income Distribution
encourages the local citizens to - Public assistance benefits for residence
contribute to the community by taking of community
responsibilities and actions. - Median income level
EXAMPLE: Medical mission for the
victims of Typhoon Haiyan Housing
- Housing conditions of community
- Types of housing
LESSON 2: ELEMENTS - Ownership status

Educational Facilities and Programs

- Educational system
1. STRUCTURES AND ASPECTS OF
- Public and private schools
A COMMUNITY
- Curriculum of DepEd
- Attention with special population (e.g.
Demographics kids with special needs)
- Population Size - Preparation for labor force
- Density
- Heterogeneity
Health and Welfare System
- Ethnic groups
- Numbers of health professionals
- Names given to various parts of the
- Accessibility to area residents
community
- Social service programs
- Areas known for having their own
characteristic
Sources of information and Public
- Isolation from or closeness to other
Information
communities
- Presence of TV and Radio stations
- History of the area
- Community organizations capacity to
- Changes and development to area
update residents on important
information
Geography and Environmental Influences - The capacity of the resources of
- Community’s physical environment information to enhance the residents'
- Community’s location skills to promote positive social change
- Concerns regarding environmental - The presence of community leaders who
hazards speak for marginalized subgroups.
- Recreational areas
Summary Assessment of Community Issues
Beliefs and Attitudes - Overall assessment of community
- Cultural values functioning
- Spiritual and political values - Dealing with social problems
- Perceptions of residents as a part of - Gaps in social, health care, and other
community - community and educational services
- Beliefs of a community
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2. DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES LESSON 3: TYPOLOGIES

Community Power
- It is the capacity of the community to FORMAL
exercise control over activities and seek - Created by official authorities
ways to employ available resources to - Has systematic hierarchical structures
establish a stronger and successful - Has positions
community. - Professional relationship
- Flow of communication is restricted due
to chain of command
- E.g. business firms and educational
institutions
INFORMAL
- Formed through the likes and interest of
group members
- Loose structure; joins to satisfy their
social needs
- Personal relationship
- Flow of communication stretches in all
Leadership directions
- A leader is generally defined as the - E.g. jogging enthusiasts
person who has the responsibility of RURAL
controlling or taking charge of a - Populations density is low
particular group - Area is situated in geographically distant
- Components in improving from urban areas
community leadership: - Farming
1. Effective communication URBAN
2. Development and Social Capital - Higher population density
building - Involved different industries
3. Community engagement - Contains traffics, noice, and concrete
4. Collaboration structures
LOCAL COMMUNITY
Relationship
- Shares the same environment and
- A success of the community will be
conditions such as: intent, beliefs
more meaningful if its members have
resources and preferences
harmonious relationships with each
Global Community
other.
- Interaction between individuals and
groups that are away from each other
Social Change
- refers to the changes that occur in the
social order of a society. These changes
may be related to nature, social ll. SECTORS OF COMMUNITY
institutions, social behavior, or social
relations. Community Sectors - various groups or
subdivisions of the larger community divided
based on characteristics such as social, political,
economical, cultural and religious beliefs.
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➔ Health Sector - The Lions, Masons, Rotary, Kiwanis,

- Medical and mental health professionals and other groups are part of this sector.

➔ Education Sector ➔ Community Activist/ Volunteer

- Public and private preschools, K-12 Groups Sector
schools, colleges and universities - Individuals for or against political issues,
school committees, school supportive of existing institutions,
administrators, teachers, other oriented towards the quality of the
educational institution employees. community.
EXAMPLES: Block Associations,
➔ Law Enforcement Sector organizers of community festivals.
- The local and state police, the court
system - judges, probation officers, ➔ Culture Sector
prosecutors, court - appointed defense - Artists such as musicians, dancers and
lawyers, court mandated programs for choreographers, writers, actors and
offenders directors are part of this sector.

➔ Government ➔ Housing Development Sector

- Regional, provincial, state, local and - Both public and private non-profit
tribal government bureaucracies, housing agencies and organizations that
agencies, and officials, both elected and provide rent subsidies and affordable
appointed. housing, as well as developers who
build market-rate and upscale residential
➔ Business Sector and commercial properties.
- From the self-employed carpenter to the
multinational corporation with a local
➔ Sports and Development Sector
facility.
- Sports clubs, town, or country recreation
departments are part of this sector.
➔ Youth Sector
- Involves 18 and younger
➔ The Environment Sector
- Individual environmentalists; local and
➔ Media Sector
international environmental
- Newspapers and magazines, radio, and
organizations and groups are a part of
TV, a vast array of blogs, videos, online
this sector.
news, and other material available on
the internet.
➔ Agriculture Sector
➔ Human Services Sector - Confined rural areas. It might also
- Non-profit professional and volunteer include dairy farmers, cheesemakers,
organizations that provide free or wine makers and packers: includes all
affordable services consumers and food produced.

➔ Religious Sector lll. SOCIAL SPACES

- Places of worship and their members - Defined as a physical and virtual
and religious organizations of all faiths, space where members of a community
may include the hierarchy of a national visit or stay.
church as well.

➔ Service/Fraternal Sector
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LESSON 4: III. COMMUNITY ACTION

- any activity that aims to increase the
UNDERSTANDING understanding, engagement, &
COMMUNITY DYNAMICS empower- ment of communities for the
AND ACTIONS intention of giving services to people.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES THAT CAN BE

Community may be FORMED in two ACHIEVED WITH COMMUNITY ACTION
ways: PROJECTS:
➔ Building Community and Social
1. GEOGRAPHICAL - shares the same Capacity - Community actions will
geographic vicinity such as village, serve as an avenue for local citizens
province and the like. to share their knowledge, skills, and
ideas with one another.
2. NON-GEOGRAPHICAL - formed base ➔ Community Resiliency - Through
on the needs, ideas, interest, identity community actions initiatives, the
and practices community is motivated to be able to
support itself, and to be able to face
Community may be DIVIDED in two possible challenges.
ways: ➔ Prevention - The members of the
community will be able to prepare
ahead of time because of the
1. MICRO LEVEL - formed base in
community action plans. Collaborations
personal social ties
and partnership are achieved to prevent
upcoming concerns.
2. MACRO LEVEL - large group affiliations
➔ Maintaining and Creating Wealth -
are formed
Community action focuses on helping
people in the long term, and one
Diverse Community Plays:
significant way to do that is allowing
people to pursue employment, or
1. COMMUNITY CONSULTATION
developing community exercises.
2. JOINT PLANNING
3. JOINT DESIGN
4. JOINT DELIVERY The main goal of community action is
5. IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY- to provide services to people
LED ACTIVITIES according to the needs of the
Different Community Activities that can
community.
be executed:

1. Asset transfer
LESSON 5: COMMUNITY
2. Making better use of physical resources ENGAGEMENT,
3. Community engagement in decision SOLIDARITY AND
making
4. Community networks
CITIZENSHIP
5. Support needs of community

l. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
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- Is a process of working together with the 7. Community Organization - It

members of a group based on enhances knowledge gained and helps
geographic proximity. lay the groundwork for subsequent
collaboration.
CONCEPTS RELATED TO COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT 8. General Public - The group reaps the
greater benefits from the community
1. Power Vehicle - It can lead to engagement initiatives.
environmental and behavioral changes
that will improve the health of the SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL MODEL
community and its members. - Display the important role of society in
2. Partnership & Coalitions - are an individual’s relationship with
involved to mobilize resources and community members.
influence systems, change relationships
among partners and serve as catalysts
for changing policies and programs.
3. Collaborations - may be engaged in
promotion, research or policy making.

AREAS OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

AND THEIR RESPECTIVE BENEFITS

1. Agenda - It helps determine one’s

choice and focus of projects to achieve
FOLLOWING POINTS TO KEEP IN MIND
collaboration and funding.
WHEN DOING COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT EFFORTS
2. Implementation and Change - It helps
understand the improvement of
research designs and tools making
partners and participants more
engaged.
3. Ethics - It improves the consent
process and trust of the community.

4. Public Involve in the Project - It

enhances the knowledge and skills of
the public, and it is also important to
recognize their contributions.

5. Academic Partners - It allows the

people involved to deepen their
understanding of the issue.

6. Individual Research Participants - It

adheres to the improvement in the way
studies are carried out.

ll. SOLIDARITY
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- Described as a sense of unity among ➔ the status of a person recognized

people, especially in terms of their under the law as a legal member of a
interests or objectives, or as an nation.
expression of support or sympathy. ➔ Article IV, Section 1, of the Philippine
Constitution states the following to
EMILE DURKHEIM determine that an individual is a citizen
- Was a French sociologist and one of the of the Philippines:
first scholars to study solidarity as a
social phenomenon. ◆ Those who are citizens of the
- Two kinds of solidarity: mechanical and Philippines at the time of the
organic adoption of this Constitution.
◆ Those whose fathers or mothers
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY (PRE- are citizens of the Philippines
MODERN) ◆ Those born before January 17,
1973 of Filipino mothers, who
● Is the social integration of a society who
elect Philippine citizenship upon
have common values and beliefs.
reaching the age of majority.
● “Collective Conscience”
◆ Those who are naturalized in
accordance with law.
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
● Members are held together by
Generally Recognized Forms of
interdependence where each member
performs designated tasks for society to
Acquiring Filipino Citizenship:
form a whole cohesive unit.
● How people within the advanced 1. Citizenship by Birth - It is based on
capitalist societies are like organs in the two principles: Jus soli or the right of
human body. soil, is the legal principle that states that
a person’s nationality at birth is
DIMENSIONS OF SOLIDARITY IN determined by his/her place of birth, and
Jus sanguinis or the right of blood, is
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES
the legal principle that, at birth, an
individual acquires the nationality of
1. Transnational Solidarity - occurs on
his/her natural parents. The Philippines
cross-border and transnational scales,
adopts the principle of Jus sanguinis in
and is characterized by identification
determining citizenship
and empathy with others.
2. Robust Solidarity - requires four
2. Citizenship by Naturalization - judicial
conditions - joint interest, identification
act of adopting a foreigner and granting
with the group, disposition to empathy,
him the privileges of a native-born
and mutual trust in acting in solidarity
citizen.
with the group.
➔ Section 2 of the Revised
3. Expressional Solidarity - occurs when
Naturalization law defines the following
one or more of the previously listed
qualifications for a person to become a
conditions are unidirectional or not
naturalized Filipino citizen
mutual among the members of the
➔ S/he must not be less than 21 years of
solidarity group.
age on the day of the hearing of the
petition
lll. CITIZENSHIP
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➔ S/he must have resided in the on April 11, 1899. or that person was an
Philippines for a continuous period of inhabitant and resident of the Philippine
not less than 10 years Islands and a Spanish subject on April
➔ S/he must be of good moral character 11, 1899, except in certain specific
and believes in the principles underlying cases
the Philippine Constitution and
conducted a proper and irreproachable Reasons for the lost of Citizenship
manner during the entire period of
his/her residency in the Philippines. - Naturalization in other countries
➔ S/he must own real estate in the - Renunciation of citizenship
Philippines worth not less than five - Subscribing to the oath of allegiance
thousand (5000) pesos Philippine - Rendering or accepting commission in
currency, or must have some known the armed forces in other countries
lucrative trade, profession or lawful - By cancellation
occupation. - By having been declared , by competent
➔ S/he must be able to speak or write authority, a deserter of
English or Spanish or any one of the - the Philippine armed forces in time of
principal Philippine language war, unless subsequently, a
➔ S/he must have enrolled her/his minor - plenary pardon or amnesty has been
children of school age in any of the granted
public or private schools recognized by - In the case of a woman, upon her
the Office of Private Education of the marriage to foreigner, if by virtue of the
Philippines. laws in force in her husband’s country,
she acquires his nationality.
Qualifications to be naturalized as a
Filipino: Reacquisition of Philippine Citizenship

- That the person was born on or after

- That allows Filipino women married to
October 15, 1986 and at least one
foreigners and natural born
parent was Philippine citizen on the birth
- Filipinos and their minor children who
date
lost their Philippine
- That the person was born on or after
- citizenship (R.A. No. 8171 approved on
January 17, 1973 and both parents
October 23, 1995)
were Philippine citizens on the
- provides natural-born citizens of the
birthdate or the person elected
Philippines who had lost Philippine
Philippine citizenship pursuant to the
citizenship due to their naturalization as
provisions of the 1935 Constitution
citizens of foreign country, upon taking
- That the person was born on or after
oath of the allegiance of the Republic
May 14, 1935 and the father was a
(R.A, No. 9225)
Philippine citizen or, if the father was
not, the mother was a Philippine citizen
Citizen Participation
and the person elected Philippine
- Voluntary involvement of community
citizenship pursuant to the provisions of
members to address issues and
the 1935 constitution
concerns
- That the person was born on or after
August 29, 1916 and prior to May 14,
Models of Citizen Participation
1935 and at least one parent was an
inhabitant and the resident of the
Philippine Islands and a Spanish subject
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1. Cognitive Engagement - views - The ethno-linguistic groups constitute

participation as the result of individual between 15 to 20% of the Filipino
dispositions population.
2. Social Capital - participations based on - Being one of the marginalized groups in
social interactions among individuals the Philippines, they’re open victims of
within groups of communities various forms of abuse and violence

Housing Concerns
LESSON 6: MAJOR ISSUE - More than ⅓ of the urban poor families
live in informal settlements. The
AFFECTING THE POOR Philippines has been engaged in a
AND MARGINALIZED policy of urban beautification and
development. That is why the eviction of
hundreds of thousands of people is
POVERTY done.
- Remains to be a major challenge in the
Philippines. It is a state of being Violence Against Women
extremely poor and the following are - Poverty is a root cause of domestic
said to be the major causes of poverty: violence. Some women are also
economically dependent on their
➔ low to moderate economic growth for husbands, increasing their vulnerability
the past years; to sustained violence.
➔ low growth elasticity or not being able to
return to its better condition of poverty Violence Against Children
reduction; - Poverty and family can force the poor,
➔ weakness in employment generation disadvantaged, and marginalized
and the quality of jobs generated; children to come into conflict with the
➔ failure to fully develop the agricultural law.
sector; - High rate of child labor in the Philippines
➔ High inflation were the general increase is an alarming concern, some are found
of prices of goods and services during engaged in hazardous work and
crisis periods; exposed to exploitation such as child
➔ high levels in population growth; trafficking.
➔ high in persistent levels of inequality in
the income and assets which dampen Extrajudicial Killings
the positive impacts of economic - pertains to executions of government
expansion; and authorities that are not legally authorized
➔ recurrent shocks and exposure to risks or without the sanctions of any judicial
such as economic crisis conflicts, proceedings or legal process.
natural disaster and “environmental - Many cases of this are from Filipino
poverty.” human rights defenders, human rights
lawyers, and activists.
OTHER ISSUES OF THE POOR AND
MARGINALIZED ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES RELATED
TO POVERTY THAT WERE REPORTED
Indigenous People’s Rights to Violence

1. April 28, 2016 – article written by Jared Ferrie

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reported at the IRIN News .. The rising of

LESSON 7: COMMUNITY
militancy in the Philippines, especially in
Mindanao. ACTION INITIATIVES

2. February 26, 2016 – article written by Lennart Community Action Initiatives

Hofman reported at the IRIN News.. Issues of - way of government and organizations to
indigenous Filipinos being murdered for anti- cater the need of communities
mine activism that led to fear of ruling in
Mindanao caused by the paramilitaries. SHARED COMMITMENT FOR BETTER
OUTCOMES - was one of the projects of the
3. November 9, 2013 – article written by Floyd government that aims to expand, deepen and
Whaley reported in the New York Times... the institutionalize ongoing reform initiatives.
powerful typhoon that swept across the - Increasing the integrity of the
Philippines which was one of the strongest government
storms ever to make landfall and caused - Approving the freedom of
destruction through several central islands, information act
leaving the seaside city of Tacloban in Visayas - Strengthening the connections
in ruins and led to several families injured and of citizens in government
dead.
COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DISASTER
THE ROLE OF THE YOUTH IN INTERVENTION - is aimed for the homeless
COMMUNITY ACTION who were affected by disasters, and they are
guided with community measures to avoid
disasters, disaster preparedness and disaster
response.

The HOMELESS PEOPLE’S FEDERATION

PHILIPPINES, INCORPORATED (HPFPI) is a
network of organizations all over the Philippines.
It has helped communities in the country,
including those affected by devastating
calamities and incidents throughout the years,
TIPS FOR THE YOUTH TO BE such as the 2000 Payatas trash-slide and the
POSITIVELY INVOLVED IN COMMUNITY 2008 IloIlo flash flood. In its projects, the HPFPI
has performed the following activities:
ACTION
● Have a positive outlook towards
- providing the community with
community development.
savings to rebuild communities
● Enlighten the youth on the main
- Helping disaster victims
problems and encourage them to be
- Coordinating with poor
more involved in addressing the
communities in a disaster-prone
concerns in a community.
areas
● Introduce the youth who serve as role
models.
DEVELOPING AND DELIVERING STATES
● Emphasize youth empowerment.
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES EXTENSION
● Determine the youth’s interests such as
PROGRAMS - came up with activities such as
digital arts, sports, drama, and etc.
Technology utilization to improve farm
productivity, and Livelihood Enterprise
Development to reduce poverty.
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- Utilizes technology to
strengthen agro-first
ecosystems
- Attaining livelihood enterprise
development
- Conducting research for farmers
and fisherfolk

SANAYAN SA KAKAYAHANG INDUSTRIYAL

(SKIL) - where out-of-school-youth are trained to
gain technical skills such as welding, automotive
mechanics, and refrigeration.

SANAYAN SA KAKAYAHANG
AGRIKULTURA (SAKA) - is an innovative
training program for the out of school youth from
poor families. It was launched to provide the
poor and the out-of-school youth with
opportunities for employment and livelihood.The
SAKA
programs has the following objectives:

- Enhancing the employability and

earning potential of out-of-school youth
from poor families, particularly those
with small landholdings
- Provide training on how to manage
small farms and improve their
productivity, based on an innovative
curriculum
- Providing agro-based training for high
school graduates who seek employment
or want to conduct trade on their own
- Promoting personality development,
desirable sociocultural values, a positive
work attitude, and self discipline.