11.1e Identify standard paper sizes.

Sizes AO, AI, A2, A3, A4

The A0 size print measures 84.1 x 118.9cm, 33.11 x 46.81 inches.
The A1 size print measures 59.4 x 84.1cm, 23.39 x 33.11 inches.
The A2 size print measures 42.0 x 59.4cm, 16.53 x 23.39 inches.
The A3 size print measures 29.7 x 42.0cm, 11.69 x 16.53 inches.
The A4 size print measures 21.0 x 29.7cm, 8.27 x 11.69 inches.

11.2e Identify and state the use of the various types of drawing equipment.
Drawing equipment: adjustable drawing board, tee square, set square, scale
rule, compasses, drawing pens/pencils, flexible curves, French curve,
templates
A Drawing Board is a flat, rectangular surface used for sketching, water coloring, pastels,
architectural drawing, coloring/adult coloring, writing, journaling, and much more.
A T-square is a technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. It may also guide a set square to draw vertical or
diagonal lines.

A set square is a right-angled triangular plate for drawing lines, especially at 90°, 45°, 60°,
or 30°

A scale rule is a ruler marked with a range of calibrated scales (ratios) for drawing and
measuring from reduced scale drawings, such as blueprints and floor plans.
A compass an instrument for drawing circles and arcs and measuring distances between
points, consisting of two arms linked by a movable joint, one arm ending in a point and the other
usually carrying a pencil or pen.

A drawing pen/pencil is a specialized instrument used by an engineer, architect,

or drafter to make lines of constant width for architectural, engineering, or technical
drawings.

Flexible curves rules or rulers are useful drafting / drawing tools for miniaturists. The curves
can be shaped to any type of curve you need, allowing you to make a smooth curve to trace
onto your project.
A French curve is a template usually made from metal, wood or plastic composed of many
different curves. It is used in manual drafting to draw smooth curves of varying radii.

A Template is a shaped piece of rigid material used as a pattern for processes such as cutting
out, shaping, or drilling

1l.3e identify the various types of drawing medium available and describe
their use. Drawing medium: cartridge paper, tracing paper, tracing film.

Cartridge paper is a high quality type of heavy paper used for illustration and drawing.

Tracing paper is a transparent paper used for tracing maps, drawings, or designs.
Tracing film is a sturdier and more dimensionally stable substitute for drafting
paper sometimes used for technical drawings, especially architectural drawings, and for art
layout drawings.

11.4e State the various methods available for reproducing drawings.

Reproducing: dye line process, photocopying, tracing

Dye-line is a contact print of a line drawing, giving brown lines on an off-white background.

Photocopying machine, also called Photocopier, any device for producing copies of text or
graphic material by the use of light, heat, chemicals, or electrostatic charges
Tracing is a copy of a drawing, map, or design made by tracing.
11.5e Describe the health and safety considerations involved in the production
of construction drawings. Considerations. Light (natural, artificial),
storage/use (inks, reprographic chemicals), CAD (computer screens, electrical
protection devices)

Poor lighting affects not only the ocular system but can also contribute to stiff necks and
aches in shoulder area. These problems can occur when people adopt poor or awkward
postures when trying to read something under poor lighting conditions.
A good visual environment will:

 have sufficient light, coming from the right direction and not cause obscuring
shadows,
 provide good (but not excessive) contrast between the task and the background,
 limit glare and extreme contrasts, and
 Provide the right type of light.
Chemicals used in Printing (inks, lacquers, adhesives, cleaning solvents and many others) are
substances that can cause ill health if there is exposure. For example, you can breathe in
vapors and mists: contact with chemicals can cause skin problems and chemicals may be
absorbed through the skin and cause damage in other parts of the body.

In general, anything between the operator and screen compromises the quality of the image.
It is far better to control glare by proper lighting design and placement of the monitor than by
use of an anti-glare screen. Many monitors currently available are already equipped with low
reflective screens.
1l.6e Identify symbols used to illustrate materials. Materials: earth, hard core,
concrete, brickwork, blockwork, stone, timber, sheet material, steel, metal.
11.7e Identify symbols which identify fixtures, fittings and equipment used in
the construction industry. Fixtures and fittings: Windows, doors, sinks,
wash basins, water closet’s/bidets, wardrobes, kitchen, bedroom units,
socket outlets, light fittings, fans, stop valves, pumps Equipment.-e.g. air
conditioning, electrical, plumbing, heating.
11.8e State the use of the scale ratios used in construction drawings. Scale:-1:2,
1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:2500, 15000, 1:10000
Commonly Used Drawing Scales
Details

 1:1
 1:5
 1:10
 1:20

Component Drawings, Assembly

 1:20
 1:10
 1:5

Floor Plans, General Arrangement (GA)

 1:40
 1:50

Location Plot Plans

 1:80
 1:100
 1:200

Location Plat Plans

 1:500

Block Plan, City Maps and larger

 1:1000
 1:1250
 1:2500

Ordnance Survey Maps

 1:100000
 1:50000
 1:25000
 1:10000
11.9e Explain the different types of lines and arrowheads used in drawings.
Line types: basic construction line, main object outline, broken line, chain
line, section line, grid line

A; Continuous Thick Line: Surroundings and sides of the matters (Outlines of the Edges),
End of the Screws,
B; Continuous Thin line: Measure lines, Backside section lines, implied axis lines, to state
the code of the planes, at diagonal lines which are used to state plane surface, Intersection,
Leader, Hatching.
C; Dashed Thin Lines: Invisible/Hidden Lines represents an invisible edges on the on an
objects.
D; Dashed Thick Lines with Dots: To state the special places/surfaces which will processed
additionally like to coat, to harden etc.
E; Dashed Thin Lines with Dots: Axis lines of symmetrical drawings, In front of section
planes.
F; Chain Thin with Thick Ends: Cutting Plane, to draw the trace at section planes,
G; Continuous Thin Zigzag Line: It is used when free hand lines are drawn by tools
H; Free Hand Line: Limits of partial and interrupted views and sections
I; and J; Parts situated in front of the cutting planes, outlines of adjacent parts, Censorial
Lines, to state center of gravity
1l.10e identify the various methods of graphical representation and state their
use. Methods: orthographic projections (first angle), perspective,
isometric, axonometric, oblique (cabinet, cavalier)

Orthographic Projection is a way of drawing a 3D object from different directions. Usually

a front, side and plan view are drawn so that a person looking at the drawing can see all the
important sides.

Perspective is a drawing method that shows how things appear to get smaller as they get
further away.

Isometric is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions

in technical and engineering drawings.
Axonometric projection is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a
pictorial drawing of an object, where the lines of sight are perpendicular to the plane
of projection.

Oblique projection is a simple type of technical drawing of graphical projection used for
producing two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects.
11.11e Identify the component parts of
drawings. Parts. Plan views, elevations,
vertical sections, details
The term "plan" may casually be used to refer to a single view, sheet, or drawing in a set
of plans. More specifically a plan view is an orthographic projection looking down on the
object, such as in a floor plan.

Elevation refers to an orthographic projection of the exterior (or sometimes the interior)
faces of a building, that is a two-dimensional drawing of the building’s façades.
A cross section is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a vertical plane,
with the vertical plane cutting through the building.

Detail drawings show a small part of the construction at a larger scale, to show how the
component parts fit together.

1l.12e Identify examples of the various, drawings used in the construction

industry. Drawings working drawings (construction drawings), detail
sketches, site plans, location drawings
Working drawings are scaled drawing which serves as a guide for the construction or
manufacture of something such as a building or machine.

A detail drawing is a drawing giving extra detail to a portion of a larger drawing. An

example of a detail drawing is a kitchen design which is shown as part of the drawing of the
whole house.
A site plan is an architectural plan, landscape architecture document, and a
detailed engineering drawing of proposed improvements to a given lot. A site plan usually
shows a building footprint, travel ways, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines,
water lines, trails, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements