Conservation and preservation

Conservation is generally associated with the

protection of natural resources, while

preservation is associated with the protection of

buildings, objects, and landscapes . Put simply

conservation seeks the proper use of nature, while

preservation seeks protection of nature from use.

Preservetion of records in health care

Preservation involves routine maintenance activities

such as proper handling of records to prevent

environmental hazards or physical damages, the use of

physical and chemical treatments which will not

adversely affect the integrity of the original records in

order to resist further deterioration, and the repair of .

Conservation treatment attempts to preserve

records in their original format . Conservators

examine records and assess their condition and

the materials which comprise them. Conservators

then recommend remedial treatments to arrest

deterioration or to improve condition.

History of preservatio and preservation of records.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

The Conservation and Preservation of Historical Records

George M. Cunha, Frazer G. Poole and Clyde C. Walton

The American Archivist

Vol. 40, No. 3, Setting Priorities for Historical Records: A

Conference Report (Jul., 1977), pp. 321-324 (4 pages)

Published By: Society of American Archivists

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40292008

Journal Information

Published since 1938, the American Archivist provides a forum

for discussion of trends and issues in archival theory and

practice. It presents current research and thought about

theoretical and practical developments in the archival

profession, in the United States and abroad; the relationships

between archivists and the creators and users of archives;

and cultural, social, legal, and technological developments

that affect the nature of recorded information and the need to

create and maintain it. Peer-reviewed research articles, case

studies, in-depth perspectives, and international scene papers

address a wide variety of topics, such as digitization and

digital preservation, electronic records, selection and

appraisal, description and cataloging, reference and public

services, preservation, records management, photographs and

visual arts, disaster and contingency planning, copyright,

intellectual property, legal issues, and authenticity. The journal

also reviews books and other archival literature, web

resources, and archival tools and products. The American

Archivist has the largest circulation of any English-language

archives journal.

Publisher Information

Founded in 1936, the Society of American Archivists is North

America's oldest and largest national archival professional

association. SAA's mission is to serve the education and

information needs of more than 5,500 individual and

institutional members and to provide leadership to ensure the

identification, preservation, and use of records of historical

value.

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.

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History of writing

Article Talk

History of writing

The history of writing traces the development of expressing

language by systems of markings[1] and how these

markings were used for various purposes in different

societies, thereby transforming social organization. Writing

systems are the foundation of literacy and literacy learning,

with all the social and psychological consequences

associated with literacy activities.

In the history of how writing systems have evolved in

human civilizations , more complete writing systems were

preceded by proto-writing , systems of ideographic or early

mnemonic symbols (symbols or letters that make

remembering them easier). True writing, in which the

content of a linguistic utterance is encoded so that another

reader can reconstruct, with a fair degree of accuracy, the

exact utterance written down, is a later development. It is

distinguished from proto-writing, which typically avoids

encoding grammatical words and affixes , making it more

difficult or even impossible to reconstruct the exact

meaning intended by the writer unless a great deal of

context is already known in advance.

The earliest uses of writing in ancient Sumeria were to

document agricultural produce and create contracts, but

soon writing became used for purposes of finances,

religion, government, and law. These uses supported the

spread of these social activities, their associated

knowledge, and the extension of centralized power. [2]

Writing then became the basis of knowledge institutions

such as libraries , schools, universities and scientific and

disciplinary research . These uses were accompanied by the

proliferation of genres , which typically initially contained

markers or reminders of the social situations and uses, but

the social meaning and implications of genres often

became more implicit as the social functions of these

genres became more recognizable in themselves, as in the

examples of money , currency, financial instruments , and

now digital currency .

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otherwise noted.

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progressed in

waves, driven by the invention and commercial introduction

of new technologies — can be roughly divided into four

main periods:

The Acoustic era (1877–1925)

The Electrical era (1925–1945)

The Magnetic era (1945–1975)

The Digital era (1975–present)

Experiments in capturing sound on a recording medium for

preservation and reproduction began in earnest during the

Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. Many pioneering

attempts to record and reproduce sound were made during

the latter half of the 19th century – notably Édouard-Léon

Scott de Martinville 's phonautograph of 1857 – and these

efforts culminated in the invention of the phonograph by

Thomas Edison in 1877. Digital recording emerged in the

late 20th century and has since flourished with the

popularity of digital music and online streaming services

1.4 History of recording media.

The history of sound recording and systems that were

involved in this process is rather interesting, as it is hard to

imagine that the first attempt to record a sound was simple

and genius simultaneously. The history itself is closely

linked with the development of technologies and formats

of sound recording, hence, this paper aims to review the

key stages of sound recording technology, as well as

sound recording equipment and formats.

The following are some paper characteristics

considered.

1.Media brightness. The percentage of light

that the paper reflects.

2.Media color. The color of the paper.

3.Media finish. The characteristics of the

surface of the paper, such as: glossy, satin,

or matte.

4.Media weight. The basic weight of the

paper.
Characterestic of Materials – Properties To

Consider

1.Conductivity.

2.Corrosion Resistance.

3.Density.

4.Ductility / Malleability.

5.Elasticity / Stiffness.

6.Fracture Toughness.

7.Hardness.

8.Plasticity.

Modern paper making

Typical mechanized paper production involves two main

processes: the treatment of raw material, which includes

converting chip into pulp, washing and bleaching,

refining, beating, sizing, coloring of the fibers, and later

to form paper sheet in a Fourdrinier machine.

How is Paper Made?

Step 1: Our pulp and paper process. ...

Step 2: Diluting paper fibres. ...

Step 3: Wire section. ...

Step 4: Press section. ...

Step 5: How our paper is dried. ...

Step 6: Paper finishing. ...

Step 7: Real-time quality control. ...

Step 8: Paper winding.

Method of paper making

The production of paper can be done in two ways:

manual and industrial . In manual papermaking, fibres get

diluted in water than this suspension drains through a

screen to produce a mat of interwoven fibres. This

method has not changed much over the years.

What is Conservation of record? Conservation attempts to

preserve records in their original format . Conservators

examine records and assess their condition and the

materials which comprise them. Conservators then

recommend remedial treatments to arrest deterioration

or to improve condition.

Reason of preservation of record

Preservation assists in keeping

information accessible and useful over time.

Conservation treatments help to ensure the

longevity of objects that have value for their

content, so information can be learned from them

as artifacts.

Defference of preservation and conservation

Since the 1980s, the library and archival communities

have used "preservation" as an umbrella term for

activities that reduce or prevent damage to extend the

life expectancy of collections, while "conservation"

refers more specifically to the physical treatment of

individual damaged items.

methods used for conserving resources. The

methods are: 1. Material Substitution 2. Product

Life Extension 3. Recycling 4. Optimum Recycling

5. Recycling and Pollution Taxes 6. Waste

Reduction.

1. Material Substitution:

There are many possibilities of material

substitution by which, the use of a material

resource can be restricted by finding an

alternative resource.

2. Product Life Extension:

This is a method by which the durability of

the product is extended by deliberate

design, so that the need for replacement

would be postponed.

3. Recycling:

Recycling is a popular and widely practiced

method throughout the world by many

industrial units. This is a process by which

the life of resource is extended by means of

recycling it or reusing it as an input or

output. This is applicable only to on-energy

resources, since the use of a material as an

energy resource results in its useless

dissipation into the atmosphere.

4. Optimum Recycling:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The optimum level of recycling is the point

at which the extra cost of recycling does not

outweigh the extra benefits.

5. Recycling and Pollution

Taxes:

The above analysis of optimum recycling

relates to ratios for a given output. It is

often said that pollution taxes will be levied

to encourage recycling of the resources. We

shall make an attempt to integrate the

above analysis with pollution taxes.

6. Waste Reduction:

The problem relating to conservation of

resources exhibit in two ways, one to

consume or exploit the resources in a

minimal way and the other is to avoid or

reduce wastage in the process of production.

Consequence of improper conservetion method

habitat loss and fragmentation,

limited water for environmental flows, invasive species

and climate change .

Preventive conservation can be defined as any

measure that prevents damage or reduces the

potential for it . It focuses on collections rather

than individual objects, nontreatment rather than

treatment.

Deterioration of records

The major chemical deterioration mechanisms of

records are oxidation and hydrolysis . Many types of

modern records are especially subject to one or both of

these types of deterioration. Probably the best known

example of rapid deterioration of modern records is the

embrittlement of paper in libraries.

Explain agents of deterioration

An agent of deterioration is a term used to identify the

nine major active agents that threaten museum

collections . These active agents can be sudden and

catastrophic or gradual over a period of time. Museums

have employed and refined different strategies over the

years to help mitigate these nine agents.

Different Types of Deterioration observed are:

1.Spalling.

2.Cracking.

3.Debonding of the Joints.

4.Erosion.

5.Corrosion of Concrete Through Chemical

Attack.

6.Sagging of Beams and Floors, bowing or

inclination.

7.Excessive Efflorescence, staining or

discoloration.

8.Damages Due to Vibration.

Preservation process

Among the oldest methods of preservation are drying,

refrigeration, and fermentation . Modern methods

include canning, pasteurization, freezing, irradiation, and

the addition of chemicals. Advances in packaging

materials have played an important role in modern food

preservation.

Paper preservation techiques

Paper-based preservation techniques include preservation

photocopying, preservation microfilming, and preservation

transfer microfilming. These techniques preserve the

content of records, but the artifactual and intrinsic value of

the originals cannot be captured in the reproduction.

 Cleaning method

A cleaning procedure is a document that

describes what needs to be done to keep your premises

clean.

Manual Cleaning Methods - Which do not require

mechanized or electronic equipment:-

Sweeping: What is the process involved in

1.sweeping

2.Dustin

3.Damp dustin

4.Dust Mopping / Dry Mopping/ Mop

5.Sweepin

6.Spot Moppin

7.Wet mopping / Damp mopping

8.Manual Scrubbing

9.Manual polishing

Planing and implementation of preservation programmes

Planning a preservation programme involves the steps

necessary to establish a preservation management

programme. It focuses on the care of archival materials but

the overarching principles apply regardless of whether

information have been transferred to archival custody or

remain in use. 2/16/17 1 Planning a preservation prog. by

SNamujuzi, hand out3 2/16/17 2 Planning a preservation

prog. by SNamujuzi, hand out3 2/16/17 3 Planning a

preservation prog. by SNamujuzi, hand out3  Ideally, most

preservation work will be preventive in nature. It is better to

protect the information and control their environment than

to spend resources and time repairing damage. 2/16/17 4

Planning a preservation prog. by SNamujuzi, hand out3

2/16/17 5 Planning a preservation prog. by SNamujuzi, hand

out3 2/16/17 6 Planning a preservation prog. by SNamujuzi,

hand out4 2/16/17 7 Planning a preservation prog. by

SNamujuzi, hand out3 2/16/17 9 Planning a preservation

prog. by SNamujuzi, hand out3 2/16/17.

Factors consideration in the choice of preservation techniques

Factors to consider when selecting preservation method

to use

The nature and characteristics of the goods

and unit loads to be preserved.

The effective utilization of building volume-

horizontal and vertical:

Good access when needed.

Maintenance of material condition and

integrity;

Safety.
Explain disaster

Disasters are serious disruptions to the functioning of a

community that exceed its capacity to cope using its

own resources . Disasters can be caused by natural,

man-made and technological hazards, as well as various

factors that influence the exposure and vulnerability of a

community.

Explain disaster management

Emergency management, also referred to as disaster

management, means preparing for potential calamities

and responding to them as quickly, strategically and

effectively as possible

List area possible disaster in health information management

Providing continuing patient care when healthcare

infrastructure has been damaged or destroyed requires

careful advanced planning. Substantial numbers of

patients will seek medical care during a disaster, including

those injured during the acute phase of the disaster, those

injured in recovery and evacuation attempts, and the

chronically ill who have been displaced and do not have

access to their medications. As a vital department of any

healthcare facility, the Health Information Service (HIS)

should have a planned response for retrieving medical

records, and allocating new ones, should a disaster

situation occur. Problems that may be encountered by the

HIS at hospitals or healthcare facilities should be

identified and responses that mitigate these problems

should be discussed by staff and included in a disaster

plan that can be activated in a timely manner. A disaster

planning strategy for the management of medical records

in health facilities is outlined in this paper.

Disaster management in health information management

The Disaster Information Management System is

a sustainable arrangement within an institution for

the systematic collection, documentation and

analysis of data about losses caused by disasters

associated to natural hazards.