UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

RESEARCH TITLES PROPOSAL TOGETHER WITH THE STATEMENT OF THE

PROBLEM

Prepared by:
Agustin Giordano Glenmari D.
Cariño, Danilo Jr. G.
Dela Cruz, Louisa Victoria R.
De Luna, Rosalinda B.
Sablaon, Jorge G. (Team Leader)
Pantano, Vince Jourdan
Permejo, Girlie
Roque, Leandrea
Salvosa, Chariss N.
Tutor, Edrian Keith O.

BS CRIMINOLOGY 4B
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

“THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN SANGANDAAN: A BASIS FOR AN ENHANCE

SOLUTION IN TRAFFIC PROBLEMS.”

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to assess the Traffic Management in Sangandaan, Caloocan City basis for
an enhance and competent solution in traffic problems.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 . Age;

1.2 . Gender;

1.3 . Types of Respondents

A. Driver

B. Commuters

2. How do the respondents assess the Traffic Management in Sangandaan, Caloocan City in
terms of:

2.1 . Education

2.2 . Enforcement

2.3 . Engineering

2.4 . Environment

2.5 . Economics

3. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the two (2) groups of respondents
when the above-mentioned variables are considered?

4. What are the problems encountered and solutions offered by the respondents on the
Traffic Management in Sangandaan, Caloocan City?

4.1 . Traffic Congestion

4.2 . Traffic Sign and Symbols

4.3 . Illegal Parking

5. Based from the findings of the study, what measures may be proposed for an enhance
solution in traffic problems in Sangandaan, Caloocan City?
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This research aims to find an enhanced solution to traffic in Sangandaan Caloocan City.
Traffic is a serious and developing issue, particularly in Sangandaan, Caloocan City, which
requires effective traffic control. Slow traffic flow due to road repairs, as well as a lack of
traffic signs and symbols, have been observed in the said location to cause traffic congestion
and, on occasion, traffic accidents. Traffic evolves because of a need to move people and
goods from one location to another. As such, the movement is initiated because of decisions
made by people to transport themselves or others from one location to another to participate
in activities at that second location or to move goods to a location where they have higher
value.

The main drawback is how much traffic disrupts the lives of commuters and drivers. When a
large volume of traffic passes through the same site regularly, and the number of vehicles
increases by the day, numerous challenges occur. Inadequate transportation infrastructure
and inadequate traffic management contribute to an increase in accidents. Traffic impacts
commuters' and drivers' work, resulting in late arrivals, commuting issues for workers,
frustration/stress, long work commutes, extended travel time, and personal leisure loss.
Traffic is a real social problem that must be addressed due to its serious consequences.

The researchers wanted to understand more advanced traffic management solutions

particularly around Sangandaan, Caloocan City because despite the implementations and
anticipated solutions of the traffic management, we continued to be concerns why that
specific location experiences various traffic challenges. Future traffic management students
and authorities may find it helpful to have effective solutions and to understand the kinds of
practical issues that must be ensured, applied, or implemented in order to meet the needs of
local residents, drivers, and commuters. By doing this, it would be ensured that the
administration or traffic management fully implements the effective plans in solving traffic
issues.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Traffic management refers to the systematic planning, control, and regulation of road traffic
to ensure the safe and efficient movement of vehicles and pedestrians. It involves strategies
and technologies designed to reduce congestion, minimize accidents, and improve overall
transportation flow within a given area. Effective traffic management includes traffic signals,
signage, road design, and the use of data analytics to adapt to real-time conditions.
Due to the increase in private car ownership that follows the vehicle flood, emerging world
cities are not immune to traffic congestion issues. Lack of funding for traffic management
and inadequate road infrastructure are further factors contributing to congestion in emerging
nations. Inconvenience results from poor traffic management because it prolongs travel
times. The study assesses how frequent travellers who use both public and private
transportation perceive and feel traffic congestion. The goal is to examine the current
situation of traffic congestion by evaluating how road users perceive delays and journey
times and by looking into the likelihood that users of private transport may switch to public
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

transport. Planning for transportation is getting more thorough (Holian and McLaughlin,
2016, Litman, 2015). The main goals of traditional transportation planning analysis, which is
used to rank facilities according to importance and design, are to reduce motor vehicle travel
time and operating expenses. Sustainable transportation planning concepts, which aim to
balance economic, social, and environmental objectives, are being adopted by numerous
jurisdictions, organizations, and experts (Manaugh, Badami, & El-Geneidy, 2015). More
thorough impact analysis is necessary for this, taking into account the consequences on
social equity (Arsenio, Martens, & Di Ciommo, 2016).

The number of cars on the road, accidents and traffic incidents, the number of newly
constructed buildings, and large vehicles on the road are some of the primary causes of
traffic problems. Every person's life is impacted, both personally and professionally, as it
lowers productivity at work or even in academic settings. Although traffic congestion affects
everyone, Metro Manila is the area that has to cope with it on a daily basis. Based to the
2023 TomTom Traffic Index, Metro Manila has the worst traffic congestion of any metro area
worldwide. Metro Manila has the longest average travel time to cover a ten (10)-kilometer
route out of 387 cities in 55 nations (e.g., Cubao to Makati). Caloocan City is one of the
urban areas that is affected by traffic congestion. The main reason for traffic problems in
Caloocan is the increasing of vehicles passing by in every area of the city, poor signal lights
and traffic signage, and many large vehicles entering the smaller streets. The increasing
human population is also one of the one of the main factors in the slowly going of vehicles.
Not finishing the road of construction by the governments and unfinished infrastructure can
lead to a lack of traffic communication that can cause accidents. The building of a street lane
on each side might not last long in five to ten years. If they can’t increase or make of lanes,
the congestion might not solve.

Traffic management is a major difficulty in Sangandaan by its high traffic volume and dense
population. Efficient transportation networks are becoming more and more necessary as
urbanization picks pace. Regular traffic jams and delays negatively affect both locals' and
tourists. They are caused by inadequate infrastructure, erratically timed traffic lights, and a
lack of public transportation options. Every day the commuters and the drivers facing the
problems of bad traffic management.
This study aims to assess the everyday scenario of traffic problems in the world, Philippines
and in Sangandaan. the researchers want to address traffic problems like improvement of
infrastructures, smart traffic lights, education and awareness about traffic management to
help the drivers and commuters to travel safely.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study on "Traffic management in Sangandaan: A basis for enhancing
solutions to traffic problems" will benefit and advantage the following:

Students, This study will help every student improve their commute time and travel to
school. Students who use public or private transport will benefit from reduced traffic
congestion, resulting in shorter and more dependable commute times to and from school.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

Commuters, by addressing traffic challenges, the project has the potential to result in
shorter travel times, enhanced road safety, and a more comfortable and stress-free driving
experience for local commuters and motorists.

Drivers, will pay more attention to how they drive for their passengers' safety, and they will
be more aware of their responsibilities as drivers.

Traffic enforcers, will plays an important role in ensuring smooth and efficient traffic flow
while maintaining road safety. To ensure that traffic flows smoothly and effectively on the
route while ensuring traffic safety on our roads.

Future researchers, the study could be used as a reference for future researchers on traffic
management, urban planning, and transportation systems, as it provides data that can help
develop novel solutions to traffic-related difficulties. And this is a very helpful experience for
the researchers. This will help the researcher solve challenges and comprehend traffic
management.

Hypothesis

The study explained that traffic management is an important role in a community, but
regarding their technique usage, it needs an enhancement in order to achieve an aspiring
efficiency of travel for every individual.

Scope and Delimitation

The study will focus on the effects of traffic problem on the Sangandaan intersection for
drivers and commuters passing through it. The study will use quantitative methods to collect
and analyze data. The study will be limited by the sample size, which will be limited to 100
participants. The study will only use self-reported data from the participants, which may be
biased and inaccuracies. The study will not explore the other traffic problem that is not
covered by Sangandaan intersection.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Traffic is frequently divided into three categories: pedestrian, other vehicle, and heavy motor
vehicle. It is possible for different classes to be segregated or to share easements and
speed limits. The rapid urbanization often results in a massive increase in the number of
vehicles on the road, which is often accompanied by considerable traffic congestion. Road
traffic safety is a system engineering challenge that involves traffic management, vehicles,
roads, parking lots, and drivers. Driving conditions, vehicle and road attributes, and driving
behaviors all have an impact. However, it can also be viewed as an issue of risk
management, driving behaviors, traffic laws, and enforcement.

The whole transportation industry is tightly tied to road traffic safety. Therefore, it is
insufficient to ensure road traffic safety alone by relying on the strength of numerous factors.
In India, almost every city has to deal with issues related to traffic, including delays, parking,
pollution, and congestion. This issue results in a loss of manpower, increased fuel
consumption, mental stress, and unfavorable driving conditions. Since one of the main
issues that most cities face is traffic congestion, it is believed that identifying the
characteristics of traffic congestion is the first step in creating a methodical plan for
alleviating it.

Traffic jams cost society money, waste time and energy, increase stress and pollution, and
reduce productivity. Traffic accidents, road debris, car breakdowns and collisions with
guardrails are the main causes of congestion on the roadway. No other incident causes as
much congestion as these do. By raising the length, volume, and density of the line, these in
turn have an impact on the roadway operating performance. Therefore, minimizing these
effects can be achieved with the aid of efficient roadway management measures.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Rapid motorization, high-density urban development, population concentration, and the

concentration of economic activity in Metro Manila have significantly contributed to high
traffic demand, leading to severe congestion, particularly at major conflict points such as
signalized intersections. Despite these challenges, road capacity has not increased
substantially in recent years, failing to keep pace with the rising traffic flow. This congestion
adversely affects air quality, especially in areas close to heavy traffic. From April 2019 to
April 2022, Fridays were identified as the most congested days, followed by Saturdays and
Mondays. According to the 2023 TomTom Traffic Index, Metro Manila ranks as the most
congested metro area globally, with an average travel time of 25 minutes and 30 seconds to
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

traverse a ten-kilometer route—an increase from 24 minutes and 40 seconds in 2022.

Additionally, similar patterns of traffic congestion have been observed in the 2nd district of
Albay, primarily driven by traffic volume, rush hour, and the number of vehicles and road
users. This underscores the urgent need for a standardized traffic management framework
to coordinate stakeholder perceptions and effectively address the factors contributing to
congestion in both Metro Manila and surrounding regions.

RELATED STUDIES

FOREIGN STUDIES

Traffic congestion is one of the biggest issues large cities confront when it comes to urban
development. There are still problems that need to be looked into despite increased efforts
to maximize vehicle flow in large cities, provide more accuracy when estimating traffic jams,
and maximize vehicle flow in the transportation infrastructure without adding to the amount
of information overhead on the control-related network. Thus, the researchers suggest an
inter-vehicle communication approach called “Traffic” to estimate the level of congestion and
optimize vehicle traffic flow in the transport system. This method is based on artificial
intelligence. To do this, the researchers used traffic to create an ensemble of classifiers to
estimate the congestion level. Consequently, the ensemble categorization is used as an
input by the proposed dissemination mechanism, which distributes information across the
vehicles. By decreasing travel time, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions of the vehicle, as
well as by improving the success rate of traffic congestion estimation and keeping low
packet transmission rate, our method has advanced the state of the art.

With the increasing intractable nature of traffic congestion, the intersection traffic signal
control problem (ITSCP) has taken on even more significance. In order to maximize traffic
flow, the ITSCP schedules traffic signal settings at junctions while taking into account a
number of variables, including real-time tactics, temporal restrictions on signals, quick
advancements in traffic systems, and pragmatic application. Given that the components of
the ITSCP display interactions that are stochastically complex, identifying these components
is crucial in order to provide viable solutions that can handle this complexity. Although traffic
congestion has always been an important part of urban planning, the rapid growth in both
the number of vehicles and the demand for transportation has made it a severe problem that
needs to be handled. Given that it is one of the best strategies to lessen traffic congestion at
junctions, traffic signal control is a crucial element in traffic flow management.

A system engineering challenge, road traffic safety involves drivers, cars, roads, ancillary
facilities for roads, the driving environment, and traffic management. Driving conditions,
vehicle and road features, and driving behaviors all have an impact. On the one hand, road
traffic safety might be considered as a design problem for vehicles and roadways. However,
it can also be viewed as an issue of risk management, driving behaviors, traffic laws, and
enforcement. The whole transportation industry is tightly tied to road traffic safety. Therefore,
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

it is insufficient to ensure road traffic safety alone by relying on the strength of numerous
factors.

Urban development in big cities is greatly affected by traffic congestion, which is considered
a major problem. the researchers propose a method of communication between vehicles
known as "Traffic" to assess congestion levels and improve traffic flow in the transportation
system. This technique relies on artificial intelligence.

Due to the worsening traffic congestion, the intersection traffic signal control problem
(ITSCP) has become increasingly important. To optimize traffic flow, the ITSCP plans traffic
signal configurations at intersections considering various factors such as immediate
strategies, time constraints on signals, rapid developments in traffic technology, and
practical utilization.

Road traffic safety, a challenge in system engineering, encompasses drivers, vehicles,

roadways, road-related amenities, the driving surroundings, and traffic control. Driving
conditions, vehicle and road characteristics, and driving habits all play a role. From one
perspective, road traffic safety could be viewed as an issue related to the design of vehicles
and roadways.

LOCAL STUDIES

Urban areas are the main places where traffic congestion occurs, especially in Caloocan,
Quezon, Manila, and Makati, which are all part of the greater Manila area. The gridlock in the
streets has a significant impact on global development since it impedes the flow of
production and shortens the amount of time that may be spent working effectively. The
majority of people's daily lives are wracked by traffic congestion since it forces them to take
public transportation or drive their cars for too lengthy distances. The fact that legislators are
powerless to address the issue, which irritates commuters frequently, adds to the highly
changeable major public policy change between origins and destinations.

Many urban cities suffer greatly from traffic congestion. Due to the large number of people
utilizing both private and public transit, as well as the cities' implementation of their
respective traffic rules, Metro Manila is continuously faced with severe traffic congestion.
The question of which agency has the authority to administer traffic regulations has related
to the Metro Manila Development Authority's administrative jurisdiction over the National
Capital Region with relation to traffic management. This study's overarching goal is to
evaluate the MMDA's coordination mechanisms and policies with four (4) local government
units that have sizable CBDs: Mandaluyong, Makati, Taguig, and Quezon City. It also
compares these with the CBDs' approaches to urban planning and traffic management.

The Philippines' capital, Metro Manila, is infamous for its heavy traffic. With a population of
about 13 million, getting around normally requires a lot of time as people squeeze into the
few available public transportation options and cross congested highways. In the meantime,
automobiles dominate the majority of this city's scarcely growing road networks. The
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

government, foreign creditors, and large corporations prioritize increasing economic gains
over technocratic expertise in transport planning and decision-making, even as they plan for
costly new transportation infrastructure and the modernization of public utility vehicles as
solutions to the traffic problem. They frequently downplay the important role that civic society
plays in jointly developing transportation solutions.

Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is well-known for its severe traffic congestion.
Having a population of approximately 13 million means that traveling normally takes a
considerable amount of time due to the limited public transportation choices and traffic-
clogged highways that people must navigate.

Numerous metropolitan areas experience significant issues with traffic congestion. Because
many individuals use both private and public transportation, combined with the enforcement
of traffic regulations in the cities, Metro Manila consistently experiences intense traffic
congestion. Traffic congestion mainly happens in urban areas, particularly in Caloocan,
Quezon, Manila, and Makati, which are all part of the greater Manila area. The congestion in
the streets greatly affects worldwide progress by hindering production flow and reducing
effective work time. Legislators' inability to address the issue, a source of frustration for
commuters, contributes to the significant fluctuations in public policy concerning
transportation from starting points to destinations.

The main aim of this research is to assess the coordination mechanisms and policies of the
MMDA with four local government units with significant CBDs: Mandaluyong, Makati, Taguig,
and Quezon City. It additionally contrasts them with the urban planning and traffic
management strategies of CBDs.

Synthesis

Islam, M. (2019) Review on Freeway Traffic Incidents and Their Impact on Traffic
Operations. Congestion on the freeway is more frequent due to several traffic incidents,
namely traffic accidents, debris on the road, vehicle breakdown, and collision with guardrails
than any other incidents. These, in turn, affect the operational performance of the freeway by
increasing queue length, volume, and density. Consequently, effective freeway management
strategies can help to minimize these impacts. The study investigates and summarizes
existing studies to identify the reasons for and effects of the traffic incidents. Attention is
given to the available solutions of the freeway traffic incidents management. The ultimate
goal of this study is to identify the gaps which are not yet addressed to improve the
operational effectiveness of the freeway. This study was conducted through a
comprehensive literature review of existing refereed publications, established standards, and
formal guidelines. Literature was sought through the Transport Research International
Documentation (TRID) database, IEEE Transactions database, and google scholar search
engine. Research focusing on freeway traffic incidents is a growing concern in transportation
operations, as transportation network performance depends on it. Due to the advancement
of technology, emerging vehicle technologies like connected vehicles have the potential to
address these problems affecting the US transportation system and revolutionize mobility in
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

the future. The study can serve as a reference for the researchers that are involved in
freeway traffic operations.

Dr. Nina R. Dhamge, Janhvi Patil, Monali Dhakate, Harsh Hingnekar (2023) Review for
Study of Characteristics of Traffic Flow. Traffic engineering is the implementation of
engineering concepts and techniques to the safe and efficient circulation of individuals as
well as goods on roadways. To make the flow of people and products on highways safe and
timely, traffic engineering employs technical principles and procedures. People and products
must be moved in a safe and timely manner, which depends on traffic flow, which is directly
related to traffic characteristics. The volume, speed, and density of a traffic flow are its three
primary determinants. Congestion is one of the most widespread and critical global issues,
with severe economic, social, and environmental consequences. In this regard, we have
developed a systematic literature review study on the magnitudes of congestion that will
attempt to address this issue by presenting the causes of traffic congestion, economic,
sociological, and environmental difficulties, potential methods to minimize traffic congestion,
and ultimately measures to be performed. On a daily basis, traffic congestion is one of the
most apparent, ubiquitous, and immediate transportation challenges facing not only India’s
but also the majority of the world’s cities. It has an impact on all types of transportation,
particularly highways, as well as all socioeconomic categories. Some of the key reasons for
congestion are rapid population growth, increased urbanization, inadequate or unplanned
transportation infrastructure, bad public transportation systems, and an increase in the
number of personnel vehicles. This literature review paper focuses on studies made on
traffic parameters of traffic volume, traffic congestion, including literature on its
consequences as well as methods for measuring and rating these effects. Various metrics
for measuring traffic congestion have been discussed. These metrics are divided into three
categories: travel time, speed and degree of service. Congestion data collection approaches
used in various research projects have also been discussed.

Jimmy T. Efird (2022) Review on Road Traffic Operation Risk Prevention and Control. Road
traffic safety can be ensured by preventing and controlling the potential risks in road traffic
operations. The relevant literature was systematically reviewed to identify the research
context and status quo in the road traffic operation risk prevention and control field and
identify the key study contents needing further research. As research material, the related
English and Chinese literature published between 1996 and 2021 (as of 31st December
2021) was obtained through the Web of Science Core Collection and Chinese Science
Citation Database. These research materials include 22,403 English and 7876 Chinese
papers. Based on the bibliometrics, this study used CiteSpace software to conduct keyword
co-occurrence analysis in the field. The results show that the relevant research topics mainly
covered the risks of drivers, vehicles, roads, and the traffic environment. In the aspect of
driver risks, the studies focused on driving behavior characteristics. In terms of vehicle risks,
the related studies were mainly about the vehicle control system, driving assistance system,
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

hazardous material transportation, automated driving technology, safe driving speed, and
vehicle collision prediction. For the road risks, the safe driving guarantee of high-risk road
sections, driving risks at intersections, and safe road alignment design were the three study
hotspots. In terms of traffic environment risks, identifying traffic risk locations and driving
safety guarantees under adverse weather conditions were the two main research highlights.
Moreover, mathematical modeling was the main method for studying road traffic operation
risk. Furthermore, the impact of environmental factors on drivers, the emergency rescue
system for road traffic accidents, the connection between automated driving technology and
safe driving theory, and the man–machine hybrid traffic flow characteristics are the subjects
needing further research.

The study's title implies that it would examine patterns in occurrences and evaluate how they
interfere with or prevent regular traffic operations in order to make recommendations for
better traffic management and reducing adverse effects. In conclusion, the study would
provide understanding of traffic flow dynamics, enhancing infrastructure design and traffic
control. To improve safety, lower accident rates, and ensure smoother traffic operations, the
synthesis would, in essence, concentrate on how risks in road traffic operations might be
systematically prevented and managed.

The study suggests several recommendations to improve traffic management and road
infrastructure. Infrastructure design adjustments, such as wider shoulders and emergency
refuge areas, can facilitate better traffic flow. Continuous data collection and analysis of
incidents can identify trends and high-risk areas. Collaborative incident management can
streamline the process between transportation agencies, law enforcement, emergency
services, and towing companies. The study also recommends implementing adaptive traffic
control systems, promoting public transportation and carpooling, designing better road
infrastructure, using data-driven traffic flow modeling, and encouraging flexible work
schedules. These recommendations aim to enhance the efficiency and safety of freeway
traffic operations and reduce the negative impact of incidents on traffic flow. To improve
traffic flow, improve traffic signal coordination, deploy Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS),
optimize road infrastructure, implement demand management strategies, and promote
alternative modes of transportation. Implement staggered work hours, telecommuting, and
carpooling programs to distribute traffic evenly and reduce peak congestion. Implement
dedicated bus lanes, bike lanes, and pedestrian-friendly walkways to reduce vehicle volume
on the road. These recommendations would help improve the overall efficiency and safety of
freeway traffic operations, reducing the negative impact of incidents on traffic flow. Based on
the characteristics of traffic flow, aim to improve road efficiency, reduce congestion, and
enhance overall transportation safety. Lastly, these recommendations aim to address the
challenges of traffic congestion, improve road efficiency, and ensure safer, smoother
transportation systems.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical foundation of the study “The traffic management in Sangandaan: A basis for
an enhance solution in traffic problems.” there are two main theoretical constructed that
guide this research. The first is based on the studies the “Understanding of traffic signs by
drivers in the city of Manila, Philippines”, (Fernandez et al. 2020). The goal of this study is to
determine the distinguishing features of the drivers who interpret traffic indicators. One of the
most dependable traffic management tools for directing the lawful and orderly flow of
vehicles and pedestrians is the use of traffic signs. For drivers and commuters to safely
navigate the road and prevent accidents, traffic signs give vital information. They guide on
speed limits, control traffic flow, and issue warnings about any dangers. Additionally, drivers
familiarity with traffic signs is mostly determined by their quantity in the area where the
respondents often travels, as well as the simplicity of their design, which allows road users to
simply discern their meaning. The study also found that drivers interpretation of traffic signs
is significantly influenced by their socioeconomic background and driving characteristics,
such as educational attainment and style of driving instruction. In the context of studying
understanding traffic signs promotes road safety by alerting drivers to possible dangers,
speed limits, right-of-way restrictions, and other pertinent information. Learning about traffic
signs might help us to avoid accidents and enhance overall road safety. Since the majority of
Filipino drivers are not disciplined, and traffic indicators are becoming less important, the
significant majority of Filipino drivers have not had sufficient training, resulting in a lack of
awareness of numerous road signs. The researchers are eager to produce and add
knowledge to people about traffic signs and to lessen accidents that we might experience.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

Conceptual Framework

DRIVERS COMMUTERS

THE
VIOLATED POOR ROAD POOR
ACCIDENT/ CONDITIONS/INCR
TRAFFIC CONGESTION STOPLIGHT
INCIDENT EASING ING
RULES FUNCTION
ESTABLISHMENT

FIVE (5) E’s

ENHANCED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

The figure above shows that the diagram used in conceptual framework is web diagram. It
shows that the drivers and commuters are affected of traffic problems which is violated traffic
rules, congestion, accidents and incidents, poor road conditions, increasing of establishment
and poor stoplight function. To lessen the traffic problems, it must use the Five (5) E’s to
enhanced the traffic management in roadways.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
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Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

Paradigm of the Study

The figure below shows that the Traffic Management supported by five E’s that helps the
vehicle flow smoothly, minimizing accidents and incidents to drivers and commuters. five E’s
set the strategies that guide the effective management of transportation systems. It designed
to by improving safety, efficiency, and sustainability on the roads. The following the five E
are;

Traffic Education to increase everyone's knowledge of and comprehension of traffic laws,

road safety, and responsible driving especially to drivers and commuters. Education
promotes increased observance of traffic laws, safer driving practices, and a lower chance of
accidents.

Traffic Enforcement utilize monitoring, surveillance, and sanctions to make sure that traffic
laws and regulations are followed. With making sure that drivers obey by traffic laws,
enforcement acts as a discouragement for risky behavior, improving safety and lowering the
number of accidents.

Traffic Engineering to create and upgrade traffic control and road infrastructure in order to
promote accessibility, flow, and safety. Road safety is increased, traffic flow is enhanced,
and all road users are placed in safer conditions because of engineering advancements.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
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Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

Traffic Environment to build a transportation infrastructure that minimizes negative impacts

on the environment, society, and economy while guaranteeing the efficient, safe, and
sustainable flow of people and commodities. In order to do this, it is necessary to strike a
balance between the demands of cars, bikes, pedestrians, and users of public transportation
while also tackling issues with traffic, pollution, and safety.

Traffic Economy connects to the financial aspects of operating transportation systems,

such as the expenses of building new infrastructure, dealing with traffic jams, operating
vehicles, and the overall financial impacts of efficient or inefficient transportation. Efficiency
in transportation and traffic management is essential for productivity, sustainability, and
economic growth.

Definition of Terms

1. INTERSECTION - refers to a place or point where two or more things come together,
especially: the place where two or more streets meet or cross each other.

2. ROAD DEBRIS - includes substances, materials, and objects that are foreign to the
normal roadway environment.

3. TRAFFIC CONGESTION - it is the reducing movement of vehicles and person in the

area.

4. TRAFFIC CONTROL - is a process of managing movements of transportation system

users to ensure conflict-less passages along their intended paths.

5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY - is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the
benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy.

6. TRAFFIC EDUCATION - is the process of giving training and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge.

7. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT - is not limited to PNP but HPG includes all government
personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws.

8. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - is the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of the
basic laws relative to traffic law and generation.

9. TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT - refers to the conditions and factors related to the road and
surrounding vehicles that can influence the formation of lane-change intentions while driving.

10. TRAFFIC JAM - a line of road traffic at or near a standstill because of road construction,
an accident, or heavy congestion.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

REFERENCES:

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

AUTHOR: MD Ahsanul Islam, Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of

Florida, Gainesville, USA(2019) https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?
paperid=95787

AUTHORS: Dr. Nina R. Dhamge, Janhvi Patil, Monali Dhakate, Harsh Hingnekar(2023)
https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/study-of-characteristics-of-traffic-flow#introduction

AUTHOR: JIMMY T. EFIRD, Academic Editor (2022)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9564786/

RELATED STUDIES

Bauza, R., Schwartz, R. S., Ahmed, E., Junior, G. D., Du, R., Liu, Y., Cintra, M., Souza, A.
M., Doolan, R., Wongcharoen, S., Nottle, A., Pan, J. S., Meneguette, R. I., Severino, J. N., &
Araujo, G. (2020, July 11). Enhancing intelligence in traffic management systems to aid in
vehicle traffic congestion problems in Smart Cities. Ad Hoc Networks.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1570870520302195

Eom, M., & Kim, B.-I. (2020, September 17). The Traffic Signal Control Problem for
intersections: A review - european transport research review. SpringerOpen.
https://etrr.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12544-020-00440-8

Ma, Y., Xu, J., Gao, C., Mu, M., E, G., & Gu, C. (2022, September 25). Review of research
on Road Traffic Operation Risk Prevention and control.
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Biglang Awa St. 12TH Avenue East, Caloocan City
S.Y: 2024 – 2025

International journal of environmental research and public health.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9564786/

Quirino, C., Sagayno, B., & Cajipe, J. (2019, March). Comprehensive Analysis and Solution
to the Traffic Problem at Vicas Market Camarin Road, Urduja Village North Caloocan City.
Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research.
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/2439

Francesca C, M., & Medes, H. M. M. (2019, December 3). An Assessment on the

Coordination of the Metro Manila Development Authority with the Local Government Units of
Mandaluyong, Makati, Taguig, and Quezon City in Addressing Traffic Congestion. SSRN.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3497226

Catarin, G. (2023, May). (PDF) beating the traffic: Civil society participation in Transport
Reforms and Innovations in Metro Manila, Philippines.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370835038_Beating_the_Traffic_Civil_Society_Par
ticipation_in_Transport_Reforms_and_Innovations_in_Metro_Manila_Philippines