A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

PAUL-D I.T & SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES LTD

238 POWA SHOP OPPOSITE ABIA STATE CHILDREN SPECIALIST HOSPITAL BENDE ROAD
UMUAHIA

IKECHUKWU CHIEMELA PLEASANT

MOUAU/EEE/18/102305

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE

ENG 400 (STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE)

SIWES COORDINATOR

ENGR. DR. C. K OKORO

OCTOBER 2023
 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE (SIWES)

DONE AT

PAUL-D I.T & SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES LTD

238 POWA SHOP OPPOSITE ABIA STATE CHILDREN SPECIALIST HOSPITAL BENDE ROAD
UMUAHIA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Almighty God, the beginning and the end, in creator and my everlasting father
who spared my life throughout the period of my SIWES program, May His name he glorified and
worshiped forever. My profound gratitude goes to my parents for their tremendous
contribution and support both morally and financially during the course of my education in life.

You shall reap unlimited fruits your hand for by the grace of God

I would also like to express my special thanks of gratitude to the Head of Department
Electrical/Electronic Engineering and to my IT Supervisor and the entire Staff both teaching and
non-teaching of this great department for the basic knowledge I acquired before venturing in
the corporate world.

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 ABSTRACT

The six-month industrial training program provided students with an opportunity to gain hands-
on experience in the field of electrical and electronic engineering. During the program at
PAUL-D IT & SOLAR TECHNOLOGY the student where provided with an opportunity to gain
practical experience in the installation, maintenance, and repair of solar and CCTV systems.

The students were introduced to various equipment and systems, including solar panels,
inverters, batteries, and surveillance cameras. They also learned about the design, installation,
and troubleshooting of these systems. The program also allowed students to interact with each
other and learn from experienced professionals in the field.

This training/work experience, is an essential component in the development of the practical

and professional skills required of each student by their respective course of study and also
stands as an aid to respective employment.

As a student of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, I have been able to obtain the
most relevant and effective practical industrial training and experience in a duration
approximately six (6) months having been exposed to practical situations and activities from my
place of attachment.

Overall, the industrial training program was an enriching experience for the students, providing
them with valuable skills and knowledge that will benefit them in their future careers.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Acknowledgment ii

Abstract iii

Table of Content iv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Objectives of the SIWES 1

1.3 Important of SIWES 2

1.4 The role of students on SIWES 3

CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT

2.1 Vision statement 4

2.2 mission statement 4

CHAPTER THREE: INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE AND THINGS LEARNT

3.1 Safety 6

3.2 Solar system 9

3.2 CCTV system 19

CHAPTER FOUR:

4.0 Summary of attachment activities 26

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4.1 Recommendation & suggestion for improvement of the scheme 26

4.2 Conclusion 27

Reference 28

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program that was established in the
1971 by the Federal Government of Nigeria to provide students with industrial training
experience. The program aims to help students acquire practical skills and knowledge that will
prepare them for the workforce after graduation. SIWES is now a mandatory requirement for all
students in Nigerian universities, and many companies and organizations participate in the
program.

The program is usually carried out in the fourth year of study for engineering students and the
third year for other disciplines. Students can participate in SIWES in various industries, including
construction, manufacturing, telecommunications, and information technology. Companies and
organizations that participate in the program are required to have a supervisor who will
oversee the student's work and provide feedback on their progress. The National Board for
Technical Education (NBTE) and the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) coordinate and monitor the
program.

The program is structured into three phases: the first phase involves orientation and induction,
the second phase is the actual industrial training, and the third phase is the student's return to
the university and assessment. The program has been successful in helping students acquire
practical skills, gain insight into the workplace, and make contacts in their chosen field. In
addition to the benefits for students, SIWES also provides benefits for participating companies,
including access to new ideas and innovations from students and a way to identify potential
future employees.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

The main objective of the SIWES program is to expose students to the practical aspects of their
field of study and help them develop the skills and knowledge they will need to be successful in
the workplace. The program also aims to:

 Help students make the transition from school to work.

 Assist students in identifying and developing career goals.

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 Create an opportunity for students to apply the knowledge and skills they have learned in
the classroom.

 Provide a platform for companies to identify and recruit promising graduates.

 Promote the development of industry-relevant skills in the Nigerian workforce.

 To expose students to the current trends and practices in their field of study.

 To provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and experiences between students and
industry professionals.

 To provide students with the opportunity to develop soft skills such as communication,
teamwork, and problem-solving.

 To promote entrepreneurship and innovation among students.

 To enhance the relevance of the Nigerian educational system to the needs of the labor
market.

 To foster collaboration between universities and industry.

 To facilitate the commercialization of research and development.

1.3 IMPORTANT OF SIWES

For student:

 The program helps them to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

 It prepares them for the workplace by exposing them to real-world situations.

 It allows them to develop practical skills that may not be covered in the classroom.

 It provides an opportunity to build their professional networks.

 It can lead to better grades and a higher chance of getting a job after graduation.

For industry:

 It provides a source of skilled and motivated interns.

 It provides an opportunity for industry to give back to the community by investing in the
future workforce.

 It helps to build relationships between industry and academia.

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 It can lead to the development of new products and processes.

 It helps to identify and train future employees.

 It creates a pipeline for innovation and technological advancement.

 It strengthens the economy by developing a skilled workforce.

 It fosters collaboration between different industries and sectors.

1.4 THE RULES OF STUDENT ON SIWES

Here are some of the key rules for students participating in SIWES:

 Students must be registered with the ITF and their institution before starting the program.

 They must have a letter of placement from their school.

 They must have a qualified and approved industrial supervisor.

 They must adhere to the rules and regulations of the company they are placed with.

 They must keep a record of their activities and submit a report at the end of the program.

 They must dress appropriately and behave in a professional manner.

 They must complete all tasks assigned to them.

 Students must maintain a positive attitude and be willing to learn.

 They must not engage in any unethical behavior.

 They must not breach any company policies or regulations.

 They must respect the confidentiality of any information they access.

 They must complete the program within the stipulated time frame.

 They must participate in any training or development activities arranged by the company.

 They must seek advice from their supervisor if they have any questions or concerns.

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 CHAPTHER 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT ATTACHED

Paul-D I.T & Solar Technologies LTD is an establishment own by Engr Paul David is located at
238 powa shop opposite Abia State Children Specialist hospital Bende Road Umuahia

2.1 Vision Statement:

At Paul-D I.T & Solar Technologies LTD, our vision is to create a brighter, safer, and more
sustainable future for our clients and communities.

We aspire to be a leading force in the IT, solar and CCTV installation industry, driving
innovation, and setting new standards of excellence.

Through our unwavering commitment to quality, ethics, and environmental responsibility, we

aim to empower individuals and businesses with cutting-edge technology that enhances
security and harnesses the power of the sun to build a greener world."

2.2 Mission Statement: Our mission at Paul-D I.T & Solar Technologies LTD is to provide top-
tier IT, solar and CCTV installation services that combine advanced technology with a customer-
centric approach.

We are dedicated to

Security Excellence: Delivering state-of-the-art CCTV solutions that safeguard homes and
businesses, providing peace of mind to our clients.

Solar Energy Transformation: Empowering our clients to harness the limitless power of the sun
through efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective solar panel installations.

Environmental Responsibility: Promoting sustainability by reducing carbon footprints through

solar energy adoption and eco-friendly installation practices.

Innovation Leadership: Continuously exploring new technologies and methods to stay at the
forefront of the industry, ensuring our clients benefit from the latest advancements.

Customer Satisfaction: Building long-lasting relationships with our clients by understanding

their unique needs, delivering exceptional service, and exceeding their expectations.

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Community Engagement: Contributing positively to the communities we serve by creating local
job opportunities, supporting clean energy initiatives, and promoting security awareness.

At (Paul-D I.T & Solar Technologies LTD), we believe that by aligning our vision and mission with
the values of integrity, innovation, and sustainability, we can create a brighter, safer, and more
sustainable world for current and future generations."

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 CHAPTHER 3

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE AND THINGS LEARNT

During the six months’ period of my industrial training experience at the company, I was trained
on solar and cctv installation and maintenance

3.1 SAFETY

Safety is of utmost importance when working with solar and CCTV systems. There are a number
of safety measures that must be taken to ensure the safety of those working with these
systems to avoid a dangerous situation

SAFETY MEASURES TO TAKE DURING SOLAR INSTALLATION

When it comes to solar installation, there are a number of specific safety measures that should
be taken. These include:

 Only trained and certified installers should perform solar installations.

 Use only approved equipment and materials.

 Use proper grounding and bonding techniques.

 Take into account the location of the installation, including any environmental hazards.

 Always check for loose connections or damaged equipment before starting the installation.

 Never work on a live solar system.

 Always use the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) when working with solar
equipment.

 Wearing a safety harness and using fall protection equipment.

 Inspecting the roof for any damage or weak spots before starting the installation.

 Making sure there is no debris or other hazards on the roof.

 Being aware of the weather conditions and taking appropriate precautions.

 Avoiding working on the roof during wet or windy conditions.

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 Using caution when walking on the roof, especially on tiles or other slippery surfaces.

 Familiarizing yourself with all safety warnings and instructions before beginning the
installation.

 Working in a well-lit area.

 Taking frequent breaks to avoid fatigue.

 Keeping a first aid kit nearby.

 Having a fire extinguisher nearby.

 Using non-conductive tools when working with live electrical systems.

 Taking extra care when working around live wires.

SAFETY MEASURES TO TAKE DURING CCTV INSTALLATION

There are also a number of safety precautions that should be taken when installing CCTV
systems. These include:

 Following all manufacturer's instructions for the specific equipment being installed.

 Using the proper tools for the job, such as wire strippers, crimpers, and a multimeter.

 Ensuring that all wires are properly insulated and protected from the elements.

 Ensuring that all components are properly grounded.

 Being aware of the risk of electric shock when working with live electrical systems.

 Using caution when working on ladders or at heights.

 Ensuring that the cameras are installed in locations that do not violate the privacy of others.

 Ensuring that the cameras are not pointing towards areas that are considered private, such
as bedrooms or bathrooms.

 Ensuring that the system is password protected and that the password is kept secure.

 Being aware of the laws and regulations regarding the installation and use of CCTV systems.

 Ensuring that the CCTV system is not used to violate the privacy of others.

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Below are some basic personal protective equipment(PPE)

Hard hat

Safety jacket

Safety glove

Safety boot

Safety glasses or goggles

Safety ear plugs or muffs

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3.2 SOLAR SYSTEM

The sun is the source of all energy on Earth. Solar power is the conversion of energy from
sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power (CSP). In the case of PV, light is converted into electrical current when it hits a solar
cell. In the case of CSP, mirrors are used to concentrate the sun's rays onto a receiver, which
converts the heat into electricity. Solar power is a clean and renewable form of energy that
doesn't produce any greenhouse gases or other pollutants.

Solar power has a number of advantages over traditional forms of energy generation, such as
coal or natural gas. Firstly, it is a renewable source of energy, meaning that we will never run
out of it. Secondly, it is a clean source of energy, as it does not produce any air pollution or
greenhouse gases. Thirdly, it is a very efficient source of energy, with up to 20% of the energy
from sunlight being converted into electricity. Finally, solar power can be used to generate
electricity in remote areas that are not connected to the electricity grid.

SOLAR MATERIALS/TOOLS, COMPONENT AND INSTALLATION

MATERIALS/TOOLS:

Battery-Powered Drill

AC/DC multimeter

High-Quality Ladder

Conduit Bender

Hack Saw

Measuring Tools

Screwdriver

Pocket Knife

Wire Stripper/Cutter

Cable and Connector Tools

Fall Protection

Solar Panel Hanger

Fish tape

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Heavy duty extension cords

Trucking pipe

cable lock

Caulk Gun

Panel and battery rack

COMPONENT

SOLAR PANELS: Solar Panels or PV modules are the most commonly known component in a
photovoltaic array. Made up of mostly solar cells, framing, and glass; solar panels work by
collecting and harnessing photovoltaic energy from the sun, and delivering that energy as
‘direct current’ (DC) power to an inverter or converter component (may be a charge controller
in some instances).

The DC power generated by a solar module is an electric current that flows in a constant
direction. This type of power is generally not readily useable for standard electric demands, and
must be translated into ‘alternating current’ (AC) power before it can be used for standard
electric devices inside a home or building.

Solar Panels consist of two most well-known types of solar cells, Polycrystalline and
Monocrystalline. The difference consists of how silicon crystals in the ingots or wafers are
harvested, developed and formed, each creating a different look and color to their appearance.
Both types of PV cells are known to be effective in their general ability to produce solar
electricity.

INVERTERS/UPS: Inverters (or Converters) intake DC power generated by a solar panel and
process that energy by converting it into AC power, the resulting power can then be sent to a
breaker or balance of system component and is available for standard use. Inverters may be
located after a charge controller and battery bank in certain off-grid energy systems.

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Inverters come in different types of sizes and use various technologies to enable efficiency in
the function to produce AC power. The most common inverters are; String Inverters, Central
Inverters, Micro inverters, and Battery-based Inverters. Each will carry different mechanical and
technical characteristics.

String Inverters can be wired for a row of solar panels to connect to one of several strings inside
the inverter to accommodate a series of modules, while Micro inverters are generally mounted
to the back of each panel or (every other panel), to convert energy per module into AC power.
Each type of inverter is not necessarily better than another as each one has its benefits and
drawbacks, and their technologies are specifically used for application purposes in certain
circumstances.

WIRING: Wiring acts to ensure other solar energy components are interconnected, and can
pass energy from one device onto another. PV Wire is commonly used to move energy from the
Solar Modules to the Inverter(s), and then be transformed to be sent for another product
within the photovoltaic array supply chain.

Wires will generally be made of aluminum or copper, be solid or standard, are insulated, and
meant to either pass through DC current or AC current depending on where they are positioned
and connected. Wires will also be color coded for safety and identification purposes by a
system operator or inspector who needs to understand which wire controls a certain current,
(Positive, Negative, Grounded, etc.)

Standard systems will utilize wires which can hold and pass through certain voltages and wire
gauges depending on the PV array setup. These values are commonly dependent upon the
voltage of the system and its concurring components used within the interconnected stream of
items.

CHARGE CONTROLLERS: Charge Controllers work to regulate electrical charge and they limit
the rate at which electric current is added to or withdrawn from the Batteries. They work to
control voltage and watts from Solar Panels; thus, passing through more stable energy,

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preventing overcharging and protecting against overvoltage - which can hinder and reduce
Battery performance or lifespan.

Charge Controllers come with various types of sizes and technologies that enable generally an
off-grid (Battery Bank) system to function properly. These two types of technologies are MPPT
(Maximum Power Point Tracking) and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Charge Controllers are
often used within an off-grid or hybrid with battery back-up solar energy system.

A series of Charge Controllers are important for maintaining battery integrity with a system that
utilizes them. Due to the sensitive nature of power storage components, it is vital to regulate
their ongoing activity to derive the maximum lifespan possible, and helping to reduce future
maintenance costs and upkeep.

BATTERIES: Batteries enable the ability to store solar power for use at a later date. They are
used within off-grid or hybrid solar electric arrays, which require power to be used in the case
of lack of available sunlight (night time), unstable power distribution from a utility company, or
lack of access to a utility supplier.

Off-grid and hybrid systems will often utilize a Battery, (or series of Batteries), to store collected
energy delivered by a Charge Controller, Inverter or both – then making the resulting energy
ready for withdrawal on demand when a system operator requires it.

Batteries will utilize different types of technologies and materials to enable power storage
capability. Usually there are four types of Batteries; AGM, GEL, Flooded, and Lithium Ion – each
type uses different fluids and acids that can hold on to energy for an extended period, with slow
power depletion.

Each type of Battery will require different amounts of maintenance per technology, and
expected lifespans for each technology will be influenced from how a system operator charges,
stores, and takes power from the Batteries.

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PROTECTION:

Tripped Circuit Breakers - All solar systems must have a Solar Inverter AC circuit breaker to
protect the solar inverter and connecting cables from overcurrent or electrical faults. Circuit
breakers can be very sensitive and sometimes thermally trip during very hot sunny days. Also, a
circuit breaker may overheat and trip if the connection is poor or the terminals are loose,
especially during hot weather.

AC and DC Isolators -Most solar installations will have an AC and DC isolator switch next to the
inverter. The switch should have an obvious on-and-off position, and one of them may have
been isolated.

MONITORING: Monitoring Equipment components are usually connected to a concurrent

Inverter manufacturer, and they view and relay system energy information analytics to a in
product console or web connected device through their proprietary software. Monitoring
Equipment components may be integrated into an Inverter, or in some instances – be
connected to another component of a photovoltaic arra.

Monitoring technology is able to display information ranging from energy generated by the
solar panels, to real-time data, to immediate fault detection and troubleshooting, to energy
yield data over a set amount of time. A comprehensive Monitoring system can benefit the
system operator to better understand the way the solar energy system is operating, (and
measures that can be taken to better increase yields, productivity, maintenance and other
variables) in real time or over the course of the systems lifespan.

RACKING: Racking and Mounting components work to ensure a PV array is connected to either
the ground or a roof and is made up of multiple key products that encompass an entire racking
system.

Most racking systems will use a combination of: Rails, Flashings, Lugs, Mounting Brackets, Wire
Clips, Splice Kits, Braces, End Caps, Attachments, Tilt Legs - and other components to complete
a full racking and mounting system. Ground mount systems will require concrete and steel
piping in addition to a complete racking kit to be placed onto land.

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Racking and Mounting is an essential part of any solar energy system. Both roof-top and ground
mount arrays need to be set atop a sound and reliable structure to ensure the system can
maintain integrity and operate for an extended period of time.

INSTALLATION

Solar Panel Installation Guide – Step by Step Process

Following are the steps involved in the installation process:

Step-1: Mount Installation

The first step is to fix the mounts that will support the Solar Panels. It can be Roof-ground
mounts or flush mounts depending on the requirement. This base structure provides support
and sturdiness. Care is taken on direction in which the PV panels (monocrystalline or
polycrystalline) will be installed. For countries in the Northern Hemisphere, the best direction
to face solar panels is south because it gets maximum sunlight. East and West directions will
also do. For countries in the Southern Hemisphere, the best direction is North.

Again, the mounting structure must be slightly tilted. Angle of the tilt could be between 18 to
36 Degree. Many companies use a solar tracker to increase the conversion efficiency.

Step-2: Install the Solar Panels

Next step is to fix the solar panels with the mounting structure. This is done by tightening nuts
and bolts. Care is taken to secure the whole structure properly so that it is sturdy and lasts long.

Step-3: Do Electrical Wiring

Next step is to do the electrical wiring. Universal Connectors like MC4 are used during wiring
because these connectors can be connected with all type of solar panels. These panels can be
electrically connected with each other in following series:

Series Connection: In this case, the Positive (+) Wire is of one PV module is connected to the
Negative (–) Wire of another module. This type of wiring increases the voltage match with the
battery bank.

Parallel Connection: In this case, Positive (+) to Positive (+) and Negative (–) to Negative (–)
connection is done. This type of wiring voltage of each panel remains same.

Step-4: Connect the System to Solar Inverter

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Next step is to connect the system to a solar inverter. The Positive wire from the solar panel is
connected to the Positive terminal of the inverter and the Negative wire is connected to the
Negative terminal of the inverter.

The solar inverter is then connected to the Solar Battery and Grid input to produce electricity.

Step-5: Connect Solar Inverter and Solar Battery

Next step is to connect the solar inverter and the solar battery. The positive terminal of the
battery is connected with the positive terminal of the inverter and negative to negative. Battery
is needed in off grid solar system to store electricity backup.

Step-6: Connect Solar Inverter to the Grid

Next step is to connect the inverter to the grid. To make this connection, a normal plug is used
to connect to the main power switch board. An output wire is connected with electric board
that supplies electricity to the home.

Step: 7: Start Solar Inverter

Now when all the electrical wiring and connections are done, it is time to start the inverter
switch ON the Main Switch of the Home. Most solar inverters will have digital display to show
you stats regarding generation and usage of solar unit.

SOLAR PANEL PROBLEMS (CAUSE, SOLUTION & PREVENTION)

1. Dust and Dirt Accumulation: It is easy to forget that solar panels are outdoor appliances. This
could be because once we install them on the roof, we forget about them. Out of sight, am I
right? Much like your roof, solar panels accumulate dust, dirt, and filth over time. The problem
is that these unwanted debris coatings interfere with or block the sun’s rays, lowering your
solar panels’ power generation potential and efficiency.

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When your solar panels are underperforming, you may be compelled to pull power from the
grid or run the old-fashioned gasoline generator. Before you know it, you’re spending more on
electricity and polluting the environment.

Solution: You can discourage pigeons from vandalizing your solar panels, but you cannot
persuade dust, dirt, leaves, snow, moss, and algae from setting up shop on your solar panel. For
these kinds of problems, you have to deal with the issue after the fact. And the best solution is
regularly cleaning your solar panels. You can either hire a professional or grab a ladder and DIY
it.

Prevention: Algae and moss grow due to high humidity, and you can’t stop that. Same way, you
can’t stop dust. But there’s something you can do against pigeon dropping: install pigeon
deterrents like fake birds of prey and mesh barriers.

2. Shading and Obstructions: Shading and sunlight obstruction is a source of concern among
solar panel users. As shadows shift during the day, they may end up shading your solar panels,
reducing their efficiency. Much like our debris problem, you may be forced to look into other
sources of power just to supplement the little you’re generating.

Common sources of shading and light obstruction include high-rise buildings and trees. Well, I
get your concern; all these structures are pretty permanent. How do you deal with shading and
obstruction?

Solution: What to do about trees? Cutting down trees defeats the whole purpose of going
green and adopting solar. A more sensible action to take is to trim the tees so as to minimize
shading. Or move the solar panels entirely.

Prevention: proper planning Before you mount your solar panels on the roof, study the
shadows around your home and how they behave during the day.

Certain states provide homeowners owner protection against upcoming buildings that may
shade their solar panels. Investigate whether your state or local jurisdiction has such provisions.
Finally, take action against new constructions that will obstruct your solar panels.

3. Degradation and Aging: Solar panels are incredibly resilient appliances. They are built to
brave the elements for 20-25 years. With a little bit of grace, they can last 30 years. But this
longevity comes at a price; degradation with age.

As the decades wind down, your solar panel loses its efficiency. All those years of UV exposure,
excessive heat, humidity, and hail damage begin to take a toll on your solar panel. How do you
avoid or solve these issues?

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Solution: Unless you have a Delorean time machine, you cannot reverse the effects of solar
panel aging and degradation. The only sensible solution is to replace your old solar panels (if
they are completely totaled) with newer, higher quality, higher efficiency solar panels.

And even if you buy new solar panels, learn from your mistakes and protect the new
installations with the preventive measures discussed above.

Prevention: You can mitigate problems that may arise from solar panel aging and degradation
with the following measures:

•When installing solar panels, allow for proper ventilation to avoid heat stress

•Install hail guards to protect against falling branches and hail

•Regularly inspect your solar panels for damages and carry out the necessary repairs

•Install surge protectors to safeguard against voltage stress

•Regularly monitor and assess the overall health of your solar panels

•Apply protective coatings to protect against corrosion

4. Inverter Issues: These problems include

•Overheating, which lowers the inverter’s efficiency

•Power surges from voltage instability may fry your electrical appliances

•Inadequate grounding can lead to electrical shocks, fire hazards, and equipment damage

•Blown fuses, malfunctioning capacitors, and faulty circuits can lead to inverter failure

•Faulty software can interrupt power transmission to the grid

Solution: Troubleshooting your inverter is the best way to identify and solve electronic
gremlins. Below is a checklist to help you troubleshoot your inverter:

•Check your display for any error messages and warning

•Note down the error codes, if any

•Ensure all the connections between the solar panels and your inverter are sound

•Ensure that the DC and AC cables are connected to the appropriate terminals

•Check (with a multimeter) the DC voltage at the input terminals of the inverter

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•Ensure that the reading you get is consistent with the manufacturer’s voltage range

•Consult your manual when correcting any issues, you may have found

•Reset or reboot your inverter

•Check for shading on your solar panel

•Consult with a professional

Prevention: The best way to prevent inverter issues is by investing in the right equipment. Buy
an inverter that can handle your solar panel’s power output. Ensure that you get an inverter
with the highest efficiency.

Regular inverter monitoring and maintenance can help you prevent issues or at least catch
them early before they escalate.

5. Wiring and Connection Faults: Wires aren’t invincible. They too can grow faulty and fail.
Common wiring and connection issues in solar panel systems include:

•Loose or disconnected wires

•Faulty junction boxes

•Reverse polarity when you mix up negative and positive solar panel terminals

•Corrosion and oxidation over time

•Insulation damage from UV exposure

Solution: Wiring and Connection Issues

The only way to solve faulty wiring is by replacing the failed cables, junction boxes, and
connectors with high-quality replacements. Sometimes it’s faulty components that cause cables
to fail. In such a case, check the health of your inverter and solar panels. Replace them if
necessary.

Prevention:

•Always use professional installers

•Invest in high-quality cables, junction boxes, connectors, inverters, and solar panels

•Ensure all your wiring connections are secure and properly fastened

•Practice proper cable management

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•Implement grounding to avoid lightning strikes

•Hire a professional for periodic maintenance and system inspection

3.3 CCTV SYSTEM

CCTV MATERIALS/TOOLS, COMPONENT AND INSTALLATION

Ladder

Power drill

Drill bits – including masonry bits

Multiple meter

screwdrivers

Hammer

BNC crimp tool

Cable stripper

Cutter and Stanley knife

Pliers

Cable Rod Set & Fish Taps to feed cables in awkward places

Video test monitor to plugin directly to camera, to adjust angle of camera

Network test tool

Junction box

Wire- coaxial cable RG59+power and RJ45

CCTV COMPONENTS

1. CAMERA: The camera is the central part of a CCTV system. You can choose from two types.

Internet protocol: IP cameras use the internet to send and receive footage and are compatible
with most devices. As a result, they’re a convenient option for most organizations.

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Analog: Though analog cameras are becoming less common, many legacy systems still use
them. However, they’re likely to be incompatible with more modern technology.

Security cameras come in various configurations,

Bullet: Bullet-shaped cameras often come with bulkier housing to provide extra lens protection.
They are more visible than dome cameras, which can deter some threats.

Dome: Dome cameras look like upside-down half-spheres. They often feature tinted glass,
which keeps the lens orientation hidden.

C-mount: Because C-mount cameras are more rugged, they’re excellent for outdoor
applications. They also feature detachable lenses, so you can change the monitoring distance as
needed.

Pan-tilt-zoom: PTZ cameras allow you to point your lens at specific objects in the camera’s field
of vision.

The camera your facility needs primarily depends on what areas you want to monitor. For
example, C-mount and bullet cameras are best for outdoor environments, while dome cameras
are often best for indoor spaces.

2. POWER SUPPLY: The power supply is another critical part of a CCTV system. A wired power-
over-Ethernet security camera enables you to transfer power and data from a camera to a
server using the same cable.

Consider these options for organizing your power supply.

Power supply box: Most commercial security systems opt for power supply boxes to keep all
their cabling neat and organized. Power supply boxes also provide individual surge protection
for each camera in your system, reducing the need for additional complexity.
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Individual transformers: CCTV systems for smaller facilities may want to consider using
individual transformers to power each camera, such as in residential camera systems. However,
if your facility needs more than a handful of IP cameras, this solution can quickly spiral into a
disorganized mess.

You’ll also need to decide whether you’ll connect your system to AC or DC power. While 12VDC
is the most common choice for commercial facilities, 24VAC is typically the better choice for
larger facilities because AC power can travel faster than DC with fewer power drops.

3.VIDEO RECORDERS: The video recorder is the device where video recorded on the camera
gets processed for storage & viewing. There are two types of video recorders: DVR (Digital
Video Recorders) and NVR (Network Video Recorders).

4. DATA STORAGE: Your CCTV security system is only as good as the hard disk backing it. The
storage device for a security camera system should be able to record, store and re-play videos
non-stop from multiple feeds. Regular hard drives that are used in PCs and Laptops are ill
equipped to handle CCTV storage needs. Hence, it is critical to choose a robust storage system
for safe data storage.

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5.MONITORING STATION: A monitor arguably facilitates the most important function of a
security camera: viewing recorded images and footage. Deciding how many monitors you’ll
need is dependent upon what, and which area you are monitoring. You wouldn't need more
than three to five screens if you aren't operating in a large-scale facility. Although if your
requirements change, you can easily add or remove monitors anytime to match the
compatibility of your camera.

6. CABLES & ROUTERS: Depending on the particular CCTV system, various supporting
technologies are necessary for seamless integration. Analog cameras require a coaxial cable and
additional power cable to connect to a DVR, for example. IP cameras can connect to the NVR
recording center for PoE from one cable.

INSTALLATION

Firstly, you need to assess where to position your CCTV cameras.

Identify your objectives and be clear about what you are trying to achieve. For example, do you
want the CCTV camera to cover the entrance of your property, a larger space or a particular
area.

Based on your objectives, choose a location and height for the camera.

Then mark with a pencil where the three screws go for the bracket that comes with the camera.

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Then drill three holes for the screws and insert a raw plug, mount the bracket and then attach
the camera.

CCTV camera connection: the cable we ran in the previous section is near the camera you just
mounted. For IP cameras, connect the Cat 5 or Cat 6 to the camera and for analogue HD
connect the video and power cables to the camera. Then connect the other end of the camera
cable to the DVR/NVR. Once the camera is connected to the DVR, repeat the same procedure
for the other cameras.

Installing the DVR

Once the cameras have been installed and connected then:

Unpack the DVR or NVR from the box.

Remove the cover of the DVR by removing screws.

Connect the power and data cable from DVR/NVR to hard disk.

Close and secure the DVR case.

Connect the DVR to a power socket and then turn on the DVR.

Connecting the CCTV Monitor to DVR

Then connect the CCTV monitor to the DVR and turn on the monitor. It’s recommended to
connect the monitor by HDMI for higher resolution and better quality. Alternatively, use a VGA
connection.

Setting up DVR/NVR and Configuration

When all the camera images are showing, you are then ready to set up the DVR/NVR.

The DVR setup wizard will automatically show when you switch on the recorder and you will
see the wizard on the monitor and use a mouse connected to the DVR to navigate the system.
Then:

Choose country

Set date and time and daylight-saving settings

Choose a user name and password

Set recording features, e.g. frames per second (FPS) and motion recording etc

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Network Setup to Connect to the Internet

You need to connect the DVR to the internet if you want to watch the CCTV camera footage on
a computer, tablet or smart phone. Also, this allows the footage to be uploaded to the cloud
where it can be stored and streamed to you anywhere in the world where you have an internet
connection.

P2P Network can be used – when this is used, the DVR will show you 2 QR codes on the
monitor – the first QR code is for apps to be downloaded and connects to the App Store or
Google Play.

Once the app is downloaded it will ask you to add a device which is easy to do.

The 2nd QR code has a serial number or s/n and once scanned and input username and
password, then all CCTV camera images will appear on the app.

Testing and Troubleshooting Your CCTV System

Once everything is connected and powered on, you should see the camera images on the
monitor. It will be a split screen, so if you have four cameras you will see four images, one for
each camera.

 If you don’t see any camera images, then the first thing to check is that the box power
supply is switched on and connected properly.

 If you see images for some of the cameras but not for others then check the connections
and network clips, RJ45 connectors for IP cameras and BNC connectors for analogue HD
cameras.

 If there is still no image for a camera then check the power cables are connected correctly,
are positive and negative connected the right way around?

 If it’s still not working, then check if the cable is damaged – test with a video test monitor
with the continuity function. The camera can be powered up with the video test monitor
itself and then the video cable of the camera can be connected directly to the video test
monitor, so if a camera is powered up and you can see image on the video test monitor that
means that the camera is working fine. If the camera doesn’t power up and there is no
image, then the camera is faulty, so you need to replace it.

 If you do see an image on the video test monitor for the camera in question where you
cannot see the image on the DVR monitor, that means the fault is in the video or power
cable to the DVR. If it’s an IP camera you can use a network test tool or sometimes a
network test tool is built into the video test monitor itself. If the cable doesn’t work, then

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re-crimp both ends. If it still doesn’t work, then replace the cable. If using an analogue HD
camera shotgun cable, then you can test with a coax cable tester and if faulty then re-crimp
both ends and if still not working then replace the cable.

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 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF ATTACHMENT ACTIVITIES

The gains of this exercise are immense, that it was worth the while is grossly an
understatement. Being accorded opportunity in life to be exposed to the rudiments of work
place outside the class room teaching is an experience of a life time.

Furthermore, the exposure to practical tools, had engendered to better understanding of

lessons thought in the class room and charted a course for career development.

As a student my first observation was the cognition between the school environment and the
labor market, as it is a different ball game entirely.

I also observe that safety is paramount and it could easy be seen as the primary goal of every
staff of the company not only thing technicians. As safety equipment and instructions were
always put in place or made available at strategic location within the company.

Neatness was also a key attribute as even though the job is usually seen as a dirty job, workers
were always admonished to be as neat as possible in there dressing and in carrying out their
duties.

The hospitality shown to the customers was of another level as customers were treated with so
much care and respect.

Communication played a vital role in the successful execution of jobs.

RECOMMENDATION & SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE SCHEME

I put forward the following suggestions and recommendations for future improvement of the
scheme:

• Posting of students for SIWES should be done by the scheme to ensure conformity with
course of study

• A mass enlightenment campaign should be carried out, to enable industries and

establishment know the importance of SIWES to the future of the student and the society at
large

• The scheme should also try to enforce the act of guiding the establishment of the scheme, to
serve as deterrent to those establishments who reject student for IT

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• School Curriculum should be organized in such a way that the SIWES exercise be carried out at
a stretch of six months and not the intermittent arrangement of three months twice.

CONCLUSION

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) plays a significant role in human
resource development, it helps students to develop new skills and enlightens them of what the
present society holds for them after graduation and helps them adapt accordingly. My training
here have given me a broader view to the importance and relevance of ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS in the immediate society and the world as a whole, as I now look
forward to impacting it positively after graduation.

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 REFERENCE

https://www.literoflightusa.org/solar-panel-problems/

https://www.Wikipedia. com/engineering/dictionary

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