PASSAGE 1 Answers Underground

Burying greenhouse gases to slow global warming

A. One way to slow global warming is to take the greenhouse gases that cause it and bury them. That
is the idea behind projects now under way to capture emissions from power plants and factories and
force them underground or deep into the ocean. There, proponents argue, they could be trapped for
thousands of years.
B. This concept, known as carbon sequestration, is already being used by oil companies to improve the
efficiency of oil wells, and now engineers have begun exploring ways to capture carbon dioxide
emissions from power plants to reduce their impact on the environment. At a recent conference,
delegates from fourteen industrialised and developing countries agreed to engage in cooperative research
into capturing and storing carbon dioxide.
C. The goal is to stabilise emissions of greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. Over the past
century, airborne carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by nearly a third, according to Scott Klara,
sequestration manager at the US National Energy Technology Laboratory. Unless emissions are slashed
by two thirds worldwide, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that concentrations
will rise to double the levels of the early 1700s, before the Industrial Revolution. These increased levels
of carbon-based compounds in the atmosphere are believed to be the cause of rising temperatures and
sea levels around the world. Ignoring the problem is therefore not an option.
D. Limiting emissions, however, is not an easy undertaking since increased energy consumption is
a key to economic growth. Two thirds of the world's power-generating capacity, expected to come into
use by 2030, has not been constructed yet, according to the International Energy Agency. The
developing world will be particularly important. China and India alone are expected to account for two
thirds of the global increase in coal usage over the next fifteen years.
E. Solutions are being sought. Work is being undertaken with alternatives to fossil fuels such as
wind and solar energy, but it will be a long time before these alternative sources play a major role in
fulfilling the world's energy needs. Geophysicist Klaus Lackner points out that around 85% of the
world's energy is derived from fossil fuels, the cheapest and most plentiful energy source available, and
the developing world in particular is unlikely to give them up. That is why many scientists support
sequestration
F. However, several problems must be resolved before sequestration plays a key role in a low-
carbon future. One is the cost of capturing carbon dioxide. A second is storing the gas safely once it's
been captured. Today, it costs about $US50 to extract and store a tonne of carbon dioxide from a power
plant, which raises the cost of producing electricity by 30-80%. Lackner argues that it is too expensive to
adapt existing plants to capture carbon dioxide. Instead, he recommends that carbon- capturing capacity
be built into future plants. Economic incentives are needed to encourage companies to identify low-cost
carbon-sequestration solutions. A government-supported program in the US has enabled some factories
to partially capture carbon emissions, which they then sell for various uses, including carbonating soft
drinks. However, there are no power plants ready for full carbon capture.
G. Once the carbon has been captured it must be stored. Natural carbon sinks, such as forests and
wetlands, can remove some carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but not nearly enough. Carbon dioxide
could be pumped to the bottom of the ocean, where the pressure would keep it pinned to the seabed in
liquid form for decades, but that has serious long-term environmental risks. David Hawkins, from the
Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington, warns that the carbon dioxide could radically alter
the chemical balance in the ocean, with potentially harmful consequences for marine life. Others worry
that the carbon dioxide could escape back into the atmosphere.
H. A few promising attempts at underground carbon sequestration are currently under way. In
western Canada, an oil company is pumping liquefied carbon dioxide into oil wells to force more oil to
the surface and boost recovery by 10-15%. The company gets the carbon dioxide via a pipeline from
North Dakota in the US, where the gas is captured from a synthetic-fuel plant. In another instance in the
North Sea, a Norwegian energy firm is injecting carbon dioxide waste from its natural-gas operations
into a saline aquifer 1,000 metres beneath the ocean floor.
I. Clearly, storing large amounts of gas underground raises environmental fears.
Environmentalists argue that more research is needed on potential storage sites, such as oil and gas
reservoirs and coal seams unsuitable for mining, to ensure that they offer long-term solutions. The World
Wide Fund for Nature Australia has argued that the primary risk of underground storage is that
dangerously large volumes of carbon dioxide might escape and people become asphyxiated.
J. Little progress in slashing global greenhouse gases can be achieved without involving
developing countries, but for now carbon sequestration is not their priority because of the increased costs
this would add to energy production. Hawkins argues that, to encourage developing nations to use
sequestration, developed nations will have to provide assistance. He suggests a multilateral initiative in
which developed nations, perhaps by purchasing carbon credits from poorer countries, finance the
difference between the cost of a regular coal-fired power plant and one that captures carbon emissions.
That is, the rich - who will remain the world's biggest polluters for years to come - would buy the right
to emit carbon from the poor, who would use the proceeds to build better plants.

Questions 1-6
Look at the following issues (Questions 1-6) and the list of people and organisations below.
Match each issue with the correct person or organization, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 The cost implications of fitting plants with the necessary equipment.
2 The effects of sequestration could have on sea creatures.
3 The reasons why products such as oil and gas continue to be popular energy sources.
4 The need for industrialised countries to give aid to less wealthy countries.
5 The significant increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the air over the last 100 years.
6 The potential for sequestration to harm human life.
List of People and organisations
A Scott Klara
B Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
C International Energy Agency
D Klaus Lackner
E David Hawkins
F World Wide Fund for Nature Australia
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Questions 7- 9
Reading Passage has ten paragraphs, A-J.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.
7 Examples of sequestration already in use in several parts of the world
8 An example of putting carbon dioxide emissions to use in the food and beverage industry
9 Current examples of the environmental harm attributed to carbon dioxide in the air
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Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 Both developing and developed nations have decided to investigate carbon dioxide sequestration.
11 A growing economy will use more power.
12 Capturing carbon dioxide has become financially attractive.
13 More forests need to be planted to improve the atmosphere.

PASSAGE 2 THE STORY OF COFFEE

Questions 1-6
The reading passage on The Story of Coffee has 7 paragraphs A – G.
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – G.
Write the appropriate number (i – xi) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

I. Growing Coffee
ii. Problems with Manufacture
iii. Processing the Bean
iv. First Contact
v. Arabian Coffee
vi. Coffee Varieties
vii. Modern Coffee
viii. The Spread of Coffee
ix. Consuming Coffee
x. Climates for Coffee
xi. The Coffee Plant
Example Answer
Paragraph A iv
1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G

A Coffee was first discovered in Eastern Africa in an area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend
refers to a goat herder by the name of Kaldi, who observed his goats acting unusually friskily after eating
berries from a bush. Curious about this phenomenon, Kaldi tried eating the berries himself. He found that
these berries gave him renewed energy.
B The news of this energy laden fruit quickly moved throughout the region. Coffee berries were transported
from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, and were first cultivated in what today is the country of Yemen.
Coffee remained a secret in Arabia before spreading to Turkey and then to the European continent by means
of Venetian trade merchants.
C Coffee was first eaten as a food though later people in Arabia would make a drink out of boiling the beans
for its narcotic effects and medicinal value. Coffee for a time was known as Arabian wine to Muslims who
were banned from alcohol by Islam. It was not until after coffee had been eaten as a food product, a wine
and a medicine that it was discovered, probably by complete accident in Turkey, that by roasting the beans a
delicious drink could be made. The roasted beans were first crushed and then boiled in water, creating a
crude version of the beverage we enjoy today. The first coffee houses were opened in Europe in the 17th
Century and in 1675, the Viennese established the habit of refining the brew by filtering out the grounds,
sweetening it, and adding a dash of milk.
D If you were to explore the planet for coffee, you would find about 60 species of coffee plants growing
wild in Africa, Malaysia, and other regions. But only about ten of them are actually cultivated. Of these ten,
two species are responsible for almost all the coffee produced in the world: Coffea Arabica and Coffea
Canephora (usually known as Robusta). Because of ecological differences existing among the various coffee
producing countries, both types have undergone many mutations and now exist in many sub-species.
E Although wild plants can reach 10 - 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a height of around four
metres. This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and cultivation more economical. The flowers are
white and sweet-scented like the Spanish jasmine. Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry. At first sight,
the fruit is like a big cherry both in size and in colour. The berry is coated with a thin, red film (epicarp)
containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp). Inside the pulp there are the seeds in the form of
two beans coupled at their flat surface. Beans are in turn coated with a kind of resistant, golden yellow
parchment, (called endocarp). When peeled, the real bean appears with another very thin silvery film. The
bean is bluish green verging on bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and 8 millimetres wide.
F Coffee plants need special conditions to give a satisfactory crop. The climate needs to be hot-wet or hot
temperate, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, with frequent rains and temperatures
varying from 15 to 25 Degrees C. The soil should be deep, hard, permeable, well irrigated, with well-drained
subsoil. The best lands are the hilly ones or from just-tilled woods. The perfect altitude is between 600 and
1200 metres, though some varieties thrive at 2000-2200 metres. Cultivation aimed at protecting the plants at
every stage of growth is needed. Sowing should be in sheltered nurseries from which, after about six
months, the seedlings should be moved to plantations in the rainy season where they are usually alternated
with other plants to shield them from wind and excessive sunlight. Only when the plant is five years old can
it be counted upon to give a regular yield. This is between 400 grams and two kilos of arabica beans for each
plant, and 600 grams and two kilos for robusta beans.
G Harvesting time depends on the geographic situation and it can vary greatly therefore according to the
various producing countries. First, the ripe beans are picked from the branches. Pickers can selectively pick
approximately 250 to 300 pounds of coffee cherry a day. At the end of the day, the pickers bring their heavy
burlap bags to pulping mills where the cherry coffee can be pulped (or wet milled). The pulped beans then
rest, covered in pure rainwater to ferment overnight. The next day the wet beans are hand-distributed upon
the drying floor to be sun dried. This drying process takes from one to two weeks depending on the amount
of sunny days available. To make sure they dry evenly, the beans need to be raked many times during this
drying time. Two weeks later the sun dried beans, now called parchment, are scooped up, bagged and taken
to be milled. Huge milling machines then remove the parchment and silver skin, which renders a green bean
suitable for roasting. The green beans are roasted according to the customers’ specifications and, after
cooling, the beans are then packaged and mailed to customers.

Questions 7-9
Complete the labels on the diagram of a coffee bean below.
Choose your answers from the text and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.
 Show workspace
Questions 10-13
Using the information in the passage, complete the flowchart below.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Coffee Production Process
PASSAGE 3 When people are deaf’ to music

Music has long been considered a uniquely human concept. In fact, most psychologists agree that music is a
universal human instinct. Like any ability, however, there is great variation in people's musical competence.
For every brilliant pianist in the world, there are several people we refer to as " tone deaf". It is not simply
that people with tone deafness (or' amusia") are unable to sing in tune, they are also unable to discriminate
between tones or recognize familiar melodies. Such a" disorder" can occur after some sort of brain damage ,
but recently research has been undertaken in an attempt to discover the cause of congenital amusia (when
people are born with the condition), which is not associated with any brain damage, hearing problems, or
lack of exposure to music.
According to the research of Dr. Isabelie Peretz of the University of Montreat, amusia is more complicated
than the inability to distinguish pitches. An amusia (a person who has the condition of amusia) can
distinguish between two pitches that are far apart, but cannot tell the difference between intervals smaller
than a half step on the Western diatonic scale, while most people can easily distinguish differences smaller
than that, when listening to melodies which have had a single note altered so that it is out of key with the
rest of the melody, do not notice a problem. As would be expected, amusics perform significantly worse at
singing and tapping a rhythm along with a melody than do non-amusics.
The most fascinating aspect of amusia is how specific to music it is. Because of music’s close ties
to language, it might be expected that a musical impairment may be caused by a language impairment.
Studies suggest, however, that language and music ability are independent of one another. People with brain
damage in areas critical to language are often still able to sing, despite being unable to communicate through
speech. Moreover, while amusics show deficiencies in their recognition of pitch differences in melodies,
they show no tonal languages, such as Chinese, do not report having any difficulty discriminating between
words that differ only in their intonation. The linguistic cues inherent in speech make discrimination of
meaning much easier for amusics. Amusics are also successful most of the time at detecting the mood of a
melody, can identify a speaker based on his or her voice and can discriminate and identify environmental
sounds.
Recent work has been focused on locating the part of the brain that is responsible for amusia. The temporal
lobes of the brain, the location of the primary auditory cortex, have been considered. It has long been
believed that the temporal lobes, especially the right temporal lobe, are most active when activity, so any
musical disability should logically stem from here as well. Because it has been shown that there is no
hearing deficit in amusia, researchers moved on to the temporal neocortex, which is where more
sophisticated processing of musical cues was thought to take place. New studies, however, have suggested
that the deficits in amusics are located outside the auditory cortex. Brain scans of amusics do not show any
reaction at all to differences smaller than a half step, when changes in tones are large, their brains overreact,
showing twice as much activity on the right side of the brain as a normal brain hearing the same thing. These
differences do not occur in the auditory cortex, indicating again that the deficits of amusia lie mostly in
hearing impairment, but in higher processing of melodies.
So what does this all mean? Looking only at the research of Peretz in the field of neuropsychology of music,
it would appear that amusia is some sort of disorder. As a student of neurobiology, however, I am skeptical.
Certainly the studies by Peretz that have found significant differences between the brains of so-called
amusics and normal brains are legitimate. The more important question now becomes one of normality.
Every trait from skin color to intelligence to mood exists on a continuum-there is a great idea of variation
from one extreme to the other. Just because we recognize that basic musical ability is something that the vast
majority of people have, this doesn’t mean that the lack of it is abnormal
What makes an amusic worse off than a musical prodigy? Musical ability is culturally valued, and may
have been a factor in survival at one point in human history, but it does not seem likely that it is being
selected for on an evolutionary scale any longer. Darwin believed that music was adaptive as a way of
finding a mate, but who needs to be able to sing to find a partner in an age when it is possible to express
your emotions through a song on your IPod?
While the idea of amusia is interesting, it seems to be just one end of the continuum of innate musical
ability. Comparing this ‘disorder’ to learning disorders like a specific language impairment seems to be
going too far. Before, amusia can be declared a disability, further research must be done to determine
whether lack of musical ability is actually detrimental in any way. If no disadvantages can be found of
having amusia, then it is no more a disability than having poor fashion sense or bad handwriting.
Question 1-5
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet
1. What does the writer tell US about people with tone deafness (amusia) in the first
paragraph?
A They usually have hearing problems
B Some can play a musical instrument very well
C Some may be able to sing well-known melodies
D They have several inabilities in regard to music
2. What is the writer doing in the second paragraph?
A outlining some of factors that cause amusia
B summarising some findings about people with amusia
C suggesting that people with amusia are disadvantaged
D comparing the sing ability of amusia with their sense
3. What does the writer say about the relationship between language ability and musical ability?
A People who are unable to speak can sometimes sing
B People with amusia usually have language problems too
C Speakers of tonal languages like Chinese rarely have amusia
D People with amusia have difficulty recognizing people by their voices
4. In the third paragraph, the writer notes that most amusics are able to
A learn how to sing in tune
B identify a song by its tune
C distinguish a sad tone from a happy tune
D recognise when a singer is not sing in tune
5. What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph?
A claiming that amusics have problems in the auditory cortex
B outlining progress in understanding the brains of amusics
C proving that amuisa is located in the temporal lobes
D explaining why studies of hearing are difficult
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Question 6-9
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6 Perezt's research suggesting that amusia is a disorder is convincing.
7 People with musical ability are happier than those without this ability.
8 It is inappropriate to consider amusia as real disorder.
9 People with amusia often have bad handwriting.
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Question 10-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H below
Write the correct letter, A-H in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet
10 The reason why some people are born with amusia is
11 One of the difficulties amusia experience is
12 For amusia, discrimination of meaning in speech is
13 Certain reactions in the brain of an amusia are
14 In most cultures, musical ability is
A an inability to hear when spoken language rises and falls.
B considered to be desirable.
C an inability to follow the beat of music.
D not a problem.
E not yet well understood.
F a result of injury to the mother.
G more marked that with other people.
H associated with intelligence.