- **Roman Architecture Influences:**

- Adopted Greek columnar and trabeated style, combined with arches, vaults,
and domes.
- Union of beam and arch key in earliest developments.
- **Colosseum Example:**
- Illustrates the combination of arches with semi-attached columns acting as
buttresses.
- **Variety in Building Heights:**
- Romans built multi-story structures compared to Greeks' single-story norm.
- **Material Innovations:**
- Transitioned from Greek ashlar masonry to concrete, allowing for more
economical use of materials.
- Concrete composed of small stone fragments mixed with lime or mortar.
- **Construction Workforce:**
- Used slaves, subjects, and even Roman armies for construction labor.
- **Walling Techniques:**
- Divided into opus quadratum (rectangular stone blocks) and various types of
concrete.
- **Vaulting Techniques:**
- Utilized concrete for various types of vaults, including semicircular, cross, and
domes.
- **Decoration Methods:**
- Walls adorned with marble linings, stuccoes, murals, and mosaics.
- Statues placed in niches within walls, often with decorative frames.
 **Etruscan Architecture:**
1. Cloaca Maxima (Great Drain of Rome)
2. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus

**Roman Architecture:**

**Rectangular Examples:**
1. Temple of Fortuna Virilis
2. Temple of Mars Ultor (The Avenger)
3. Temple of Concord
4. Temple of Castor and Pollux (Jupiter Stator)
5. Temple of Vespasian
6. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
7. Temple of Venus and Rome
8. Temple of Saturn

**Circular and Polygonal Examples:**

1. Temple of Mater Matuta (formerly known as Temple of Vesta) - Rome
2. Pantheon - Rome
3. Temple of Vesta - Rome (in the Forum Romanum)
4. Temple of Jupiter - Spalato (in Diocletian's Palace)
5. Circular Temple – Baalbec

Basilicas:

Trajan's Basilica, Rome (A.D. 98)

Basilica of Maxentius or Constantine, Rome (A.D. 312)
Basilica Porcia (B.C. 184)
Basilica Julia
Basilica Amelia
Basilicas at Pompeii, Farno, and Treves
 Basilica at Silchester, England
Thermae:

Thermae of Caracalla, Rome (A.D. 212-235)

Thermae of Agrippa, Rome (B.C. 27)
Thermae of Titus, Rome (A.D. 80)
Thermae of Diocletian, Rome (A.D. 302)
Temple of Minerva Medica, Rome

Theatres and Amphitheatres:

1. Theatre at Orange, South France

2. Theatre of Marcellus, Rome
3. Theatre of Herodes Atticus, Athens
4. Pompeii Theatres
5. Taormina Theatre, Sicily
6. Fiesole Theatre, Florence
7. Aspendus Theatre, Asia Minor
8. Flavian Amphitheatre (The Colosseum), Rome
9. Amphitheatre, Verona
10. Amphitheatres at Pompeii, Capua, Pola, Nimes, Aries, El Djem,
and Dorchester

Circi:

1. Circus Maximus
2. Circus of Maxentius (Circus of Romulus)

Triumphal Arches and Pillars of Victory:

1. Arch of Titus, Rome

2. Arches of Trajan at Ancona and Beneventum
3. Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome
4. Arch of Constantine, Rome
5. Arch at Orange
6. Arch of Janus, Rome
 7. Arch at Palmyra and in North Africa

Pillars of Victory:

1. Trajan's Column, Rome

2. Antoninus Pius Column
3. Marcus Aurelius Column

Tombs:

1. Tomb of Cecilia Metella, Rome

2. Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome
3. Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castle of S. Angelo), Rome
4. Pyramid of Cestius, Rome
5. Eastern tombs in Palmyra, Jerusalem, Petra, Caria, Algeria, and
Cyrene
6. Tomb at Mylassa, Asia Minor
7. Tomb at Dugga, near Tunis
8. Monument of S. Remi, Provence
9. Igel Monument, near Treves, Germany

Aqueducts:

1. Aqua Marcia, Rome

2. Aqua Claudia, Rome
3. Anio Novus, Rome
4. Pont-du-Gard, near Nimes, France
5. Aqueducts at Tarragona, Segovia, Spalato, and elsewhere
Certainly! Here are the structures listed in each category:

**Bridges:**
1. Bridge at Rimini (Italy) - Five arches
2. Cordova Bridge (Spain) - Many-arched type
3. Alcantara Bridge (Spain) - Many-arched type
4. Toledo Bridge (Spain) - Single-arched type

**Palaces:**
 1. Palaces of the Roman Emperors (Rome, Italy)
2. Palace of Diocletian (Spalato, Dalmatia)

**Dwellings of the Romans:**

1. Domus (Private houses)
- House of the Vestal Virgins (Rome, Italy)
- House of Livia (Rome, Italy)
- House of Pansa (Pompeii, Italy)
- Houses of the Faun, Vettius, Diomede, the Tragic Poet, and Sallust
(Pompeii, Italy)

2. Villa (Country houses)

- Hadrian's Villa (near Tivoli, Italy)

3. Insula (Many-storied tenements)

**Fountains:**
1. Public fountains (various locations in Rome, Italy)
2. Private fountains (mainly in the courts and gardens of houses,
various locations in Rome, Italy)

These structures represent the architectural diversity and innovation of

the Roman civilization.

Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople

- *Date:*
- *Builder/Designer:*
- *Method of Construction:*
- *Design/Concept:*
- *Influences:*
- *Status:*

- Plans:
- Roman designs convey vastness and magnificence, characterized by energetic
construction.
 - Utilitarian works like aqueducts and bridges served as large-scale building
projects, influencing architectural skill.
- Use of arches, vaults, and domes allowed for wide openings and large roofed
areas.

- Walls:
- Constructed using small, coarse materials like brick, rubble, and concrete,
often with brick or marble facing.
- Extensive use of concrete introduced the employment of irregular materials
bound together by mortar.

- Openings:
- Square-headed or circular openings were common, with semicircular windows
divided vertically by mullion piers.
- Some arches were supported by centering, producing the segmental arch.

- Roofs:
- Noble vaults and domes were significant architectural features, sometimes
richly coffered.
- Timber framing and wooden coffered ceilings were employed in some
instances.

- Columns:
- Orders gradually lost structural importance, becoming decorative elements.
- Pedestals were introduced to increase column height, with a canon of
proportions developed for all orders.

- Mouldings:
- Roman mouldings relied on rich carving, typically parts of circles in profile.
- Dentils were close together with less depth, often with a fillet underneath.

- Ornament:
- Use of sculpture and painting varied, with Greek influence prevalent.
- Marble was prized for wall facings and floors, with marble cement used for
covering and painting surfaces.
 - Arabesques and Acanthus scrolls adorned walls, influencing later fresco
decoration.

ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE

Plan  convey vastness  Christians  Central
and adopted Basilican square
magnificence model; space with
 Utilitarian works  circular churches a dome,
like aqueducts attached to main forming a
and bridges basilicas. Greek
served as large- cross,
scale building nearly
projects square with
 Use of arches, narthex
vaults, and and
domes allowed galleries.
for wide  Vertical
openings and focus with
large roofed domes
areas.

Walls  Constructed  Constructed  Constructe

using small, with rubble, d primarily
coarse materials concrete, faced of brick,
like brick, with plaster, with marble
rubble, and brick, or stone and mosaic
concrete, often  internal and interior
with brick or external use of linings;
marble facing. mosaic.  exteriors
 Extensive use of often plain
concrete with some
introduced the color
employment of banding.
irregular
 materials bound
together by
mortar.

Openings  Square-headed  Semicircular  Semicircula

or circular arches spanned r,
openings were doors, windows, segmental,
common, with and niches; and
semicircular  small window horseshoe
windows divided openings in arches;
vertically by clerestory.  small,
mullion piers. grouped
 Some arches windows,
were supported especially
by centering, at dome
producing the bases, with
segmental arch. some
translucent
marble
fillings.

Roofs Noble vaults and  Wooden roofs  Series of

domes were covered central domes
significant nave; made of
architectural  occasional brick,
features, vaulted side stone, or
sometimes richly aisles, domed concrete,
coffered. apses lined with often
Timber framing mosaic. without
and wooden external
coffered ceilings coverings;
were employed in  use of
some instances. pendentive
s for dome
support.
Columns Orders gradually  Varied in design,  Initially
lost structural often reused reused
importance, from earlier from
becoming Roman ancient
decorative buildings. structures,
elements. later
Pedestals were designed
introduced to anew with
increase column cube-like
height, with a capitals
canon of and carved
proportions incised
developed for all foliage.
orders.

Mouldings  Roman  Coarse variations  Minimal

mouldings relied of Roman types; importance
on rich carving,  rudimentary , replaced
typically parts of carving, incised by
 circles in profile. enrichments. decorative
 Dentils were marble and
close together mosaic
with less depth, panels;
often with a  exterior
fillet elevations
underneath. flat with
occasional
banding.
Ornament  Use of sculpture  Prominent use of  Elaborate
and painting color; use of
varied, with  mosaics depicted marble and
Greek influence Christian mosaic,
prevalent. subjects; focusing on
 Marble was  pavements of symbolic
prized for wall colored marbles; and
facings and  delicate glass religious
floors, with mosaics adorned themes
marble cement fittings. with Greek
used for and
covering and Oriental
painting influences,
surfaces. characteriz
 Arabesques and ed by
Acanthus scrolls incised
adorned walls, patterns
influencing later and drilled
fresco carvings.
decoration.