1. Garbage Management as per chief Officer.

Your Guys are Tankers so i wont ask about

tanker .Garbage Discharge Criteria for Bulk Carrier.

2. You are a chief officer loading in progress , Deballasting in progress BWTS fails action.
(Answerd as per B-4 ) He said port authority dont have reception facility , No does not
give any place for Ballast Exchange.

3. CO2 10 yearly Maintenance. Cross Question where u will find the Info for Maintenance
( MSC circular)

4. What all Circulars Under IMO.

5. what is clear Visibility.

6. Free Fall Lightboat Maintenance in dry dock (5 years)

7. Heavy Weather Preparation as per Cheif Officer. For Bulk carrier

8. ANNEX 6 ( detail )

9. Ballst Water Sediment Management.

10. IMSAR CONTENT.

11. WILLIAMSON Turn , Sarnov Turn main difference.

12. Any Two IMSAR search pattern.

13. What aspects u will search (will Ship do search ) he was expection onscene
cordinator.

14. Rule18. What Says About CBD. Rules 18 what says about fishing vessel.

15. In heavy weather As chief officer Wat is good GM ......... said stability Criteria,
Information in Booklet etc.... Dont know wat he was expecting.

16. Prepare Ballast Tank For Entry , What is Enclosed space , Will u make permit for
ballast tank ... is ballast tank is a enclosed space and many cross questions. And some
cross questions in other topics and few basic question.... ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS WITH
REFERENCE TO ATTACHED PDF FOR ORAL EXAM

1. Garbage Discharge Criteria for Bulk Carrier

For bulk carriers, the discharge of garbage is regulated under MARPOL Annex
V. The discharge criteria depend on the type of garbage and the location of
the ship:
 Food waste: Can be discharged more than 3 nautical miles from the
nearest land if it is comminuted or ground. If not, it must be discharged
more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.
 Cargo residues: Discharge is allowed if the residues are not harmful
to the marine environment and are washed down with water more than
12 nautical miles from the nearest land.
 Plastics and synthetic materials: Discharge is prohibited.
 Other garbage (e.g., paper, rags, glass): Must be disposed of in
accordance with the Garbage Management Plan and cannot be
discharged into the sea.
2. Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) Failure
If the BWTS fails during deballasting and no reception facility or designated
area for ballast exchange is available, the following actions should be taken:
 Notify the port authority: Inform them of the situation and seek
guidance.
 Record the incident: Document the failure and actions taken in the
Ballast Water Record Book.
 Minimize environmental impact: Follow the Ballast Water
Management Plan to minimize any potential environmental impact.
 Seek alternative solutions: Consider alternative measures such as
delaying deballasting until repairs can be made or until a suitable area
is available.
3. CO2 10-Yearly Maintenance
Information for the maintenance of CO2 systems, including the 10-yearly
maintenance requirements, can be found in the relevant MSC circulars
issued by the IMO. These circulars provide guidelines on the inspection and
testing of fixed CO2 fire-extinguishing systems.
4. IMO Circulars
IMO circulars cover a wide range of topics, including safety, environmental
protection, and security. They provide guidelines, recommendations, and
updates on international maritime regulations and best practices.
5. Clear Visibility
Clear visibility refers to the ability to see and identify objects at a distance,
which is crucial for safe navigation. It is affected by weather conditions,
lighting, and obstructions.
6. Free Fall Lifeboat Maintenance in Dry Dock
Maintenance of free-fall lifeboats during dry dock includes thorough
inspection, testing of release mechanisms, and checking the integrity of the
hull and fittings. This is typically done every five years.
7. Heavy Weather Preparation for Bulk Carrier
Preparation includes securing all cargo and equipment, ensuring watertight
integrity, adjusting ballast for stability, and monitoring weather forecasts.
The crew should be briefed on emergency procedures.
8. MARPOL Annex VI
Annex VI regulates air pollution from ships, including limits on sulphur oxide
(SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and mandates the use of energy
efficiency measures.
9. Ballast Water Sediment Management
Sediment management involves regular monitoring and removal of
sediments from ballast tanks to prevent the spread of invasive species. This
should be done in accordance with the Ballast Water Management Plan.
10. IMSAR Content
The International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR)
Manual provides guidelines for search and rescue operations, including
planning, coordination, and execution of SAR missions.
11. Williamson Turn vs. Scharnov Turn
 Williamson Turn: Used to return to a point on the original track line,
useful in reduced visibility.
 Scharnov Turn: Used to quickly return to a point behind the vessel,
covering less distance.
12. Two IAMSAR Search Patterns
 Parallel Track: Used for large areas with uncertain survivor location.
 Sector Search: Used for small, well-defined areas with a known
position of the search object.
13. On-Scene Coordinator Responsibilities
The on-scene coordinator is responsible for coordinating SAR operations,
maintaining communication, and ensuring the safety of all involved units.
14. Rule 18 - Responsibilities Between Vessels
 CBD (Constrained by Draft): These vessels should not be impeded
by other vessels.
 Fishing Vessels: Must avoid impeding the passage of any vessel
navigating within a traffic separation scheme or narrow channel.
15. Good GM in Heavy Weather
A good GM (metacentric height) ensures stability in heavy weather. It should
be sufficient to prevent excessive rolling but not so high as to cause a stiff
ship. The stability criteria and information are found in the ship's stability
booklet.
16. Preparing Ballast Tank for Entry
A ballast tank is considered an enclosed space. Before entry, a permit must
be issued, and safety measures such as gas testing, ventilation, and
personal protective equipment must be in place.
What are the specific requirements for the maintenance of CO2 systems according to
the MSC circulars?

The maintenance of CO2 systems according to MSC circulars includes several

specific requirements:

 Annual Inspection: All high-pressure cylinders and pilot cylinders

should be weighed or have their contents verified to ensure they are
above 90% of the nominal charge. Cylinders below this threshold must
be refilled. The hydrostatic test date of all storage containers should be
checked. Discharge piping and nozzles should be tested to verify they
are not blocked.
 Two-Yearly Inspection: During each renewal survey, activating
heads should be removed and tested for correct functioning. If not
possible, pilot lines should be disconnected and tested for leakage. All
cable components should be cleaned and adjusted, and pneumatic
systems should be checked for leakage.
 Five-Yearly Inspection: Internal inspection of all control valves
should be performed. High-pressure cylinders should undergo
periodical tests at intervals not exceeding ten years. At the ten-year
inspection, at least 10% of the cylinders should be tested. If any fail,
50% should be tested, and if further failures occur, all cylinders should
be tested. Flexible hoses should be replaced every ten years.
These procedures ensure the CO2 fire-extinguishing systems are maintained
in a state of readiness and comply with safety standards.
1. Container segregation draw and explain.
2. as a c/o of bulk carrier what preparation and precaution you will take during
fumigation.
3. what is ballast water management system and tell me about all
4. D1&D2 discharge criteria
5. simulated free fall life boat launching procedure.
6. some cardinal buoys and situation
7. safe water, new danger mark all detail
8. dry docking and many cross question.
9. tanker and less then 100 m intact stability….. draw and explain.
10. your vessel is grounded… what action you will take as a chief officer.
11. iamsar any 2 pattern and explain.
12. content of iamsar volume III.
13. load line survey purpose.

1. Container Segregation

Container segregation involves arranging containers on a ship to prevent

hazardous interactions between incompatible goods. This is guided by the
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, which specifies
segregation categories like "away from," "separated from," and "separated
by a complete compartment or hold." Proper segregation minimizes the risk
of chemical reactions, fires, or explosions.
2. Fumigation on Bulk Carrier
As a Chief Officer, preparation and precautions for fumigation include:
 Planning: Coordinate with fumigation experts and ensure compliance
with regulations.
 Safety Measures: Secure all hatches, ventilate spaces, and ensure
crew safety by evacuating non-essential personnel.
 Monitoring: Use gas detection equipment to monitor fumigant levels.
 Documentation: Maintain records of fumigation procedures and
safety measures.
3. Ballast Water Management System (BWMS)
A BWMS is designed to treat ballast water to remove or neutralize invasive
species before discharge. Systems use methods like filtration, UV treatment,
or chemical disinfection. The Ballast Water Management Convention
mandates ships to manage ballast water to prevent ecological damage.
4. D1 & D2 Discharge Criteria
 D1 Standard: Requires ships to exchange ballast water in open seas,
at least 200 nautical miles from land and in water at least 200 meters
deep, achieving at least 95% volumetric exchange.
 D2 Standard: Sets limits on the number of viable organisms in
discharged ballast water, requiring treatment systems to meet specific
biological criteria.
5. Simulated Free Fall Lifeboat Launching Procedure
Simulated launching involves:
 Preparation: Crew boards the lifeboat and secures themselves.
 Procedure: Conduct all steps up to release, using secondary means to
lower the boat without actual free fall.
 Testing: Ensure systems function correctly and perform maneuvering
tests in water.
6. Cardinal Buoys and Situations
Cardinal buoys indicate safe water based on cardinal directions (North,
South, East, West). They help navigate around hazards:
 North Cardinal: Safe water to the north.
 South Cardinal: Safe water to the south.
 East Cardinal: Safe water to the east.
 West Cardinal: Safe water to the west.
7. Safe Water and New Danger Marks
 Safe Water Marks: Indicate navigable water all around, typically red
and white vertical stripes.
  New Danger Marks: Indicate newly discovered hazards, marked with
blue and yellow vertical stripes and a flashing light.
8. Dry Docking
Dry docking involves taking a ship out of water for maintenance and
inspection. Key aspects include:
 Preparation: Ensure stability, secure equipment, and plan repairs.
 Inspection: Check hull, propellers, and underwater fittings.
 Repairs: Conduct necessary maintenance and upgrades.
9. Intact Stability for Tankers and Ships <100m
Intact stability criteria ensure a ship's ability to remain upright under normal
conditions. For tankers and smaller ships, stability is assessed using criteria
like metacentric height (GM) and righting levers (GZ curves).
10. Actions for Grounded Vessel
As Chief Officer, actions include:
 Assess Situation: Check for damage and water ingress.
 Stability: Ensure stability and prevent further listing.
 Communication: Notify authorities and company.
 Salvage: Coordinate with salvage teams for refloating.
11. IAMSAR Search Patterns
 Parallel Track: Used for large areas with uncertain survivor location.
 Sector Search: Used for small, well-defined areas with a known
position of the search object.
12. Content of IAMSAR Volume III
Volume III provides guidelines for on-scene coordinators and search and
rescue units, covering search patterns, communication, and coordination
procedures.
13. Load Line Survey Purpose
The load line survey ensures a ship's compliance with international
regulations regarding freeboard and watertight integrity, ensuring safety and
seaworthiness under various loading conditions.
They asked ISM Code
Basic questions
What certificates will u check when u go onboard as Chief Officer regarding ISM Code
And validity
What does the internal auditor check
Definition of non-conformity
Can it lead to near-miss
(Answer is yes it can)

Regarding search and rescue:

After u lower the rescue boat
Then how will u approach?
Didn’t want the preparations just how to approach the survivor
(Like when u reach survivor slacken speed, boat on lee side of survivor etc.)

Onboard Singapore flag vessel if by mistakely activate distress alert

How much fine and where is the fine given?
(Wants to hear SSO website for Singapore statue law)

Grounding
U are on bridge keeping watch, ur action as Chief Mate.
Then he went to stability part of grounding
Wanted to see roughly the Upthrust diagram
Grilled alot in this
Asked ship fully ground more stability or partly ground more stability
(Answer is party ground more stability as still have GM, when fully ground GM = 0)

Draw Load Line

Show Fresh Water Allowance

Harmonised system of surveys

Which survey after grounding?
(I think he wanted to listen to the term “additional survey” and no he was not satisfied
with “damage survey”)

Docking survey intervals

And what are checked during in water survey

ISM Code: Certificates and Validity

As a Chief Officer, you should check the following ISM-related certificates

when you go onboard:
 Document of Compliance (DOC): Issued to the company, valid for 5
years, subject to annual verification.
 Safety Management Certificate (SMC): Issued to the ship, valid for
5 years, with at least one intermediate verification between the second
and third anniversary dates.
Internal Auditor Checks
An internal auditor checks the implementation and effectiveness of the
Safety Management System (SMS), ensuring compliance with the ISM Code.
They look for evidence of compliance, identify non-conformities, and verify
corrective actions.
Definition of Non-Conformity
A non-conformity is a situation where objective evidence indicates non-
fulfillment of a specified requirement. It can lead to a near-miss if not
addressed, as it might indicate a potential hazard that could result in an
incident.
Approaching a Survivor in a Rescue Boat
When approaching a survivor in a rescue boat:
 Slacken Speed: Reduce speed as you near the survivor to avoid
creating a wash.
 Position on Lee Side: Approach from the lee side to provide shelter
from wind and waves, making it easier to recover the survivor.
Distress Alert on Singapore Flag Vessel
If a distress alert is mistakenly activated on a Singapore-flagged vessel, the
fine and legal details can be found on the Singapore Statutes Online (SSO)
website. The specific fine amount can vary, and it is important to report the
false alert immediately to minimize penalties.
Grounding Actions as Chief Mate
Upon grounding:
 Initial Actions: Sound alarms, assess the situation, and notify the
Master. Check for water ingress and damage.
 Stability Considerations: Understand that partial grounding may
maintain some GM, while full grounding can result in GM = 0,
indicating no stability.
Load Line and Fresh Water Allowance
The load line marks on a ship's hull indicate the maximum safe draft. The
Fresh Water Allowance (FWA) is the difference in draft between saltwater
and freshwater conditions, allowing for the ship's buoyancy change in
different water densities.
Harmonized System of Surveys
After grounding, an additional survey is required to assess damage and
ensure the ship's seaworthiness. This survey evaluates structural integrity
and any necessary repairs.
Docking Survey Intervals and In-Water Survey Checks
 Docking Survey Intervals: Typically conducted every 2.5 to 5 years,
depending on the ship's age and type.
 In-Water Survey Checks: Include inspection of the hull, propellers,
rudders, and other underwater parts to ensure they are in good
condition without dry docking.
Started ISM Code
1.What certificates will u check 2.Role of chief officer in ISM CODE?
3.Certificate related to ISM CODE and their Validity?
4.What does the internal auditor check?
5.Definition of non-conformity?
6.Near miss and difference between NC and near miss?
7.Can NC be near miss?
8.After u lower the rescue boat
Then how will u approach the survivors?
9.Punishment of mistakenly activating of distress signal in Singapore straits?
10.Grounding and dry docking all stability aspects including transverse section
drawing ?
11. Fully grounded vessel or partially grounded vessel more stable?
12. partially grounded vessel list all risk of stability?
13. Draw Loadline mark and explain FWA?
14. Harmonised system of surveys?
15. survey After grounding?
16. Docking survey interval and scope in detail ?

1. Certificates to Check for ISM Code

When boarding a vessel, check the following ISM-related certificates:

 Document of Compliance (DOC): Valid for 5 years, subject to annual
verification.
 Safety Management Certificate (SMC): Valid for 5 years, with at
least one intermediate verification between the second and third
anniversary dates.
2. Role of Chief Officer in ISM Code
The Chief Officer plays a crucial role in implementing and maintaining the
Safety Management System (SMS) on board. Responsibilities include
ensuring compliance with safety procedures, conducting safety drills,
reporting non-conformities, and maintaining safety records.
3. Certificate Related to ISM Code and Their Validity
 Document of Compliance (DOC): Valid for 5 years, requires annual
verification.
 Safety Management Certificate (SMC): Valid for 5 years, requires
intermediate verification.
4. What Does the Internal Auditor Check?
Internal auditors evaluate the effectiveness of the SMS, ensuring compliance
with ISM Code requirements. They identify non-conformities, verify corrective
actions, and assess the overall safety culture on board.
5. Definition of Non-Conformity
A non-conformity is a situation where objective evidence indicates non-
fulfillment of a specified requirement of the ISM Code.
6. Near Miss and Difference Between NC and Near Miss
 Non-Conformity (NC): A deviation from a specified requirement.
 Near Miss: An incident that could have resulted in an accident but did
not. The difference lies in the potential outcome; a near miss is an
event, while an NC is a procedural or compliance issue.
7. Can NC Be Near Miss?
Yes, a non-conformity can lead to a near miss if it creates conditions that
could result in an incident.
8. Approaching Survivors in a Rescue Boat
When approaching survivors:
 Slacken Speed: Reduce speed to avoid creating a wash.
 Position on Lee Side: Approach from the lee side to provide shelter
from wind and waves.
9. Punishment for Mistakenly Activating Distress Signal in
Singapore Straits
The fine and legal consequences for mistakenly activating a distress signal
can be found on the Singapore Statutes Online (SSO) website. Immediate
reporting of the false alert is crucial to minimize penalties.
10. Grounding and Dry Docking Stability Aspects
 Transverse Section Drawing: Illustrates the ship's hull and stability
characteristics.
 Stability Considerations: Assess the impact of grounding on
stability, including changes in GM and potential hull damage.
11. Fully Grounded vs. Partially Grounded Vessel Stability
A partially grounded vessel is generally more stable than a fully grounded
one, as it retains some GM, whereas a fully grounded vessel may have GM =
0.
12. Risks of Stability for Partially Grounded Vessel
 Uneven Loading: Can cause listing or capsizing.
 Reduced Stability: Changes in GM due to uneven support.
 Structural Stress: Increased risk of hull damage.
13. Load Line Mark and FWA
The load line mark indicates the maximum safe draft. The Fresh Water
Allowance (FWA) accounts for the difference in draft between saltwater and
freshwater conditions, affecting buoyancy.
14. Harmonized System of Surveys
This system coordinates surveys and certifications to ensure compliance with
international maritime regulations, minimizing duplication and ensuring
consistent standards.
15. Survey After Grounding
An additional survey is conducted to assess damage and ensure the ship's
seaworthiness after grounding.
16. Docking Survey Interval and Scope
 Interval: Typically every 2.5 to 5 years, depending on the ship's age
and type.
 Scope: Includes inspection of the hull, propellers, rudders, and other
underwater parts, as well as maintenance and repairs to ensure
seaworthiness.
Garbage discharge at 100Nm from shore , what can be discharged ?

Ship Sweat and cargo sweat , emphasis on dew point. How to calculate? Actions for ship
and cargo sweat.

What is Dehumidifier and when is it needed ?

IMDG segregation criteria with diagram

One crew comes in contact with IMDG cargo, actions ?

Angle of loll in details

Grounding in details

Wave Surfing , Synchronous and Parametric rolling.

Garbage Discharge at 100 Nautical Miles from Shore

At 100 nautical miles from shore, the following garbage can be discharged
under MARPOL Annex V:
 Food Waste: Can be discharged if it is comminuted or ground to pass
through a screen with openings no greater than 25 mm.
 Cargo Residues: Can be discharged if they are not harmful to the
marine environment and are washed down with water.
 Cleaning Agents and Additives: Can be discharged if they are not
harmful to the marine environment.
Ship Sweat and Cargo Sweat
 Ship Sweat: Occurs when the ship's structure is cooler than the dew
point of the surrounding air, causing condensation on the ship's
surfaces.
 Cargo Sweat: Occurs when the cargo is cooler than the dew point of
the surrounding air, leading to condensation on the cargo.
Dew Point Calculation and Actions
 Dew Point Calculation: The dew point can be calculated using
temperature and relative humidity data, often with the help of
psychrometric charts or digital hygrometers.
 Actions to Prevent Sweat:
o Ventilation: Use ventilation to control temperature and
humidity levels.
o Dehumidifiers: Deploy dehumidifiers to reduce moisture in the
air.
o Insulation: Insulate cargo holds to prevent temperature
fluctuations.
Dehumidifier and Its Use
A dehumidifier removes moisture from the air to maintain a dry environment,
preventing condensation and mold growth. It is needed when transporting
moisture-sensitive cargo or in environments with high humidity levels.
IMDG Segregation Criteria with Diagram
IMDG Code segregation criteria ensure that incompatible dangerous goods
are kept apart to prevent hazardous reactions. Segregation is based on
compatibility groups and involves categories like "away from," "separated
from," and "separated by a complete compartment or hold." Diagrams
typically illustrate the spatial arrangement of containers to comply with
these criteria.
Actions for Crew Contact with IMDG Cargo
If a crew member comes into contact with IMDG cargo:
1. Immediate Action: Rinse the affected area with water to remove any
contaminants.
2. Medical Attention: Seek medical attention if necessary, following the
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) instructions.
3. Report: Document the incident and report it to the safety officer.
Angle of Loll in Detail
The angle of loll occurs when a ship with negative initial GM (metacentric
height) is inclined to a small angle, resulting in a capsizing moment. The ship
will oscillate around this angle rather than remaining upright. Correcting the
angle of loll involves careful ballasting to improve stability without
exacerbating the list.
Grounding in Detail
Grounding occurs when a vessel makes unintended contact with the seabed.
Key considerations include:
 Initial Response: Sound alarms, assess damage, and notify
authorities.
 Stability Concerns: Evaluate changes in GM and potential hull
damage.
 Salvage Operations: Coordinate with salvage teams for refloating
and repairs.
Wave Surfing, Synchronous and Parametric Rolling
 Wave Surfing: Occurs when a ship rides along the crest of a wave,
potentially leading to loss of control.
 Synchronous Rolling: Happens when the ship's natural rolling period
matches the wave period, causing large roll angles.
 Parametric Rolling: Occurs in head or following seas when changes
in hull buoyancy due to wave action lead to excessive rolling, often in
container ships.
Loadline draw, asks to insert waterline btw summer & tropical, and asks overload or not
(Vsl is in Singapore),
Ans: not overload, what else to check other than loadline mark to ensure not to
overload.
Ans: Hogging, Sagging, list, Stability booklet

Dry dock critical period (ask to draw & ask how G moves when stern post first touches
the block)
In diagram needs to draw G, M, P & G1
When GM becomes zero?
Ans: when vessel fully laid on the keel blocks

Laden bulk carrier heads from hot region to cold region, what precaution you take at
sea?
Explained about ship sweat, ventilation
Asks more about types of ventation
Natural, Surface and Mechanical ventilation
(Seems he doesn't like saying about natural ventilation)
Needs explaining 3 degree rule & dew point rule.

HSSC Purpose
What types of survey for IAPPC and window period for these surveys.

Lifeboat 5 yearly inspection items at drydock.

-Davit, winch & brake test with 1.1 times proof load
-Wire renew
-Air support system
Asks how to inspect for onload, offload mechanism
-Overhaul of release system

Explain any search pattern, Scharnov turn, Williamson turn, Contents of IAMSAR Vol 3

Load Line and Overloading

When checking for overloading, besides the load line mark, consider:
 Hogging and Sagging: Ensure the ship is not excessively hogged or
sagged, which can affect stability.
 List: Check for any list that might indicate uneven loading.
 Stability Booklet: Verify compliance with stability criteria as outlined
in the booklet.
Dry Dock Critical Period
The critical period in dry docking occurs when the stern post first touches the
blocks. During this time:
 G (Center of Gravity): Initially remains in the same position.
 M (Metacenter): Moves as the ship settles on the blocks.
 P (Point of Support): Initially at the stern post, then shifts as more of
the keel rests on the blocks.
  G1: Represents the new center of gravity if weight distribution
changes.
GM becomes zero when the vessel is fully laid on the keel blocks, indicating
no initial stability.
Precautions for Bulk Carrier from Hot to Cold Region
 Ship Sweat: Monitor and control temperature and humidity to prevent
condensation.
 Ventilation Types:
o Surface Ventilation: Circulates air over cargo surfaces.
o Mechanical Ventilation: Uses fans to control air movement
and humidity.
 3 Degree Rule: Ventilate when the outside air temperature is at least
3°C below the dew point of the air inside the hold.
 Dew Point Rule: Ventilate only when the dew point of the outside air
is lower than that of the air inside the hold.
Harmonized System of Surveys and Certification (HSSC) Purpose
The HSSC aims to streamline and harmonize the survey and certification
process across various international conventions, reducing duplication and
ensuring consistent standards.
IAPPC Survey Types and Window Period
 Initial Survey: Comprehensive inspection before the certificate is
issued.
 Renewal Survey: Conducted every 5 years.
 Intermediate Survey: Occurs between the second and third
anniversaries.
 Annual Survey: Conducted annually within a 3-month window before
or after the anniversary date.
Lifeboat 5-Yearly Inspection Items at Dry Dock
 Davit, Winch, and Brake Test: Conducted with a 1.1 times proof
load.
 Wire Renewal: Replace lifeboat wires.
 Air Support System: Check and maintain.
 Onload/Offload Mechanism Inspection: Overhaul the release
system to ensure proper function.
Search Patterns and Turns
 Search Pattern: Parallel track or expanding square used for
systematic search coverage.
 Scharnov Turn: Used to quickly return to a point behind the vessel.
 Williamson Turn: Used to return to a point on the original track line,
useful in reduced visibility.
Contents of IAMSAR Volume III
Volume III provides guidance for on-scene coordinators and search and
rescue units, covering search patterns, communication protocols, and
coordination procedures for effective SAR operations.
1. Scope of Loadline Survey
2. As CO what preparation you will do for loadline survey
3. Loadline draw diagram
4. Vessel in Singapore bunkering vsl is betweel SLlL and TLL psc detain ur vsl you action
and how you will convince him (i said vsl in tropical region he convinced but wanted to
hear more basically he wanted us to say about density) and also hydrostatic booklet
5. ISM certificate, intervals of internal audit and what all audit and inspections carried
out under ISM. Some more cross questions
6. PSC and Flagstate definition and there duties
7. Vsl gng from singapore to malaysia you have ballast onboard how you going to
discharge (BWM question)

1. Scope of Load Line Survey

The scope of a load line survey includes:

 Verification of Load Line Marks: Ensuring the marks are correctly
positioned and painted.
 Structural Integrity: Inspecting the hull and superstructure for any
damage or corrosion that might affect seaworthiness.
 Watertight Integrity: Checking doors, hatches, and other openings
for proper sealing and functionality.
 Freeboard and Stability: Ensuring compliance with freeboard
requirements and verifying stability calculations.
 Safety Equipment: Inspecting safety equipment related to load line
compliance, such as bilge pumps and freeing ports.
2. Preparation for Load Line Survey as Chief Officer
As a Chief Officer, preparation includes:
 Documentation: Ensure all relevant documents, such as the stability
booklet and hydrostatic tables, are up to date and available.
 Physical Checks: Inspect load line marks, hull integrity, and
watertight closures.
 Crew Briefing: Inform the crew about the survey and their roles
during the inspection.
 Equipment Readiness: Ensure all safety and operational equipment
is in good working order.
3. Load Line Diagram
A load line diagram includes marks such as:
 Summer Load Line (SLL)
 Winter Load Line (WLL)
 Tropical Load Line (TLL)
  Fresh Water Load Line (FWLL)
 Tropical Fresh Water Load Line (TFWLL)
These marks indicate the maximum permissible draft under different
conditions.
4. Vessel in Singapore Bunkering Between SLL and TLL
If a PSC officer detains the vessel, explain:
 Tropical Region: Highlight that Singapore is in a tropical region,
justifying the use of the TLL.
 Density Considerations: Discuss the impact of water density on draft
and buoyancy, referencing the hydrostatic booklet for calculations.
 Hydrostatic Booklet: Use it to demonstrate compliance with stability
and buoyancy requirements.
5. ISM Certificate, Internal Audit Intervals, and Inspections
 ISM Certificates: Document of Compliance (DOC) and Safety
Management Certificate (SMC).
 Internal Audit Intervals: Typically conducted annually to ensure
compliance with the Safety Management System (SMS).
 Audits and Inspections: Include internal audits, external audits by
the flag state or classification society, and inspections to verify SMS
implementation and effectiveness.
6. PSC and Flag State Definitions and Duties
 Port State Control (PSC): Inspects foreign ships in national ports to
verify compliance with international regulations, ensuring safety and
environmental standards.
 Flag State: The country under whose laws a vessel is registered. It is
responsible for enforcing international maritime regulations and
conducting inspections to ensure compliance.
7. Ballast Water Management from Singapore to Malaysia
For ballast discharge:
 Compliance with BWM Convention: Ensure the ballast water
management plan is followed.
 Ballast Water Exchange: Conduct exchange in designated areas if
required.
 Treatment Systems: Use onboard ballast water treatment systems to
meet discharge standards.
 Record Keeping: Maintain accurate records in the Ballast Water
Record Book for inspection.
1.Start with Garbage segrigation marpol ch 5 actually all discharge criteira and some
cross question
2.bwms d1,d2 Criteria, sediment management criteia,
Bwms fail what to do.
3.search pattern expailn any 2 some cross question abd explain which ship can follow
which pattern
4.lifeboat 5 yearly inspection as c/0
5.surf riding and synchronised rolling explain and pracution
6.imdg segrigation explain and draw
7.Chem tanker pv v/v stuck how u relese pressure as pressure sensor not working.
8.timber load line draw and explain how much u can load max?
9.survey frequency. Issc,smc,construction,
10.dry dock frequency

1. Garbage Segregation and MARPOL Annex V Discharge Criteria

MARPOL Annex V regulates the discharge of garbage from ships. Key

discharge criteria include:
 Plastics: Discharge is prohibited.
 Food Waste: Can be discharged more than 3 nautical miles from the
nearest land if comminuted or ground. If not, it must be discharged
more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land.
 Cargo Residues: Discharge is allowed if residues are not harmful to
the marine environment and are washed down with water more than
12 nautical miles from the nearest land.
 Cleaning Agents and Additives: Can be discharged if they are not
harmful to the marine environment.
 Mixed Garbage: If garbage is mixed with other harmful substances,
the more stringent discharge requirements apply.
2. Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) Criteria
 D1 Standard: Requires ships to exchange ballast water in open seas,
at least 200 nautical miles from land and in water at least 200 meters
deep, achieving at least 95% volumetric exchange.
 D2 Standard: Sets limits on the number of viable organisms in
discharged ballast water, requiring treatment systems to meet specific
biological criteria.
Sediment Management Criteria
 Regular Monitoring: Sediment levels in ballast tanks should be
monitored regularly.
 Removal and Disposal: Sediments should be removed and disposed
of according to the ballast water management plan, preferably at a
reception facility.
BWMS Failure
 Notify Authorities: Inform relevant authorities of the failure.
 Follow Contingency Plan: Implement the contingency measures
outlined in the ballast water management plan.
 Record Keeping: Document the failure and actions taken in the
Ballast Water Record Book.
3. Search Patterns
 Parallel Track Search: Used for large areas with uncertain survivor
location. Suitable for ships with good navigational capabilities and in
areas with low traffic.
 Sector Search: Used for small, well-defined areas with a known
position of the search object. Suitable for smaller vessels or helicopters
due to tight maneuvering requirements.
4. Lifeboat 5-Yearly Inspection as Chief Officer
 Davit, Winch, and Brake Test: Conducted with a 1.1 times proof
load.
 Wire Renewal: Replace lifeboat wires.
 Air Support System: Check and maintain.
 Onload/Offload Mechanism Inspection: Overhaul the release
system to ensure proper function.
5. Surf Riding and Synchronized Rolling
 Surf Riding: Occurs when a ship rides along the crest of a wave,
potentially leading to loss of control. Precautions include adjusting
speed and course to avoid prolonged exposure to large waves.
 Synchronized Rolling: Happens when the ship's natural rolling period
matches the wave period, causing large roll angles. Precautions
include altering course and speed to disrupt the synchronization.
6. IMDG Segregation
IMDG Code segregation criteria ensure that incompatible dangerous goods
are kept apart to prevent hazardous reactions. Segregation is based on
compatibility groups and involves categories like "away from," "separated
from," and "separated by a complete compartment or hold."
7. Releasing Pressure in Chem Tanker with Stuck PV Valve
 Manual Venting: Use manual venting procedures if available.
 Safety Precautions: Ensure all safety precautions are in place,
including PPE and monitoring for hazardous vapors.
 Alternative Measures: Consider using portable equipment to relieve
pressure if safe and feasible.
8. Timber Load Line
The timber load line allows for additional cargo loading when carrying timber
on deck, due to the buoyancy provided by the timber. The maximum load is
determined by the timber load line mark, which is higher than the standard
load line.
9. Survey Frequency
 ISSC (International Ship Security Certificate): Valid for 5 years,
with intermediate verification.
 SMC (Safety Management Certificate): Valid for 5 years, with
intermediate verification.
 Construction Certificate: Typically renewed every 5 years, with
annual and intermediate surveys.
10. Dry Dock Frequency
Dry docking is typically required every 2.5 to 5 years, depending on the
ship's age and type, to inspect and maintain the hull and underwater
components.
1. Grounding actions from bridge
2. Stability part of Grounding
3. Loadline draw and mark
4. Loadline not overloaded...Waterline between Summer Tropical
5. Ballast water exchange...D1 Standard..Port Klang to Singapore

6.Loadline was already drawn on white board and he asked to tell where is FWA and
when can you submerge your loadline in any conditions?

7.South cardinal without top mark and said to identify light rhythm and which side is the
danger side?

8.West cardinal without top mark where is the danger which side you will pass of it

9.Emergency Wreck buoy - Purpose of this buoy

10.Safe water mark why there are 3 shapes and where will you find it? Why there are 3
shapes for this buoy?
11.Disposal of garbage inside and outside special area

12.Loadline survey - How will you prepare and what docs will you check?
How will you know about previous reports?
And defect period to rectify is overdue what are your actions and you are due for survey
what are your actions?
Lots of cross questions on this

13.What is the height of mushroom vent on fwd station? (Where can you find the details
of height?)
14.What is Position 1 & 2 and draw the diagram

15.Dry docking explain critical period and critical instant where is the G moving when
she is in critical period and when she is resting completely on the blocks

1. Grounding Actions from Bridge

As a Chief Officer on the bridge during a grounding incident, you should:

 Sound Alarms: Alert the crew and initiate emergency procedures.
 Stop Engines: Prevent further damage by stopping propulsion.
  Assess Situation: Determine the extent of the grounding and any
immediate threats.
 Notify Authorities: Inform the Master, company, and relevant
maritime authorities.
 Check for Damage: Use available instruments to assess hull integrity
and water ingress.
 Stability and Safety: Ensure the vessel's stability and safety,
considering ballast adjustments if necessary.
2. Stability Part of Grounding
Grounding affects stability by altering the vessel's buoyancy and center of
gravity:
 Initial Stability: Partial grounding can maintain some GM
(metacentric height), but full grounding can result in GM = 0.
 Upthrust: The force exerted by the seabed affects the ship's stability
and trim.
 Actions: Monitor stability closely, adjust ballast as needed, and
consult the stability booklet for guidance.
3. Load Line Diagram
A load line diagram includes marks such as:
 Summer Load Line (SLL)
 Winter Load Line (WLL)
 Tropical Load Line (TLL)
 Fresh Water Load Line (FWLL)
 Tropical Fresh Water Load Line (TFWLL)
4. Load Line Not Overloaded
If the waterline is between the Summer and Tropical load lines, the vessel is
not overloaded. Ensure compliance with density adjustments and stability
criteria.
5. Ballast Water Exchange - D1 Standard from Port Klang to
Singapore
 D1 Standard: Requires ballast water exchange in open seas, ideally
at least 200 nautical miles from land and in water at least 200 meters
deep.
 Route Considerations: Between Port Klang and Singapore, ensure
compliance with local regulations and exchange in designated areas if
possible.
6. Fresh Water Allowance (FWA) and Submerging Load Line
 FWA: The difference in draft between saltwater and freshwater
conditions, marked on the load line diagram.
 Submerging Load Line: Permitted under certain conditions, such as
loading in freshwater ports, where the vessel will rise when entering
saltwater.
7. South Cardinal Buoy
 Light Rhythm: Typically exhibits a continuous quick or very quick
flashing light.
 Danger Side: The danger is to the north; pass to the south of the
buoy.
8. West Cardinal Buoy
 Danger Side: The danger is to the east; pass to the west of the buoy.
9. Emergency Wreck Buoy
 Purpose: Marks new wrecks to alert mariners of immediate hazards. It
is temporary and used until permanent marking is established.
10. Safe Water Mark
 Shapes: Spherical, pillar, or spar shapes indicate navigable water all
around.
 Purpose: Used to mark mid-channel or fairway, ensuring safe
passage.
11. Disposal of Garbage Inside and Outside Special Areas
 Inside Special Areas: Stricter controls apply, with limited discharge
options.
 Outside Special Areas: Discharge is allowed under MARPOL Annex V
criteria, such as food waste and non-harmful cargo residues.
12. Load Line Survey Preparation
 Documentation: Prepare stability booklets, hydrostatic tables, and
previous survey reports.
 Physical Checks: Inspect load line marks, hull integrity, and
watertight closures.
 Defect Rectification: Address any overdue defects promptly and
document actions taken.
 Survey Actions: Coordinate with surveyors and ensure all
preparations are complete.
13. Height of Mushroom Vent
 Details: Found in the ship's construction plans or technical
specifications.
 Purpose: Ensures proper ventilation and prevents water ingress.
14. Position 1 & 2
 Position 1: Located on exposed freeboard decks, requiring higher
protection standards.
 Position 2: Located on exposed superstructure decks, with slightly
lower protection standards.
15. Dry Docking - Critical Period and Instant
 Critical Period: When the stern first touches the blocks, affecting
stability.
  Critical Instant: When the vessel is fully supported on the blocks.
 G Movement: Initially, G remains stable but shifts as the vessel
settles on the blocks. When fully supported, G aligns with the keel
blocks, stabilizing the vessel.
Q1) Where can you find info of T.S.S zones around the world?

Q2) You are a chief officer, you need to prepare a D.B tank for inspection. How will you
prepare?
* cross questions led to Entry into enclosed space permit.
* Duration of the Permit.
* Can the permit be extended.
* After issuance where will you keep the permit.

Q3) Name of the enclosed space drill and duration in matrix.

(He wanted to hear Rescue from enclosed space drill)
* Cross question- under which convention can you find the duration of the drill.
( basically the drill matrix)
Q4) 5 yearly &10 yearly test for Co2.
Q5) Lifeboat 5 yearly ( both davit and free fall)
Q6) HSSC- wants to hear what is it basically was not so interested in benefits.
Q7) SAFCON-Intervals of survey.
* cross question led to Interval of docking survey.
* what is special survey.
* Under what convention can you apply for a certificate extension, how will you apply
for extension of certificate.
Q8) ISSC-Intervals of survey
* cross question does it come under HSSC and does it have an annual or no.
Q9) Dry powder spare charges.
Q10) Emergency Steering Drill, Duration and what is the scope of the drill.

Q1) Information on T.S.S Zones

Information on Traffic Separation Schemes (T.S.S) around the world can be

found in nautical publications such as:
 Admiralty Sailing Directions (Pilots)
 Admiralty List of Radio Signals
 Charts and Notices to Mariners: These provide updates on any
changes to T.S.S zones.
Q2) Preparing a Double Bottom (D.B) Tank for Inspection
 Preparation Steps:
o Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation to remove any hazardous
gases.
o Cleaning: Clean the tank to remove residues and ensure safe
access.
 o Gas Testing: Conduct gas tests to ensure the atmosphere is
safe for entry.
o Lighting and Access: Provide adequate lighting and safe
access points.
 Entry into Enclosed Space Permit:
o Duration: Typically valid for the duration of the task, usually a
few hours.
o Extension: Can be extended if conditions remain safe and are
reassessed.
o Storage: Keep the permit at the entry point or with the
responsible officer for easy access and monitoring.
Q3) Enclosed Space Drill
 Name: Rescue from Enclosed Space Drill.
 Convention: The frequency and requirements for drills are outlined in
the SOLAS Convention, specifically under Chapter III for life-saving
appliances and arrangements.
Q4) CO2 System Testing
 5-Yearly Test: Includes inspection and testing of the CO2 system,
checking for leaks, and verifying the functionality of control systems.
 10-Yearly Test: Involves hydrostatic testing of cylinders, checking the
integrity of the system, and replacing any damaged components.
Q5) Lifeboat 5-Yearly Inspection
 Davit and Free Fall Lifeboats:
o Davit-Launched Lifeboats: Test davits, winches, and brakes
with a 1.1 times proof load. Inspect and renew wires as
necessary.
o Free Fall Lifeboats: Overhaul the release mechanism and
inspect the structural integrity.
Q6) Harmonized System of Surveys and Certification (HSSC)
The HSSC is a system that harmonizes the survey and certification processes
for ships, ensuring consistency across various international conventions.
Q7) SAFCON Survey Intervals
 SAFCON (Safety Construction Certificate): Typically involves
annual surveys, with a renewal survey every five years.
 Docking Survey: Usually conducted every 2.5 to 5 years, depending
on the ship's age and type.
 Special Survey: A comprehensive inspection conducted every five
years to assess the ship's overall condition.
 Certificate Extension: Under SOLAS, extensions can be applied for in
exceptional circumstances. Applications are made to the flag state
administration.
Q8) ISSC Survey Intervals
  ISSC (International Ship Security Certificate): Valid for 5 years,
with at least one intermediate verification.
 HSSC Inclusion: ISSC is part of the HSSC framework, but it does not
require an annual survey.
Q9) Dry Powder Spare Charges
Spare charges for dry powder extinguishers should be available onboard to
ensure readiness in case of use or discharge.
Q10) Emergency Steering Drill
 Duration: Conducted at least once every three months.
 Scope: Includes practicing emergency steering procedures, direct
control within the steering gear compartment, and communication with
the navigation bridge.
Fire in pump/room , actions
Angle of loll in detail/cross questions
BWM in detail D2
Scba test
Bunker sulpher requirement.
You are ch.off on VLCC how you prepare for hotwork inside the tank.
NUC port bow action

Fire in Pump Room: Actions

1. Raise Alarm: Sound the fire alarm and alert the crew.
2. Stop Operations: Cease all pump room operations and isolate the
area.
3. Activate Fixed Firefighting Systems: Use CO2 or other fixed
systems if available.
4. Evacuate Personnel: Ensure all personnel are evacuated from the
pump room.
5. Close Ventilation: Shut down ventilation to prevent the spread of
fire.
6. Boundary Cooling: Apply cooling to adjacent areas to prevent fire
spread.
7. Report: Inform the Master and relevant authorities.
Angle of Loll: Details
 Definition: The angle of loll occurs when a ship with negative initial
GM (metacentric height) is inclined to a small angle, resulting in a
capsizing moment.
 Characteristics: The ship will oscillate around this angle rather than
remaining upright.
 Correction: Correcting the angle of loll involves careful ballasting to
improve stability without exacerbating the list. Adding weight low
down or removing weight from high up can help.
Ballast Water Management (BWM) D2 Standard
 D2 Standard: Sets limits on the number of viable organisms in
discharged ballast water. Treatment systems must meet specific
biological criteria, ensuring less than 10 viable organisms per cubic
meter for organisms larger than 50 micrometers, and less than 10
viable organisms per milliliter for organisms between 10 and 50
micrometers.
 Implementation: Ships must have a ballast water treatment system
installed to comply with the D2 standard.
SCBA Test
 Visual Inspection: Check for physical damage and cleanliness.
 Pressure Check: Ensure the cylinder is fully charged.
 Leak Test: Check for leaks by observing the pressure gauge after
closing the cylinder valve.
 Alarm Test: Ensure the low-pressure alarm sounds at the correct
pressure.
 Functional Test: Verify the operation of the demand valve and
exhalation valve.
Bunker Sulphur Requirement
 Global Cap: The sulphur content of fuel oil used on board ships must
not exceed 0.50% m/m.
 Emission Control Areas (ECAs): In ECAs, the limit is 0.10% m/m.
Preparing for Hot Work Inside a Tank on a VLCC
1. Risk Assessment: Conduct a thorough risk assessment and obtain
necessary permits.
2. Gas Freeing: Ensure the tank is gas-free and safe for entry.
3. Ventilation: Provide continuous ventilation to maintain a safe
atmosphere.
4. Gas Testing: Regularly test the atmosphere for oxygen levels and
flammable gases.
5. Fire Watch: Assign a fire watch with firefighting equipment ready.
6. Safety Equipment: Ensure all personnel have appropriate PPE,
including SCBA if necessary.
7. Communication: Maintain clear communication with all involved
parties.
NUC Port Bow Action
 NUC (Not Under Command): Indicates a vessel unable to maneuver
as required by the COLREGs.
 Action: If encountering a NUC vessel on your port bow, maintain
course and speed if safe, as the NUC vessel has restricted ability to
take action. Be prepared to take evasive action if necessary to avoid
collision.
Survey and Frequency for Cargo Ship safety Equipment.
-Survey and Frequency for Cargo Ship Safety Construction
-Loadline survey renewal what you check in Particular.
-Cargo Ship Safety Equipment what all check at Renewal survey. (CO2 and lifeboat)

Q2. Loadline
-Draw and explain
-draw waterline between Summer and Tropical. Vessel in Singapore. PSC detail do what.
-what you check in stability booklet.
-how you check sagging
-What documents to check before loadline survey? How you know what defects you
have previously? Ans- Condition of class.

Q3. Iamsar search pattern name.

-List all
-Which one is preferable to use for vessels

Q4. Intact stability minimum GM for general, Container, Timber and Grain.

Q5. BWM
-what the standards
-if failure what to do
-sediments management and criteria
-D-1 and D-2 criteria

Q6. Your crew come to you regarding rest hour and working hours. He wants to
complain. What to do?

Q7. You are on general cargo ship how to load heavy item.
-what to check for -load density, talk about CSM, stack weight, lashing.
-short or long slings to use?
-how affect stability when lifting?
-went on to ask stiff and tender ship. Large Gm and small Gm.

Q8. Your ventilator in forward peak tank spoil how would you replace. What is the
length? Where is the length measurement? What else to check for after replace
ventilator. ( he want to hear additional strengthening for the vent.) it is position 1 so 900
mm. Better know where to where the 900 mm measured from(till the coaming)

Q1. Survey and Frequency for Cargo Ship Safety Equipment and
Construction

 Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Survey:

o Annual Survey: Conducted every year to ensure all safety
equipment is in good working order.
 o Renewal Survey: Conducted every 5 years. Checks include:
 CO2 Systems: Inspect for leaks, test alarms, and verify
cylinder pressure.
 Lifeboats: Inspect davits, winches, release mechanisms,
and ensure compliance with safety standards.
 Cargo Ship Safety Construction Survey:
o Annual Survey: Conducted every year to verify the integrity of
the ship's structure.
o Renewal Survey: Conducted every 5 years. Focuses on the hull,
machinery, and structural components.
 Load Line Survey Renewal:
o Checks: Verify load line marks, inspect hull integrity, ensure
watertight closures, and confirm compliance with stability and
freeboard requirements.
Q2. Load Line
 Diagram: Includes marks for Summer, Winter, Tropical, Fresh Water,
and Tropical Fresh Water load lines.
 Waterline Between Summer and Tropical: If in Singapore, explain
to PSC that the vessel is in a tropical region, and ensure compliance
with density adjustments using the stability booklet.
 Stability Booklet: Check for compliance with stability criteria,
including GM, GZ curves, and loading conditions.
 Sagging Check: Use draft readings and hydrostatic data to assess
hull stress and ensure even loading.
 Documents for Load Line Survey: Check the Condition of Class
report for previous defects and ensure all documentation is up to date.
Q3. IAMSAR Search Patterns
 Search Patterns:
o Parallel Track
o Expanding Square
o Sector Search
o Creeping Line
o Track Line
 Preferred Pattern for Vessels: Parallel track is often used for large
areas with uncertain survivor locations due to its systematic coverage.
Q4. Intact Stability Minimum GM
 General Cargo: Typically around 0.15 m.
 Container Ships: Higher GM due to high center of gravity, often
around 0.20 m or more.
 Timber: Requires specific criteria due to deck cargo, often around 0.10
m.
  Grain: Requires careful consideration of shifting cargo, typically
around 0.30 m.
Q5. Ballast Water Management (BWM)
 Standards: D-1 (exchange) and D-2 (treatment).
 Failure Actions: Notify authorities, follow contingency plans, and
document actions.
 Sediment Management: Regular monitoring and removal according
to the ballast water management plan.
 D-1 and D-2 Criteria: D-1 requires 95% volumetric exchange; D-2
sets limits on viable organisms in discharged water.
Q6. Crew Complaint on Rest and Working Hours
 Action: Listen to the crew member's concerns, review the work/rest
hour records, and ensure compliance with the Maritime Labour
Convention (MLC) regulations. Address any discrepancies and report to
the Master if necessary.
Q7. Loading Heavy Items on General Cargo Ship
 Checks:
o Load Density: Ensure the deck can support the weight.
o Cargo Securing Manual (CSM): Follow guidelines for securing
heavy items.
o Stack Weight: Ensure compliance with stack weight limits.
o Lashing: Use appropriate lashing to secure the cargo.
 Slings: Use short slings for better control and stability.
 Stability Impact: Lifting heavy items raises the center of gravity,
potentially reducing stability.
 Stiff vs. Tender Ship: A stiff ship has a large GM, resulting in quick,
uncomfortable rolls. A tender ship has a small GM, leading to slow,
large rolls.
Q8. Replacing Ventilator in Forward Peak Tank
 Length Measurement: From the deck to the top of the coaming,
typically 900 mm for Position 1.
 Additional Strengthening: Ensure the new ventilator is adequately
reinforced to withstand environmental conditions.
 Checks After Replacement: Verify watertight integrity and proper
installation to prevent leaks.