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EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

HDL LEVEL AMONG YOUNG ADULTS; AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

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 Received 14-02-2022
Accepted 20-06-2022

EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON HIGH DENSITY

LIPOPROTEIN HDL LEVEL AMONG YOUNG ADULTS; AN
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Haseenullah Khan1, Salahuddin Khan2, Tasleem Arif 3, Inayat Shah4*
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Exercise has paramount significant in the life of individuals. But
unfortunately, very few studies have been conducted in Pakistan regarding the
effects of exercise upon HDL level. Therefore, the present study was subjected
to evaluate the effects of six (06) weeks supervised aerobic exerciseprotocol on
High Density Lipoprotein among young adults aged between 35-40 years.
Materials: Twenty-Four (24) volunteer untrained young adults from within the
Bannu City and allied areas were selected as subjects’ age range between 35-
40 years. Keeping into consideration, the present study was supported with
pre and post experimental research method. The six (06) weeks aerobic
exercise protocol was used to collect relevant data on the selected dependent
variable. The High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of the subjects were measured
with the help of CHOD PAP method. The results were than recorded in
figures. The pre and post test data on the selected criterion variables were
collected by administering the test as per the standardized procedures before
and after the six weeks of the training program. Results: After the aerobic
exercise protocol, the subjects of CG exhibited no significant difference in
HDL (P>0.05). According to the analyzed data, the P=value was recorded
as .709 that is higher than the standard value of 0.05. Upon these data, the
researcher found that after the aerobic exercise protocol, no significant
difference between exhibited between pre- and post-intervention quantities of
HDL of Experimental Group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Based on the
analyzed data, it can be interpreted that aerobic exercise helped in increasing
HDL of Experimental Group. The increase in HLD is considered as good
because the increase in HDL helps in preventing the heart valves from stroke
and heart attack.
Key Words: effects, aerobic exercise, HDL level, young adults, experimental study.

1 Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University, D.I.Khan,

Pakistan
2 Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Muslim Youth University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
3 Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The University of Haripur
4* Department of Physiology, IBMS, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar.
drinayatshah@kmu.edu.pk

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INTRODUCTION
The chronic heart diseases (CHD) are estimated the major cause for death throughout
the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006) the ratio of
chronic heart diseases would raise from 7.1 to 11.1 million. According to American
Heart Association, the chronic heart disease is reported to global cause for mortality
rate of 17.3 million per year (Mozaffarian et al., 2015). As far as Pakistan is concerned,
it has been estimated that chronic heart diseases are accounted for 92% of all the death
(Akhtar et al., 2012).
As reported that the population in India and Pakistan have been suffering from
Coronary Heart Diseases and estimated highest risk countries in the world with
reference to the Coronary Heart Diseases (Akhtar et al., 2012).In another study has
found that Younger patients <40 years of age with an acute coronary syndrome have
different clinical characteristics and a different prognosis than older (Siddique et al.,
2010). Further the study has also found that smoking is perceived as the risk factors for
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) among people aging <40 (Yildrim., 2007). Findings
of the study suggested that identification of the risk factors in respect to heart diseases
and control is beneficial in the initial and secondary prevention in young patients with
coronary artery diseases. The study has further substantiated that patients with
premature CHD commonly have unheralded acute onset of symptoms, less extensive
CHD and better short-term prognosis than the older ones (Hecht, 2010).
The causes and prevention of coronary heart diseases is a topic of research, and fresh
statistics is always developing. It has been asserted for last several decades that
saturated fats as well as cholesterol are responsible factors for cardio-vascular heart
diseases (Vallurupalli, & Mehta, 2014). A study conducted by DeBakey (2012) found
that 1% increase in blood cholesterol level can cause 2% risk of heart disease (Yang et
al., 2012; Hoogeveen, 2014). Conversely, latest research showed that a higher intake of
saturated fat from red meat increases risk of heart disease (Micha et al., 2013).
According to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Grundy et al., 2004)
Hypertension is considered as major risk factor for several complications including
stroke and heart failure. Likewise, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(Inzucchi and Sherwin, 2011) reported that Diabetes mellitus (DM) has major
confounding effects on the cardio-vascular functions. Cigarette smoking is reported as
one of the leading cause responsible for the cardio-vascular heart diseases and heart
attacks (Leone, 2005).
On the other hand, regular take part in exercises are effective in prevention of heart
diseases (Pedersen, & Saltin, 2015) Various research studies have found that regular
moderate-intensity exercise has many benefits like physical function (fitness),
psychological wellbeing, favourable changes in blood pressure and HDL cholesterol
level), it prevents the blood vessels from narrowing which is caused by increased
cholesterol level, prevents blood clotting, helps deliver oxygenated blood to the heart,
and helps to maintain a normal heart rate (Taylor et al., 2004; Warburton et al., 2006;
Frye et al., 2007) . The study has further found that the above mentioned changes

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reduce the load on the heart at rest and during exercise, which helps to minimize as well
as decrease the risk of death from Coronary Heart Diseases. Moreover, the findings of
the studies reveal that exercise improves physical fitness and psychological functions,
and positive changes in blood pressure, helps in increasing HDL cholesterol level
(Stroth et al., 2010; Dickinson et al., 2006; Tseng et al., 2013).
Keeping in view the above brief discussions, it becomes quite apparent that exercise
has paramount significant in the life of individuals. But unfortunately, very few studies
have been conducted in Pakistan regarding the effects of exercise upon cholesterol
level. More local data is needed for primary as well as secondary prevention of
coronary heart disease in young patients of coronary artery disease. Therefore, the
researchers conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise
upon HDL level of young adults. This study was conducted in the vicinity of bannu
district.
Objectives: 1. To assess the comparison of Pre and Post-test results regarding HDL of
Control Group. 2. To evaluate the comparison of Pre and Post-test results regarding
HDL of Experimental Group

Hypotheses: Ho 1 There is no significant difference between the pre- and post-

intervention measurements of HDL of Control Group (CG). Ho 2 There is no
significant difference between the pre- and post-intervention measurements of HDL of
Experimental Group (EG).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants: The study aimed at to examine the effects of aerobic exercise protocol
upon HDL level of young adults aging 35-40 years. For this purpose, Twenty-Four (24)
volunteer untrained young adults from within the Bannu City and allied areas were
selected as subjects.
Research Design: The study involved a single dimensional design with two groups
assign with different training batteries. To facilitate the study, Twenty-Four (24)
untrained young adults from within the bannu city and allied areas were selected as
subjects aging between 35-45 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups
namely, (group A) Experimental Group (EG) and Group B (Control Group). The pre-
test was taken from the subjects before administering the aerobic exercise protocol. The
subjects of experimental group were involved with their respective packages of aerobic
exercise protocol for a period of six (06) weeks under the personal supervision of the
research scholar, whereas the subjects of control group were given no treatment. At the
end of six (06) weeks, the post – test was applied from the experimental group.
Research Instrument/Treatment Protocol: The present study was conducted in order
to assess effects of aerobic exercise protocol upon cholesterol level of young adults
aging 35-40 years. As per the available literatures and the consents of training experts,
the proposed six (06) weeks aerobic exercise protocol was used to collect relevant data
on the selected dependent variable.

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Criterion Measure: The High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of the subjects were
measured with the help of CHOD PAP method. The Blood samples were taken from
the participants in disposable Syringes by qualified dispenser. The samples were taken
in test tubes. Blood samples were centrifuged in centrifuge machine up to 10 minutes’
maximum to take serum. Serum of the subjects were taken in test tubes of one ml, and
then incubate it on 37oC. The absorbance of the participants was measured within 60
minutes against the reagent blank.
Data Collection Procedure: The researcher obtained formal approval from the
departmental supervisory committee for conducting the experimental intervention upon
the selected volunteers. The researcher then started aerobic exercise program under his
personal supervision that continued for 6 weeks. The pre and post test data on the
selected criterion variables were collected by administering the test as per the
standardized procedures before and after the six weeks of the training program.
Statistical Analysis: The collected data was carefully tabulated and analyzed by using
statistical tests i-e Independent sample t-Test and Paired Sample t-Test in SPSS version
24.00. We used Independent sample t-Test to compare the anthropometric
measurements of two different groups such as Control Group (CG) and Experimental
Group (EG) to determine the whether there is statistical evidence that the means of two
groups are significantly different in terms of height, weight and BMI. To determine the
comparison of Pre and Post-test results regarding the lipid profile of CG and EG
respectively, we applied Paired Sample t-Test.

RESULTS
Anthropometric Parameters:

Table no. 1 Pre-intervention anthropometric parameters in young adults of

the control and experimental groups (n=24)

Parameters (CG) Mean ± SD (EG) Mean ± SD P-Value

Age 34.56 ± 1.98 33.86 ± 1.59 0.132
Height (Inches) 62.75 ± 1.74 65.72 ± 2.54 0.556
Weight (kg) 76.34 ± 4.78 75.03 ± 6.37 0.503
Body Mass Index (kg/m)2 29.76 ± 2.46 29.84 ± 2.38 0.512
Significant at 0.05

According to the analyzed data, the mean age, height and weight of the control group
were measured 34.56 ± 1.98, 62.75 ± 1.74 and 76.34 ± 4.78 respectively. Likewise, the
data shows 33.86 ± 1.59, 65.72 ± 2.54 and 75.03 ± 6.37 respectively for age, height and
weight of the experimental group. Similarly, the body mass index of both the control

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and experimental groups were recorded in (kg/m)2 for which the mean values were
recorded as 29.76 ± 2.46 and 29.84 ± 2.38. t-test was applied to examine the differences
anthropometric parameters in young adults in the experimental and control groups and
the results showed that there was no statistical significant difference in the Pre-
intervention anthropometric parameters in young adults in the experimental and control
groups.

Effects of Aerobic Exercises on High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Table 2: Comparison of Pre and Post-test results regarding HDL of Control

Group (n=12)
Control Group n Mean Std. Dev t-Value P-Value
Pre-test 12 46.833 6.307 .049 .962
Post-test 12 46.750 4.474
Significant at 0.05

The Table 2 shows the pre- and post-intervention measurements of HDL of Control
Group. After the aerobic exercise protocol, the subjects of CG exhibited no significant
difference in HDL (P>0.05).

Table 3: Comparison of Pre and Post-test results regarding HDL of

Experimental Group (n=12)
Control Group n Mean Std. Dev t-Value P-Value
Pre-test 12 47.583 6.612 -.395 .709
Post-test 12 48.416 6.006
Significant at 0.05

The Table 3 shows the pre- and post-intervention quantities of HDL of Experimental
Group. According to the analyzed data, the P=value was recorded as .709 that is higher
than the standard value of 0.05. Upon these data, the researcher found that after the
aerobic exercise protocol, no significant difference between exhibited between pre- and
post-intervention quantities of HDL of Experimental Group (P>0.05).

DISCUSSION
The study at hand was conducted to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks’ aerobic exercise
protocol upon HDL level of young adults aged between 35-40 years, Bannu, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. After the aerobic exercise protocol, the subjects of CG
exhibited no significant difference in HDL (P>0.05). The hypothesis concentrated the
effects of aerobic exercise protocol on high-density lipoprotein (HDLP) and the
analyzed data affirmed that after the aerobic exercise protocol, no significant difference

30
exhibited between pre- and post-intervention quantities of HDL of Experimental Group
(P>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that aerobic exercise helped in increasing HDL of
Experimental Group. Other studies have shown that although exercise may not produce
any quantitative results in reducing the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) level but, it can help in bringing change in LDL subtraction, increase in
concentrating large LDL and reduction in small LDL (Tseng et al., 2013). The increase
in HLD is considered as good because the increase in HDL helps in preventing the
heart valves from stroke and heart attack. These findings are consistent with the
statement that HDL is considered as one of the major mediators that, helps in the
reverse transportation of cholesterol from arterial walls to the live. These findings
affirm the hypothetical assumption that, increase in HDL level contributes to the
reduction of cardiovascular risks (Chun et al, 2002).

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the present study, the researcher concluded that aerobic exercise
has positive effects upon HDL of young adults’ aging 35-45 years. According to the
analyzed data, young adults those who participated in an aerobic exercise program that
continued for six weeks showed increase in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the
participants. The increase in HLD is considered as good because the increase in HDL
helps in preventing the heart valves from stroke and heart attack. These results
recommend a probable for lessening the risks of cardiovascular diseases among the
adults.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The aerobic exercise programs used in this study may help the adults to improve and
maintain their lipid profile and can help in the reduction of chronic heart diseases
(CHDs). The researcher also suggest that Aerobic exercise program used in the study
may be prescribed by health care, sports coaches and physical educationists.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared no conflict of interest

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