INTRODUCTION Scientific name : Arachis pogaea Family : Leguminaceae Origin : South America King of oilseed crop Groundnut, popularly known as the peanut is a leguminous crop cultivated for edible purposes. It is found exclusively in tropical and subtropical regions of the wor It is sometimes considered as a grain legume because the seed can produce oil and the crop is categorized as an oil crop.SCOPE & IMPORTANCE It is the | 3t* most important food crop and 4"" most important oilseed crop of the world. Groundnut kernels have about 25% protein which is 1.3 times higher than meat, 2.5 times higher than eggs and 8 times higher than fruit. The oil content in kernels ranges from 40-50% and is extensively used for cooking (culinary oil) and for preparing vegetable oil (vanaspati). The groundnut cake have immense value as feeding material for livestock and organic manure. It contains 8% N, 1.4% P205 and 1.2% K20.AREA & DISTRIBUTION Itis grown in about 25.2 million ha worldwide with a total production of 36.44 million metric and an average productivity of 1454 kg/ha. ‘The most important groundnut producing countries are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan. In India, the annual production of groundnu tonnes approximately. is around 7180.5 thousand The major groundnut produci du, Andhra Pradesh, Karna Telangana, states in India are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil ka, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Groundnut farming in India is done in 85 lakh hectares of land approximately.AREA, PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY In Indi v Area under cultivat 7 million hi v Production 0.13 million tonnes v Productivity 21777 kg/ha In Tamil Nadu = > Area under cultivation : 3.7 lakh hectares > Production 1.05 million tonnes > Productivity 22812 kg/ha Highest Area : GUJARAT > ANDHRAPRADESH > RAJASTHAN GUJARAT > RAJASTHAN > TAMIL NADU. ity : PONDIC RRY > TAMILNADU > WEST BENGAL Source : Indiastat, 2022CULTIVARS / VARIETIES = Bunch variety - Junagadh-I1, GAUG-1, Kadiri-71.1, TMV-2, AK.12-24, Kopergoan, «= Semi-—spreading variety - TMV-6, TMV-8, Kopergoan-1, C-501. = Spreading variety - Punjab-I, Ah.334, GAUG-2, TMY-3, Karad 4-11, M-145, M-13.v VVVV ¥ Vv NUTRITION FACTS The nutrition facts for 100 grams of raw peanut is as follows : Calories: 567 Water: 7% Protein: 25.8 grams Carbohydrates: 16.1 grams Sugar: 4.7 grams Fiber: 8.5 grams Fat: 49.2 gramsAGRO CLIMATIC ZONES Groundnut growing area in the country are divided into five zones O Zone I (Northern zone)-UP, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Northern Rajasthan O Zone II (Western zone)-Gujarat, Southern Rajasthan O Zone II (Central zone) - MP Q Zone IV (Penisular) — Karnataka, AP & Southern Mahastra © Zone V (Southern zone) — Tami NaduGROWING SEASON IN INDIA > Mostly June-July > South India ~ June to August >» Tamil South Tamil Nadu — August and September 2. Rabi - Limited where winter is not severe > Temperature never goes below 15°C V After kharif rice — irrigation October to December 3, Summer — Irrigated ideal period more yield of December to February 4. Spring - Irrigated —1 Fortnight of February to I Fortnight of MarchGROWING SEASON IN TAMILNADU I. Rainfed > April — May —Chithiraipattam — Polachi, Theni and Thenkasi > June—July-Early Adipallam NE & NW zones > July —August-late Adipattam — Western, Southern Cavery delta zone > October — November —Aipasipattam — NE and Kanyakumari zones Irrigated > April — July —Chitheripattam- Summer —All districts > December — January — Margazhipattam — All district except Erode by Coimbatore > February — March— Masipattam — New Delta — Rice fallowCLIMATE REQUIREMENT Cy eT Maximum Temperature: 40° Minimum Temperature 15° Optimum Temperature 25° -35° Rainfall 700 mmCULTIVATION PRACTICES 1, FIELD PREPARATION > Plough with tractor using a dise followed by harrow, once or twice with iron plough or 3 — 4 times with country plough till all the clods are broken and a fine tilth is obtained. > Chiselling for soils with hard pan. > Amendments for soil surface crusting: to tide over the surface crusting, apply lime @ 2 v/ha along with FYM or composted coir pith @ 12.5 tha.2. APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS tT) aera) K (kg/ha) ioc rcs (kg/ha) 25 50 5 60 10 ( asin rainfed) 10 (Rainfed) 45 (Rainfed) 3. FORMING BEDS » Form beds of size 10 m? to 20 m? depending upon the availability of water, slope of the land and type of soil. > Raised bed with a width of 60cm and with a furrow of 15cm on either side may be formed and sowing taken on the raised bed.4. APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS > Apply TNAU MN mixture @ 12.5 kg /ha as Enriched FYM . (Prepare enriched FYM at 1:10 ratio of MN mixture & FYM ; mix at friable moisture &incubate for one month in shade). » To increase flower retention, pod filling and to induce drought tolerance apart from yield improvement, 2 sprays of groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg/ha (for each spray) at 35 DAS ( 50 per cent flowering) and 45 DAS (Pod developing stage) in 500 litres of water is recommended.5. SEED RATE ee Irrigated + 125 kg/ha + Increase the seed rate by 15% in the ease of bold seeded varieties, 120 kg/ha 175 kg/ha of kemels for bold seeded varieties. Rainfed 6. SPACING Adopta spacing of 30 cm between rows and 10.cm between plants. > Gujarat higher spacing 45/65 x 10 cm.7. SEED TREATMENT > Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg seed or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed. 8. DEPTH OF SOWING > Dibble the seeds at 4 em depth along with fertilizer.9. EARTHING UP > Accomplish carthing up during second hand weeding/late hand weeding (in herbieide application). > It isan important operation in groundnut. Earthing up is to be done within 40-45 days after sowing as it helps for the penetration of pegs in the soil and also facilitates for increased pod development. NOTE: Earthing up provides medium for the peg development Use the improved hoe with long handle which can be worked more efficiently in a standing position. Do not disturb the soil after 45" day of sowing as it will affect pod formation adversely.10. APPLICATION OF CALCIUM SULPHATE (GYPSUM) > Apply gypsum @ 400 kg/ha by the side of the plants on the 40" to 45! day of sowing. >» eee ion of gypsum encourages pod formation and better filling up of the po > Application of gypsum at the rate of 50 % basal both in rainfed and irrigated condition reduces Khadhasty malady and pod scab nematode. 11. COMBINED NUTRIENT SPRAY > To improve pod filling spraying of nutrient solution is advisable. > This can be sprayed on 25! and 35" day after sowing. > Spray TNAU Groundnut rich @ 5.5 kg/ha for 2 sprays at 35 (50 per cent flowering) and 45 DAS Pod developing stage)12. WATER MANAGEMENT }® Schedule the irrigation at 0.40 and 0.60 IW/CPE ratio during vegetative and reproductive phases respectively. » Pegging, flowering and pod development phases are critical for irrigation. » Apply irrigation as follows: > Sowing or pre-sowing » Life irrigation, 4 — 5 days after sowing if sowing irrigation given to break the surface crust. & 20 days after sowing ® At flowering give two irrigations. ® At pegging stage give one or two irrig: - iB pod development stage, 2 — 3 irrigations depending on the soil YPE13. WEED MANAGEMENT » Pre-sowing: Fluchloralin at 2.0 I/ha soil applied and incorporated. > Pre-emergence: Fluchloralin 2.0 I/ha applied through flat fan nozzle with 900 | of water/ha followed by irrigation. After 35 - 40 days one hand weeding may be given. » If no herbicide is applied two hand weeding and hoeing are given on 20th and 40th day after sowing.14. PESTS AND DISEASES Sucking pests - Aphids, Thirps Root grub - Deep summer ploughing—r Integrated pest managerial practices) nt varieties, chemical spray ( Leaf miner - Crop resistance, chemical spray Red hairy caterpillars - IPM — MPV, Intercropping and chemical spray, crop rotation. Tikka disease & Collar root -Resistant varieties, seed treatment, spray mancozrb 2.5¢/litre along with conbentazim 1.Og/litre Nematodes - resistance varities & aldicarb soil application15. HARVESTIN Observe the crop. {ng its average duration. Drying and falling of older leaves and yellowing of the top leaves indicate maturity, Pull out a few plants at random and shell the pods. If the inner shell is brownish black and not white, then the crop has matured, Irrigate prior to harvest. Strip off the pods from the plants. Groundnut stripper developed by TNAU can be used. Dry the pods in the sun for 4 or 5 days. Repeat drying for 2 or 3 more days after an interval of 2 or 3 days to ensure complete drying.CROP PHYSIOLOGY Foliar spray of TNAU Groundnut Rich @ 2 kg/acre in 200 litres of water at peak flowering and at pod development stages > increases flower retention } increases pod filling > improves moisture stress tolerance > enhance pod yield.16. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY Groundnut milk Peanut butter Peanut cookies Groundnut Chikki Groundnut oil cake Groundnut chattaniGroundnut ojlealAFLATOXI > Fungal toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. Parasiticus, major constraint to increased productivity and market competitivene: irains are suscept harvesting, proc le to contamination through poor production, and stor: EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN ¥ Health effects by causing aflatoxicosis. ¥ Income loss:17. YIELD » Rainfed Pods 1400 — 2000 kg/ha Haulms 2800 — 4000 kg/ha Irrigated Pods 2000 — 3000 kg/ha Haulms 4000 — 6000 kg/ha ® Harvest index 0.35 to 0.50 ce > Shelling percent 70-75%CROPPING SYSTEM = The most common cropping systems are given below. i, Groundnut — wheat; iv. Groundnut — barley; ii. Groundnut — chick pea; y. Groundnut — field pea; iii, Groundnut — lentil m In Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, s O Rainfed: rghum is cultivated after groundnut ¥ — Groundnut and red gram (SA11) are grown as intercrops in 6:1 ratio. O Irrigated: ¥ Groundnut + Gingelly (4:1); Groundnut + blackgram (4:1) ¥ Groundnut + cowpea (6:1); Groundnut + cowpea (5:1) ¥ Groundnut + sunflower (6:2)MECHANIZATION vantages by adopting mechanization O Reduced cost of cultivation CO) Saving in time Q Increase in crop production area and productivity Q Self employment to rural youth through custom hiring.TILLAGE MACHINERIESSEED TO SEED MECHANIZATIONSOWING EQUIPMENTINTER CULTIVATION EQUIPMENTPLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENTSHARVESTING MACHINERYTHRESHING MACHINERYDr. Rajendra Prasad.2016. Textbook Of Field Crops Production. Vol 1. Indian REFERENCES Council Of Agricultural Research, New Dethi. tnau agritech portalTHANK YOu we,