Acknowledgement

As I reach another cornerstone in my academic career, I wish to express my eternal

feelings to those, whose strong support and motivation made possible to present my research work
in the form of project report.

Words alone are insufficient to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. Vartika
Vaishya as without her guidance and motivation, the work would not have reached to its present
form. Her scientific discussions, supervision and giving free hand to work independently helped
immensely to explore my research problem. I always felt her support, patience, and parental care
throughout my stay.

I am extremely grateful to Mrs. Jayshree for constantly guiding me, motivating me for
being my source of inspiration.

I am greatly thankful to Dr.SapnaTyagi, Principal M.N.C.R.I. Bikaner for providing

necessary facilities for industrial visit and designing to produce this work.

With utmost pleasure and enthusiasm, I wish to express my gratitude to Raju ram for his
interest and support that helped me to give a meaningful end to the industrial visit.

I am sincerely thankful to (Ashok Kumar Solanki, NiharakiBhati, Director Geomin

Solutions Pvt. Ltd.)who inspired me and came forward with all their means whenever desired.

My acknowledgement will remain incomplete without recognizing admirable and loving

support of all my classmates and friends with whom I spent most of the time as they always
helped me during the course of my project report preparation.
 (Student Name)

CONTENTS

1: INTRODUCTION

2: MATERIAL AND METHODS

3: EXPERIMENTATATION

4: CONCLUSION

5: BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) is an accreditation body, with its
accreditation system established in accordance with ISO/ IEC 17011. ―Conformity Assessment –Requirements
for Accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies.‖ NABL provides voluntary accreditation
services to:

 Testing laboratories in accordance with ISO/ IEC 17025 ‗General Requirements for the Competence
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories‘
 Calibration laboratories in accordance with ISO/ IEC 17025 ‗General Requirements for the Competence
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories‘
 Medical testing laboratories in accordance with ISO 15189 ‗Medical laboratories -Requirements for
quality and competence‘
 Proficiency Testing Providers (PTP) in accordance with ISO/IEC 17043 ―Conformity assessment
— General requirements for proficiency testing‖ and
 Reference material producers (RMP) in accordance with ISO 17034 ―General requirements for
the competence of reference material producers‖.

NABL is Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRA) signatory to ILAC as well as APAC for the accreditation of
Testing and Calibration Laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025), Medical Testing Laboratories (ISO 15189), Proficiency
Testing Providers (PTP) (ISO/IEC 17043) and Reference materials producers (RMP).

Such MRA reduces technical barrier to trade and facilitates acceptance of test/ calibration results between
countries which MRA partners represent.

NABL has been established with the objective of providing Government, Industry Associations and Industry in
general with a scheme of Conformity Assessment Body‘s accreditation which involves third-party assessment of
the technical competence of testing including medical and calibration laboratories, proficiency testing providers
and reference material producers. Accreditation process details are provided in NABL 100B ―Accreditation
Process & Procedure‖. NABL is self-financing and charges fees to Conformity Assessment Bodies to cover
operational costs and other expenditure.

NABL offers accreditation services in a non-discriminatory manner. These services are accessible to all testing
including medical and calibration laboratories, proficiency testing providers and reference material producers in
India and other countries in the region, regardless of the size of the applicant CAB or its membership of any
association or group or number of CABs already accredited by NABL. For applicable fees, kindly refer NABL
100A ―General Information Brochure‖.

The disciplines and groups for which the accreditation services are offered in the respective fields are listed in –

 NABL 120 ―Guidance for Classification of Product Groups in Testing & Calibration field‖
 NABL 112 ―Specific Criteria for Accreditation of Medical Laboratories‖
 NABL 180 ―Application Form for Proficiency Testing Providers (PTP)‖
 NABL 190 ―Application Form for Reference Material Producers Accreditation (RMP)‖

Need of the Accreditation:

 Accreditation is the third party attestation related to a conformity assessment body conveying the formal
demonstration of its competence to carry out specific conformity assessment task. Conformity Assessment
Body (CAB) is a body which includes Testing including medical Laboratory, Calibration Laboratory,
Proficiency Testing Provider, Certified Reference Material Producer.
 The liberalization of trade and industry policies of the Government of India has created quality
consciousness in domestic trade and provided greater thrust for export. As a consequence testing centres
and laboratories have to demonstrably operate at an internationally acceptable level of competence.
 Laboratory accreditation is a procedure by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition of
technical competence for specific tests/ measurements, based on third party assessment and following
international standards.
 Similarly, Proficiency testing Provider accreditation gives formal recognition of competence for
organizations that provide proficiency testing. Reference Material Producers Accreditation gives formal
recognition of competence to carry out the production of reference materials based on third party
assessment and following international standards.

Benefits of Accreditation:

Formal recognition of competence of a conformity assessment body by NABL in accordance with international
standard has many advantages:

❖ International recognition,

❖ Access to Global market,

❖ Time and money efficient,

❖ Enhanced customer confidence and satisfaction,

❖ Robust Quality Management System,

❖ Continual improvements,

❖ Better operational control,

❖ Assurance of accurate and reliable results,

❖ Cost Reduction,

❖ Prevent loss due to defects

Benefits of Laboratory Accreditation

Formal recognition of competence of a laboratory by NABL in accordance with international criteriahas many
advantages:

❖ A ready means for customers to identify and select reliable testing, measurement and calibration services that
are able to meet their needs.

❖ Increased confidence in Testing/ Calibration Reports issued by the testing, calibration and medical testing
laboratories which emphasise on accuracy and reliable results.

❖ The results from accredited laboratories are used extensively by regulators for the public benefit in the
provision of services that promote an unpolluted environment, safe food, clean water, energy, health and social
care services.

❖ Better control of laboratory operations and feedback to laboratories as to whether they have sound Quality
Assurance System and are technically competent.

❖ Helpful in participating in tenders that require independently verified laboratories.

❖ Potential increase in business due to enhanced customer confidence and satisfaction: Accredited laboratories
receive a form of international recognition, which allows their data and results to be more readily accepted in
overseas markets. Accreditation helps to reduce costs for manufacturers and exporters who their products or
materials tested in have accredited laboratories, by reducing or eliminating the need for retesting in another
country.

❖ Customers can search and identify the laboratories accredited by NABL for their specific requirements from the
NABL website or Directory of Accredited Laboratories.

❖ Users of accredited laboratories enjoy greater access for their products, in both domestic and international
markets.

❖ Savings in terms of time and money due to reduction or elimination of the need for re-testing of products.

Benefits of Accreditation for Proficiency Testing Providers

The benefits of proficiency testing are widely recognized. These include:

 many laboratories operate in isolation from other laboratories and do not have ongoing opportunities to
compare their data with others. Without such opportunities there are risks that the data of a laboratory may
have errors, biases or significant differences when compared to data from other similar laboratories.
Proficiency testing provides an opportunity to undertake such comparisons and to have an independent
appraisal of the laboratory‘s data compared to reference values (or other performance criteria) or to the
performance of similar laboratories. The results from such participation provide laboratory managers with
either a confirmation that the laboratory‘s performance is satisfactory or an alert that an investigation of
potential problems within the laboratory is required.
 Comparison of the performance of a facility‘s performance with that of other participating (peer) facilities
 Monitoring of the long-term performance of a facility.
 Improvement in the performance of tests/calibrations following investigation and identification of the
cause(s) of unsatisfactory PT performance, and the introduction of corrective action to prevent re-
occurrence.
 Staff education, training and competence monitoring
 Evaluation of methods, including the establishment of method precision and accuracy
 Contribution to the facility‘s overall risk management system
 Confidence building with interested parties, e.g. customers, accreditation bodies, regulators, specifiers.
Proficiency testing providers play an important role in the value chain for assurance of products and services.
Being an NABL accredited PTP in accordance with ISO/IEC 17043 gives the organization credibility for their PT
services.

Benefits of Accreditation for Reference Materials Producers

Formal recognition of competence of an RMP by NABL in accordance with international criteria (ISO 17034) has
many advantages like:

 Confidence in measurements by establishing traceability to appropriate measurement standards such as the

use of certified reference materials (CRMs) produced by a competent producer to give a reliable physical
or chemical characterization of a material.
 It provides assurance that the accredited RMPs are competent to produce the RMs as listed in the scope of
accreditation. It provides confidence to RM users that the reference materials (RMs), and certified
reference materials (CRMs) in particular, are produced according to technically valid and internationally
recognized principles, and fit for the intended uses.
 CRMs offer a most effective means to assess the trueness and precision of a measurement process.
 Reference materials (RMs) provide one of the most effective ways of assessing and demonstrating that the
measurement process is in statistical control because the homogeneity and stability of RMs have been
confirmed to be suitable for use as quality control materials.
 Accreditation is a means of determining the technical competence of RMPs to produce specific RMs. It
also provides formal recognition to competent RMPs, thus providing a ready means for RMs users to
identify and select the most suitable RMs that meet their needs. This recognition of competence relates to
the properties of the reference materials that the accredited RMP produces, and may include, if applicable,
the ranges of the assigned values and their associated uncertainties. It may also include the RMPs
involvement in the performance of testing, calibration and measurements in relation to homogeneity,
stability and characterization assessments and their use of subcontractors in these tasks. These are the
factors that RM users need to know and consider when selecting RMs.
 Accreditation is an effective marketing tool for RMPs
 Accreditation provides assurance that the accredited RMPs are competent to produce the RMs as listed in
the scope of accreditation.
 It provides confidence to RM users that the reference materials (RMs), and certified reference materials
(CRMs) in particular, are produced according to technically valid and internationally recognized principles,
and fit for the intended uses.
  These uses include the assessment of precision and trueness of measurement methods, quality control,
assigning values to materials, calibration, and the establishment of conventional scales. This eliminates the
needs of the users to evaluate the quality of the RMs themselves
 RMs are used globally. Many economies around the world have accreditation bodies offering accreditation
to RMPs. These accreditation bodies have adopted ISO 17034: 2016 as the criteria for RMP accreditation.
This has helped economies to adopt a uniform approach for determining RMP competence. This uniform
approach allows accreditation bodies in different economies to establish arrangements among themselves,
based on mutual evaluation and acceptance of each other‘s RMP accreditation systems.

Composition of NABL board

1. Chairperson – Prof.Subbanna Ayyappan

2. Representative of National Standards Body (Ex-Officio): DG, BIS [Shri Pramod Kumar Tiwari, IAS]

3. Representative of National Metrological Institute (Ex-Officio): Director, NPL [Prof. (Dr.) Venu Gopal Achanta]

4. Representative from Govt./Regulators [5] (Ex-Officio): Addl. Secretary, DPIIT [Smt. SumitaDawra]; Secretary,
DST [Dr.Srivari Chandrasekhar]; Director General, DGHS [Prof. (Dr.) Sunil Kumar]; Secretary-cum-Scientific
Director, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission [Dr. Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi]; Secretary, Textile Committee,
Ministry of Textiles [Sh. Ajit B Chavan]

5. Representative from Associations [5] (Ex-Officio):DG, CII [Mr. Virender Singh]; SG, FICCI [Sh. Arun
Chawla]; SG, ASSOCHAM [Sh. Deepak Sood]; Automotive Research Association of India [Dr.Reji Mathai];
Electrical Research and Development Association [Dr. Satish Chetwani]

6. Representative from Industries [5]: Vice President (R&D), MRF Ltd. [Sh. C.M. Cherian]; Director (IS&P),
BHEL [Ms. Renuka Gera]; Vice President, Technology & New Material Division, Tata Steel
[Dr.DebeshishBhattacharjee]; Executive Director (QC), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) [Sh. Rahul
Bhardwaj]; TIC Council of India [Sh. Suresh Sugavanam]

7. Representative from Laboratories [3]: Electronics Regional Test Laboratory (ERTL) [Dr. R.P. Sondhi]; Director
General, Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) [Sh. V.S. Nanda Kumar]; Fare Labs Pvt. Ltd. [Sh. D. Mathur]

8. NABL Accreditation Committee Chairman: Dr. N. Bhaskar

9. Quality Council of India, Secretary General (Ex-Officio): Dr. R.P. Singh

10. Member Secretary: CEO, NABL (Ex-Officio) Mr. N. Venkateswaran

Accreditation Process:
Scope of Accreditation:

NABL Accreditation is currently given in the following fields and disciplines. The multi-disciplinary CABs shall
have to apply in relevant discipline separately depending upon to which discipline the scope belongs.

CALIBRATION MEDICAL
TESTING LABORATORIES
LABORATORIES LABORATORIES

 Chemical
 Biological  Clinical Biochemistry
 Mechanical  Clinical Pathology
 Electrical  Mechanical  Haematology
 Electronics  Electro Technical  Microbiology &
 Fluid Flow  Fluid Flow Infectious disease
 Forensic  Thermal serology
 Non-Destructive (NDT)  Optical  Histopathology
 Photometry  Medical Devices  Cytopathology
 Radiological  Radiological  Flow Cytometry
 Diagnostic Radiology  Cytogenetics
QA Testing  Molecular Testing
 Software & IT System

MEDICAL IMAGING-CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT BODIES (MI-CAB)

 Projectional Radiography & Fluoroscopy

o X-Ray, Bone Densitometry (DEXA), Dental X-Ray-OPG, Mammography etc.
o FluoroscopyComputed Tomography (CT)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Ultrasound and Colour Doppler
 Nuclear Medicine
o SPECT
o PET CT
o PET MRI
 *Basic Diagnostic Interventional Radiology Procedures
 (Image guided Core Biopsy and / or Needle Aspiration e.g. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)

*For only such IR procedures that will be carried out by Radiologists

REFERENCE MATERIAL
PROFICIENCY TESTING PROVIDERS
PRODUCERS

 Chemical Composition
 Biological & Clinical
 Testing
Properties
 Calibration
 Physical Properties
 Medical
 Engineering Properties
 Inspection
 Miscellaneous
Properties

For more details on the disciplines and groups for which the accreditation services are offered in the respective
fields, kindly refer –

 NABL 120 ―Guidance for Classification of Product Groups in Testing & Calibration field‖
 NABL 112 ―Specific Criteria for Accreditation of Medical Laboratories‖
 NABL 180 ―Application Form for Proficiency Testing Providers (PTP)‖
 NABL 190 ―Application Form for Reference Material Producers Accreditation (RMP)‖
 Fig. Location of NABL Accredited laboratories in India


Fig. More then 4813 Accredited Testing Laboratories test a multitude of Products Ranging from
PPE to Mobiles, Food, Water and Construction Materials
Fig. More then 1042 Accredited Calibration Laboratories insure Metrological traceability of
measuring equipments
Fig. More then 2377 accredited medical testing labs insure proper diagnosis is possible through
trustworthy test result
Fig. 55 Accredited proficiency providers available
Fig. 19 Accredited reference material producers
GEOMINE SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD.

Geomine solutions pvt. Ltd. Is a group of dynamic technical experts of versatile sector providing its valuable
services in the field of Geological, Hydro-geological, Environmental, Mining and Geotechnical Services,
established in year 2001 with name of M/s Hydrogeominvironconsultancy. In 2012 new name of company came in
existence as Geominsolution Pvt ltd (GSPL) with a reputation of providing high quality services, both in India and
on International level. We act fairly and ethically in all business activities we do. We provide straight forward and
honest advice with innovative and sustainable solutions to our valuable clients. Their team has wide experience
and knowledge of working in various regions of India as well as abroad. They are having NABL accreditation in
testing of water, air, soil, noise and stack emission. Their Vision and Mission includes to become the number one
environmental consulting firm in the whole of South Carolina and is to provide professional, trusted and result
oriented environmental consulting services that assist businesses and non-profit organizations in operating
sustainably and maximizing profits in their businesses. Their aim is to be responsive towards our client‘s needs
and expectations, and also deliver technical suggestion/information on time framework schedule. In past twenty
years GSPL had provided technical expertise and knowledge to its client for successful completion of various
projects, ranging from geological mapping & reconnaissance, drilling programs, sampling, feasibility studies, due
diligence studies (broad range of commodities including base metals, gold, iron ore, manganese, industrial
minerals, dimensional stones and building materials).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
The company offers the very useful services
Geological, Exploration& Mining Services
Geological Mapping
Geological Prospecting & Exploration
Mineral Reserve Estimation
Topographical Survey
Mining Plan,Scheme of mines for approval by state DMG
Feasibility Reports
Diamond Core Drilling and Core Logging
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
WATER ANNALISIS
The presence of certain contaminants in our water can lead to health issues, including gastrointestinal illness,
reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Infants, young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and
people with weakened immune systems may be especially at risk for illness.

PROCESS OF WATER ANALYSIS

Commonly used methods include chelating ion-exchange and, for trace organic analysis, solvent extraction,
carbon adsorption, and resin adsorption using nonionic macroeticular resins.

Water testing lab in Bikaner

Asking these multiple factors into consideration, precise Analytics offers multiple tests for water samples using
our well-equipped water testing labs and scientific expertise. Water testing is conducted to check:
 Hardness
 Alkalinity
 pH levels,
 Microbial Presence
 Colour, Taste, Odour Dissolved Oxygen(DO)

Instrument used for water analysis

Laboratory equipment for water analysis and monitoring contains a wide range of instruments such as
spectrophotometers, colorimeters, turbidimeters, digital thermostats, titration systems as well as equipment for
electrochemical analysis, e.g pH meters and conduct meters.
 Soil Analysis

Abstract:
The natural environment is clean, but due to multifarious activities of man, it gets polluted
resulting in what is called environmental pollution. In the present study it was preferred to
investigate the soil samples for its physico-chemical analysis of some parameters. Fifteen
representative samples were obtained and analyzed for its pH, EC, Phosphorus, Potassium,
Sulfur and Carbon

Keywords: Physico-chemical, EC, PH, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur and Carbon

1. Introduction

The soil forms the intermediate zone between the atmosphere and the rock cover of the earth, the
lithosphere. It also forms the interface between water bodies (hydrosphere) and the lithosphere
and thus forming a part of biosphere. The soil may be defined as the uppermost weathered layer
of the earth‘s crust in which are mixed organisms and products of their death and decay. It may
also be defined as the part of the earth‘s crust in which plants are anchored. The soil is a complex
organization being made up of some six constituents‘ namely inorganic matter, organic matter,
soil organisms, soil moisture, soil solution and soil air. Roughly, the soil contains 50-60%
mineral matter, 25-35% water, 15-25% air and little percentage of organic matter (Chatwal et al,
2005).The soil pollution due to sewage is also very high. Several diseases are inflicted in human
beings due to pathogenic forms present in the soil. It is the need of time that we have to study the
physico-chemical parameters of soil to know its quality. Twenty representative samples were
collected from various parts of the Kadi taluka and its physico-chemical analysis have been
performed to know its different parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Phosphorous,
Potassium, Sulfur, Carbon and Boron.

2. Materials and Methods

Twenty surface soil (0-0.2m) samples from 5 different regions of Kadi of Gujarat state.

1. pH
The most significant property of soil is its pH level, Its effects on all other parameters of soil.
Therefore, pH is considered while analysing any kind of soil. If the pH is less than 6 then it is
said to be an acidic soil, the pH range from 6-8.5 it‘s a normal soil and greater than 8.5 then
it is said to be alkaline soil.

2. Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity is also a very important property of the soil, it is used to check the quality
of the soil. It is a measure of ions present in solution The electrical conductivity of a soil solution
increases with the increased concentration of ions. Electrical conductivity is a very quick, simple
and inexpensive method to check health of soils. It is a measure of ions present in solution. The
electrical conductivity of a soil solution increases with the increased concentration of ions.
3. Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a most important element present in every living cell. It is one of the most
important micronutrient essential for plant growth. Phosphorus most often limits nutrients
remains present in plant nuclei and act as an energy storage.
4. Potassium
Potassium plays an important role in different physiological processes of plants, it is one of the
important element for the development of the plant. It is involved in many plant metabolism
reactions, ranging from lignin and cellulose used for the formation of cellular structural
components, for regulation of photosynthesis and production of plant sugars that are used for
various plant metabolic needs.

5. Sulfur
Sulfur is as necessary as phosphorus and is considered an essential mineral. Sulphur in plants
helps form important enzymes and assists in the formation of plant proteins. It is needed in very
low amount, but deficiency can cause serious plant health problems and loss of vitality.

6. Carbon
Soil organic carbon is the basis of soil fertility. It release nutrient for plant growth, promotes the
structure, biological and physical health of soil, and is buffer against harmful substances.
Increasing soil organic carbon has two benefits- as well as helping to mitigate climate change, it
improves soil health and fertility. Many management practices that increase soil organic carbon
also improve crop and pasture yields

3. Result and discussion

The values of physicochemical parameters are presented in table 1:-

Sr. Kadi Taluka pH EC Phosphorus Potassiu Carbon(C)

No mmho/cm (P) m(K) %
. kilo/hectare ppm

1. Nandasan 7.5 0.6 10.36 208.32 0.34

2. 7.7 0.4 12.95 223.2 0.46
3. 7.6 0.5 20.72 228.16 0.59
4. 7.5 0.6 23.31 233.12 0.39
5. 7.7 0.3 15.54 238.08 0.82
6. Sujatpura 7.6 0.4 12.95 243.04 0.76
7. 7.5 0.5 10.36 208.32 0.26
8. 7.6 0.6 18.13 213.28 0.64
9. 7.8 0.4 20.72 233.12 0.45
10. 7.9 0.6 23.31 223.2 0.52
11. Lakshmipura 7.7 0.4 15.54 228.16 0.65
12. 7.7 0.5 20.72 208.32 0.84
13. 7.6 0.3 23.31 233.12 0.23
14. 7.4 0.5 10.36 223.2 0.29
15. 7.5 0.3 18.13 228.16 0.56
16. Nanikadi 7.6 0.4 12.95 208.32 0.92
17. 7.4 0.5 15.54 218.24 0.29
18 7.6 0.6 7.77 233.12 0.84
19. 7.5 0.4 20.72 213.28 0.56
20. 7.6 0.5 18.13 188.48 0.75
(Table 1)
We had collected soil samples from different areas of Kadi Taluka, North Gujarat. We found
that. The values of soil pH (Table 1) in this area range from 7.4 to 7.9 indicating an alkaline nature of
soil while EC values range from 0.3 to 0.6 mS/cm (normal EC ranges from 0.02 to 2.0 mS/cm) and such
soil is said to be non-saline. The low ES values could be due to high rainfall in this area which washes out
soluble cations from the soils. Phosphorous is necessary for seed germination and essential for flowering
and fruits formation deficiency symptoms are purple stems and leaves, yields of fruit and are poor.
Observed values of phosphorous range between 7.77 kg/hectare to 23.31 kg/hectare. Potassium values
range between 188.48 kg/hectare to 243.04kg/hectare. carbon is 0.92 to 1.127%.

pH

8
7.9

7.8

7.7

7.6
Series1
7.4
7.3

7.2
Vol:3 Page : 36-
40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1213 141516 171819
20
 EC
0.7

0.6

0.5
Series1

0.2

0.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Phosphorus Kg\Hec

25

20

15

Series1
10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
 Potassium Kg\Hec

300

250

Series1
100

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Carbon %

1
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

4. Conclusion
It was observed that different areas of soil had influences on the
physicochemical characteristics of the soils. However, application of
more labile organic inputs, liming materials and suitable inorganic
fertilizers (N-P-K) would be effective for sustainable man-agement and
improving fertility status of the soils. Such type of monitoring of soil
sample is beneficial to know the concentrations of various parameters
present in soil samples.
EXPERIMENTATION
Uma Joshi and Classmates
CONCLUSION