Definition –

Democracy is a form of government in which rulers are elected by people.

Case studies

Pakistan – pervez musharaaf led military coup October 1999

Overthrew demotricalyy elected government and became chief executive

2002 refrendum gave five year extension to him

August 2002 issued a legal framework order amended constitution of Pakistan – according to this
president can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies

Work of civilian cabinet supervised by national security council dominated military officers

Final power with pervez musharaff.less powers with assembly.

1st feature - So final decision making power must rest with those elected by people

China- election every 5 years ,

NPC - national people’s congress appoints president

3,000 members in NPC but the candidate needs permission of china’s communist party or 8 small
parties allied to it they can contest elections only.

Gov formed by communist party.

Mexico – it got independence in 1930 .

Elections held evry 6 years

PRI rules there institutional and revolutionary party until 2000

It uses dirty tricks like shifting polling booth , forcing teachers of government schools to tell vote for
them. , spends large money in campaign .

2nd Feature – Elections must be free and fair in democracy and those in power currently must have a
fair chance of losing

In Estonia Russians find it difficult to vote , Russians in minority there

In Fiji ,a Fijian vote has more value than an Indian fijian

In Saudi Arabia women’s got riht to vote in 2015

3rd Feature – Each person should have one vote and it should have one value.

Zimbabwe attained independence from white minority in 1980 ,

Leader Robert Mugabe of pray ZANU-PF over years he changed made amendments in constitution many
times to increase his power he was less accountable to other people , oppositions were harassed ,
protest declared illegal , gov harassed journalists , pressurized judges but thrown out of office in 2017

4th feature – a democratic government must rule within the limits set by constitution

WHY DEMOCRACY ?

Arguments against democracy

 Leaders keep changing

 Political compietion and powerplay o welfare looked upon of people
 Delays
 Elected leaders don’t know interests of people
 Corruption in this electoral competition

Arguments for democracy

*China’s famine example – it came in 1958-61 , 3 crore people died, india’s economic condition not
better than china still less people died due to democratcy government acountablity . – democracy is
better than other forms of government its accountable.

*democracy improves quality of decision making

*it deals with differences and conflicts

*It enhances dignity of citizens , recognizes everyone equal

* It allows us to correct its own mistakes

* people don’t have time to sit take decisions for country together

The French Revolution

Start with an incident

14 July 1789 , Paris in state of alarm , 7,000 men fire upon on bastille

Why bastille? – bcs it stood for the despoitic power of king

Why people attacked – bcs of rumours he would fore upon soon

Sounevir of destruction sold in market

Why this happened here starts French revolution back story and timeline

------------French society during late 18th century

1774- Louis xvi ascended throne of france 20yrold married to marie antonitte

France treasury empty why ?

While saving 13 american colonies under common enemy britain

Extravagant court versallies maintenance

Old regime – used to describe society and institutions of france during late 18 th century

Loans on 10% intrest so to meet expenses tax increase but tax paid by only third estate

1st estate – clergy – church priests

2nd estate – nobility – people of noble family

3rd estate-peasants and small businessmen labourers

Agriculture done by 90% peasants they were of population but only 60% owned land

1st estate extracted taxes known as tithes- 1/10th of agriculture produce

2nd estate – direct tax

-----------------1.1 Struggle to survive

Population of france rose from 13 million 1715 to 28 million 1789

Increase in demand for foodgrains , bread price rose

Subsistence crisis basic mans of livelihood endangered situation

--------Emerge of some middle class groups

Third estate emeged with some middle class educated people they believed that a person’s social
position must depend on merit

John locke – in the two treatise of government – sought of to refute doctrine of divine and
absolute right of monarch

Jean rousseau – social contract- the social between people and their representatives
,montisque – the Spirits of law - the division of power – legioslative , executive , judiciary

------------------Outbreak of revolution

Acc to old regime gov couldn’t increase taxes without an estate general meeting

5 may 1789 estate general meeting held last time held in 1614

Estate general- A political body

Estate sent representatives – 1st and 2nd – 300 each , 3rd-600

Peasants , women not allowed so their complains in 40,00 letters

Each member one vote proposal principle by rousseau in social contract put forward but rejected
by 1st and 2nd estate

20th june 1789 = gathered in indoor tennis court of versallies 3rd estae formed national assembly

They were led by Mirabeau and abbe sieyes

Mirabeau – person from noble family convinced to doaway with a society with feudal privellges

Abbe sieyes - he wrote pamphlet what is the third estate?

14 july – women angered with king and prices in bakery shops stormed in and king ordered to
move his ttroops to paris and then rest we kwn batille destroyed

Chatteaux – palace of king or nobleman , peasants in fear of brigands stormed in

4 August 1789- feudal privelleges abolished hence 2 billion livres profit

France becomes constituiotional monarchy

1791 draft completed

Every power separated into legislative , executive , judiciary

Active citizens – only men above 25 yrs age who paid taxes equal to thee 3 days of wages

Passive – remaining ones

Declaration of rights of man citizen

Rights brought – right to life , freedom of speech,equality before law established as natutal
inalienable rights

POLITICAL SYMBOLS
Broken chain – stands for becoming free

Bundle of rods – strength lies in unity

Eye within radiating light – rays of sun will drive away clouds of ignorance

Sceptre –symbol of royal power

Snake biting its tail to form a ring – symbol of eternity , ring has no end no beginning

Red phygyrian – cap worn by slave upon becoming free

Blue – white – red – national colours of france

Winged woman – personification of law

Law tablet – law is same for all and all equal before it

------------France becomes republic

1792 king negotiating with king of Prussia secret

April 1792 – national assembly declared war against prusia and austria

Marsiallese song composed by roget de L’lse

As the consitution gave rights richer sections political clubs were made to discuss on government
policies –

Jacoblin famous one name came from st Jacob a convent building belonging to community
devoted to religious life

They wore sans-culotees meaning those without knee breachers

Summer of 1792 insurrection declared against nking on 10 august storm on palace of tulieres ,
later assembly held royal family imprisoned then aklk men above 21 yrs of age regardless of
wealth got voting right

New assembly elected name convention , 21 September 1792 france becomes republic

Republic definition you kwn

Louis xvi executed on charges of treason on 21 January 1793 executed in palace de la concord

----------------1793 to 1794 reign of terror

Maximillian robbespire leader of jacoblin club became head of france he gave punishment to
people against him like clergy , nobility and party people against him he used to guillotine them
tits a device with two poles and one guillotine
 His laws

- Maximum ceiling on wages and prices

- Meat and bread rationed
- Peasants forced to sell goods at fixed prices
- Expensive white flour forbidden
- -Monsieur (SIR ) and madame (MADAM ) to citoyen and citoyene (CITIZEN)
- Churches shut down and coverted to barracks or offices
His supporters demand for moderation on july 1794 he was arrested and sent to gulliotine

--------------------Directory rules france

Wealthier middle class seized power , two legislative councils and they appointed five directory
members of executive , they often clashes and then napoleon bonaparte , military dictator came to
rise in power

-------------Did women have revolution

Women active participants

Women of third estate work for living became sellers , seamstresss , laundresses

No acces to education most one wealthier members studied but soon after married , working women
had to do house chores too , wages were low

60 women clubs came up most famous society of revolutionary and republician women there
demands for political rights and right to vote .

Early years revolutionary go bought some laws for them

- Creation of state schools , state schooling compulsory for girls

- No marriage against their will made into contract freely and registered
- Divorce legal for both man and women
- Train for jobs , could become arists and run small businesses

1946 women got right to vote

----------------------Abolition of slavery

Carribean- martinque, san domingo , guadeolope suppliers of tobacco , indigo , sugar and coffee

But shortage of labour and reluctance to go and work in disant places no possibility

This met my triangular slave trade of America , Africa and Europe

17th century trade begun

French merchants sailed from ports of Bordeaux or nantes , bought slaves from African coast to ships
went for a three month voyage atlantic to carribean sold to plantation owners those slaves .

1794 legislated to free all slaves in the french overseas possession

African negroes – term used for indigeneous people of south africa

Napoleon reintroduced slavey , slavery finally abolished in 1848

--------------Revolution and everyday life

Abolition of censorship in summer of 1789 soon after law and expression of ideas

------------------Conclusion

1804 – napoleon bonarparte became empreror of france , conquered kingdoms and placed his family
members

Introduced laws

- Uniform systems of weights and measures provided by decimal system

- Protecton of private property

He got defeated in battle at waterloo in 1815

The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were most important legacy of france.

An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time

To specify position of an object we need a refrence known as origin

The numerical value of a physical quantity is its magnitude

Ex - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

O C B A

O>C>B>A>B=95 km

Displacement o to b – 35 km

Shortest distance measured from intial and final position of an object is kwn as displacement.

10m boundary of side 10 m travelled in 40 s

Perimeter of square = 4*s = 40m

2 min 20 sec = 140 s , , 40/140=3.5 rounds

x x 10^2*+10^2=x^2 = 10root 2

distance and displacement difference

Uniform and non uniform motion

* speed is distance per unit time SI unit m/s , ms^-1 to specify speed we need its magnitude

Av speed = total distance/ total time taken

Velocity is speed of an object moving in definite direction

AV = U+V/2

SI unit m/s , ms^-1

SPEED VELOCITY

SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY

CAN BE 0 OR POSITIVE CAN BE 0, POSITVE AND NEGATIVE TOO

DISTANCE PER UNIT TIME DISPLACEMENT PER UNIT TIME

 MAGNITUDE OF AVERAGE VELOCITY OF AN OBJECT IS EQUAL TO AVERAGE SPEED WHEN

DISPLACEMENT IS EQUAL
ODOMETER MEASURES SPEED AND DISTANCE IN AN AUTOMOBILE

SOLVE THIS QUESTION SPEED = 3*10^8 AND TIME = FIVE MINUTES FIND DISTANCE

CHANGE IN VELOCITY IS ACCELERATION

A=v-u/t
Positive in direction of velocity and negative in opposite direction

If an object travels in a straight line and velocity increases or decreases by equal intervals of
time then its uniform acceleration

Suppose a car increase its velocity at every 40 m of about 10ms-1

So if he covered displacement of 120 m he had done uniform acceleration
Non- uniform acceleration example is covering unequal distances in equal intervals of time