MIL 11 REVIEWER

COMMUNICATION- It is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or

nonverbal means.

INFORMATION LITERACY- refers to the abilities to recognize when information is needed

and to locate, evaluate, effectively use, and communication information in its various
formats.

LITERACY- the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and compute
using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY- refers to the essential competencies and skills that
allow citizens to engage with media and other information providers effectively and
develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active
citizens.

MEDIA LITERACY- the ability to decode, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a
variety of forms.

TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL) LITERACY- the ability to use digital technology, communication

tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use and create information. It also refers to the
ability to understand and use information in multiple formats from a wide range of
sources when it is presented via computers and to a person’s ability to perform tasks
effectively in a digital environment.

DIGITAL ACCESS- the ability to fully participate in digital society.

DIGITAL LITERACY- the ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to
locate, evaluate, use and create information.

ETIQUTTE- properties of conduct as established in any class or community of for any

occasion.

FLAME WAR- series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments by two or more people in an
ongoing online argument.

NETIQUTTE- set of rules for behaving properly online.

PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (Before 1700s)- People discovered fire, developed paper from
plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.

CAVE PAINTINGS- (also known as “parietal art”) are numerous paintings and engravings
found on cave walls or ceilings around 38 000 BCE.

CLAY TABLETS- are used as a writing medium especially for writing in cuneiform.

CUNEIFORM- is one of the oldest forms of writing. This means of communication was used
for over 3000 years in 15 different languages.

PAPYRUS- is made from pith of papyrus plant. It is used in ancient times as writing surface to
designate documents written on its sheets, rolled up to scrolls.

OTHER EXAMPLES UNDER PRE-INDUSTRIAL AG:

- ACTA DIURNA IN ROME - DIBAO IN CHINA

- CODEX IN THE MAYAN REGION - PRINTING PRESS
USING WOOD BLOCKS
INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s-1930s)- People used the power of steam, developed machine
tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including
books through the printing press).

PRINTING PRESS- it is typically used for texts. It is a device that applies pressure to an inked
surface upon a print medium (like paper or cloth).

TELEGRAPH- it is used for long-distance communication by transmitting electrical signals

over a wire laid between stations.

MOTION PICTURE- (also known as film or movie) is series of still photos on film, projected in
rapid succession onto a screen by means of light.

OTHER EXAMPLES UNDER INDUSTRIAL AGE:

- NEWSPAPER- The London Gazette (1640) - TYPEWRITER (1800)

-TELEPHONE (1876)
- MOTION PICTURE PHOTOGRAPHY/PROJECTION (1890) - MOTION PICTURE
W/ SOUND (1926)
- COMMERCIAL MOTION PICTURES (1913) - PUNCH CARDS

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s-1980s)- The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic
age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication
became more efficient.

OTHER EXAMPLES UNDER ELECTRONIC AGE:

- TELEVISION (1941) - TRANSISTOR RADIO

NEW AGE OR INFORMATION AGE (1900s-2000s)– The internet paved the way for faster
communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of
microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are
now living in the information age.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION OF MEDIA:

1. MONITORING FUNCTION- This is to inform the citizens on what is happening around

them.
2. INFORMATION FUNCTION- this is to educate the audience on the meaning and
significance of the facts.
3. OPINION FUNCTION- This is to provide a platform for public political discourse. It is to
facilitate public opinion and expression of dissent.
4. WATCHDOG ROLE OF JOURNALISM- It denounces the wrongdoing of the government
and the private which leads to increasing of accountability and spearheading positive
changes.
 Sources of media and information
MIL REVIEWER SECOND QUARTER
INFORMATION SOURCE- refers to any medium or entity that provides data, facts, or
knowledge to someone. These sources can be used to inform, educate, or communicate
information on various topics. Information sources can come in various forms, such as
observations, documents, people, photographs, and more.

1. Primary Sources

PRIMARY SOURCE- is an original document or record created at the time of an event or

period, providing direct, first-hand information.

Characteristics of Primary Sources:

o They provide direct evidence about a subject.

o They have not been altered or interpreted by others.

o They offer a first-hand account of events, ideas, or actions.

Examples of Primary Sources:

 Artifacts: Physical objects from a particular time period (e.g., tools, clothing, coins).

 Historical Documents: Original written works from a specific time, such as

constitutions, letters, diaries, or official records.

 Photographs and Videos: Images or recordings taken during or immediately after an

event (e.g., photographs from a historical protest or battle).

 Oral Histories: Audio or video recordings of people sharing their personal accounts or
testimonies about past events.

 Newspaper Articles (from the time of the event): News reports written during or
shortly after a particular event (e.g., a newspaper reporting on a major war as it
happens).

 Government and Legal Documents: Laws, treaties, and legislation that were
created at the time of an event.

Importance of Primary Sources:

 They offer authentic, unmediated access to historical events.

  They are valuable for research because they allow researchers to draw their own
conclusions based on raw data.

2. Secondary Sources

SECONDARY SOURCE- is a document or recording that relates or discusses information

originally presented elsewhere. These sources analyze, interpret, or summarize primary
sources or past events, offering second-hand accounts.

Characteristics of Secondary Sources:

 They are created after an event has occurred.

 They interpret, analyze, or summarize primary source material.

 They provide context or commentary on a subject or event, based on information

from primary sources.

Examples of Secondary Sources:

 Books and Articles (about an event): A history book analyzing World War II or an
academic article reviewing scientific findings from a primary study.

 Biographies: Written accounts about someone's life, based on primary sources such
as diaries, letters, and interviews.

 Documentaries: Films or TV programs that present an analysis or narrative about a

historical event or person, usually based on interviews and primary source materials.

 Encyclopedias and Textbooks: Collections of summarized knowledge on topics that

compile information from various sources.

Importance of Secondary Sources:

 They provide context for understanding primary sources.

 They help interpret and explain events that are not immediately clear from primary
data.

 They are essential for further research and critical analysis of a subject.

SOURCES OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

- INDIGENOUS
- LIBRARY
- INTERNET

1. INDIGENOUS MEDIA- are owned, controlled and managed by indigenous peoples in order
for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the languages
understood by the community by utilizing indigenous materials and resources, reflecting
community needs and interest, visions and aspirations, and independent from vested
interest groups.

Indigenous knowledge is unique to a specific culture or society; most often it is not written
down.
 Indigenous communication is the transmission of information through local channels or
forms. It is a means by which culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted.

Forms of indigenous media and their local examples:

a. Folk or traditional media

b. Gatherings and social organizations

c. Direct observation

d. Records - may be written, carved, or oral

e. Oral instruction

2. LIBRARY- is a place to read any published materials like books, etc. Libraries are often
classified in four groups, namely: academic, public, school and special. These libraries may be
either digital or physical in form.

Types of Libraries:

- ACADEMIC LIBRARY- is a library that is attached to a higher education institution and

serves two complementary purposes: to support the curriculum and to support the
research of the university faculty and students.

- PUBLIC LIBRARY- is a library that is accessible by the general public and is usually
funded from public sources such as taxes and it is operated by librarians.

- SCHOOL LIBRARY- is a library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents
of a public or private school have access to a variety of resources.

- SPECIAL LIBRARY- is a library that provides specialized information resources on a

particular subject, serves a specialized and limited clientele, and delivers specialized
services.

Characteristic of Libraries in terms of reliability, accuracy and value:

- Libraries of published books are considered highly reliable, accurate and valuable.
Books and documents from dominant sources are often peer reviewed.

3. INTERNET- is a vast global network of interconnected computer systems that communicate

with each other through standardized protocols to share information, data, and resources. It
enables users to access, exchange, and interact with information in various forms, such as
text, images, video, and audio, from virtually anywhere in the world.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION -INTERNET-

- POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
- TRADE PUBLICATIONS
- SCHOLARLY PUBLICATIONS

Domain Names and their Equivalent

.edu Educational Institution

It may contain carefully processed and reviewed information
though it may not represent the individual views of the
academic personnel.
 .com Mostly commercial entities, some of which are profit-oriented
.org Non-profit organizations
.gov Government organizations
.net Internet service providers

Evaluating Information Sources

RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION- Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and

evaluated. Others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability
of information.

Reliable sources have this:

ISSN (INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER)- is an eight-digit serial number used to

uniquely identify a serial publication, such as magazine.

ISBN REGISTRATION (INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER)-is a numeric commercial

book identifier which is intended to be unique

ACCURACY OF INFORMATION - Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual
data.

VALUE OF INFORMATION - Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or

improving decisions.

AUTHORITY OF THE SOURCE - Much of the information we gather daily do not come from a
primary source but are passed on through secondary sources such as writers, reporters, and
the like.

TIMELINESS - Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it
was produced or acquired. While a piece of information may have been found accurate,
reliable, and valuable during the time it was produced, it may become irrelevant and
inaccurate with the passing of time (thus making it less valuable). Other information may be
timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy, and value throughout history.

Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information

- Check the author.

- Check the date of publication or of update.
- Check for citations.
- Check the domain or owner of the site or page.
- Check the site design and the writing style.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY- the World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO, defined

Intellectual property as creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works;
designs; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce.

REPUBLIC ACT 8293- also known as the INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
was created to combat illegal use and owning of original work without legal permission. This
law covers the ff. types of intellectual property; copyright, patent, trademark, industrial
design, and geographical origin.

COPYRIGHT ©- is a legal term used to describe the rights t hat creators have over their
literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings,
sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical
drawings.

COPYRIGHT VALIDITY PERIOD

Literary works During the lifetime of the author plus 50
years after death
Art 25 years from the date of creation
Photographic work 50 years from publication
Audio-visual work 50 years from publication

PATENT- is an exclusive right granted for an invention.

TRADEMARK (TM)- is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise
from those of other enterprises.

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN- constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. May consist
of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-
dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS- are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical
origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially
attributable to that place of origin.

PLAGIARISM- one form of academic dishonesty. It is claiming, or appearing to claim, another’s

work as your own by not acknowledging it. It is classified into types: sources cited and
sources not cited.

SOURCES NOT CITED-

THE GHOST WRITER- the writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own.

THE PHOTOCOPY- the writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source,
without alteration.

THE POTLUCK PAPER- the writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences
to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.

THE POOR DISGUISE- the writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing
keywords and phrases.

THE LABOR OF LAZINESS- the writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from
other sources and make it all fit together.

THE SELF-STEALER- the writer ‘borrows’ generously from his or her previous work.

SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

THE FORGOTTEN FOOTNOTE- the writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects
to include specific information on the location of the material referenced.

THE MISINFORMER- the writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making
it impossible to find them.

THE TOO-PERFECT PARAPHRASE- the writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in
quotation marks on text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it.

THE RESOURCEFUL CITER- the writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using
quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work.
THE PERFECT CRIME- the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on
to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation.

THE FF. ACTIVITIES ARE CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM;

1. Copying media especially images from other websites to paste them into your
own papers or websites.
2. Making a video using footage from other’s videos or using copyrighted music as
part of the soundtrack.
3. Performing another person’s copyrighted music example playing a cover.

INFRINGEMENT- a violation of intellectual property law.

PIRACY- it refers to the unauthorized use, copying, reproduction or distribution of products that
have IP right protection.

FAIR USE- it refers to the use of copyrighted material without a license only for certain
purposes.

CREATIVE COMMONS- is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range

of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. They released several
copyright-licenses free of charge to the public.

Topic: Digital Divide, Addiction, and Bullying

I. Digital Divide

DIGITAL DIVIDE- refers to the gap between individuals, households, or communities who
have access to modern information and communication technologies (ICT) and those
who do not. This divide can be based on access to the internet, devices (like
computers, smartphones), and digital literacy (the ability to effectively use
technology).

Key Causes of the Digital Divide

 Geographical location: Rural and remote areas often have less access to internet
infrastructure.

 Economic factors: Higher costs of technology and internet plans may limit access to
lower-income individuals or families.

 Educational barriers: Lack of digital literacy education may prevent people from
using technology effectively.

 Age factor: Older individuals might lack familiarity or comfort with modern digital
technologies.

Impacts of the Digital Divide

 Education: Limited access to digital resources and online learning tools can hinder
academic performance, especially in times of remote learning.

 Employment: Difficulty in finding job opportunities or working from home due to lack
of technology access.

 Social Inclusion: People without digital access may feel isolated or disconnected from
information, social networks, and services.
Bridging the Digital Divide

 Community access programs: Establishing internet hubs in public spaces like

libraries or community centers.

 Government policies: Subsidizing internet services for low-income families or

students.

 Digital literacy programs: Educating people on how to use technology effectively.

II. Digital Addiction

DIGITAL ADDICTION, OR TECHNOLOGY ADDICTION- refers to excessive or compulsive

use of digital devices or the internet, where it interferes with daily life, relationships,
and mental well-being.

Symptoms of Digital Addiction

 Excessive screen time: Spending long hours on digital devices, even when it disrupts
other activities.

 Neglect of responsibilities: Missing work, school, or social obligations due to

excessive use of technology.

 Physical effects: Eye strain, headaches, sleep disturbances, and poor posture.

 Emotional symptoms: Feelings of anxiety, irritability, or withdrawal when not using

digital devices.

Consequences of Digital Addiction

 Mental health issues: Increased stress, depression, and anxiety linked to excessive
social media or gaming.

 Physical health risks: Problems like poor sleep patterns (from screen exposure before
bed) and sedentary lifestyle-related issues like obesity.

 Social isolation: Addiction may lead to neglecting real-world relationships in favor of

online interactions.

Addressing Digital Addiction

 Time management: Setting limits on screen time and making time for offline
activities.

 Mindful technology use: Engaging with technology in a balanced, purposeful way

(e.g., using social media for positive purposes).

 Digital detox: Taking regular breaks from screens and engaging in offline hobbies like
outdoor activities or reading.

III. Cyberbullying

CYBERBULLYING- involves the use of digital platforms—such as social media, messaging

apps, or websites—to harass, threaten, or manipulate others. It can occur anonymously
or openly on the internet.

Types of Cyberbullying
  Harassment: Repeatedly sending hurtful or threatening messages to someone.

 Outing: Posting or sharing private information or embarrassing content about

someone.

 Exclusion: Deliberately excluding someone from online groups, chats, or activities.

 Impersonation: Pretending to be someone else online to spread false or harmful

information.

 Cyberstalking: Persistent and aggressive online behavior that causes fear or distress.

Effects of Cyberbullying

 Emotional harm: Victims may experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, and low
self-esteem.

 Academic and social consequences: Victims may avoid school or social interactions
due to fear of bullying.

 Long-term effects: Lasting impacts on mental health and personal relationships if not
addressed.

Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying

 Report and block: Reporting the abusive content to platform administrators and
blocking the bully.

 Support systems: Encouraging open communication between victims, parents,

teachers, and counselors.

 Education and awareness: Promoting digital citizenship, kindness, and respect

online to prevent bullying.