Subject:-Iks

Section 1:-ANCIENT INDIAN DANCE

IMPACT OF SOCIETAL ROLES ON INDIAN DANCE

• In ancient India, society was divided into four main social classes
known as the varnas. These classes were the Brahmins (priests and
scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and
farmers), and Shudras (laborers and service providers).
Each class had its own set of duties and responsibilities, and this
hierarchical structure played a significant role in shaping the way
dance was perceived and practiced.
Women in ancient India played a vital role in the development of
classical dance forms. While men traditionally dominated the public
sphere, women found a creative outlet in dance, which allowed
Them to express their emotions and tell stories through movement.
Female dancers, known as devadasis, were often employed in
temples and royal courts where they performed intricate dances in
honour of the gods.
• Despite the passage of time, Indian classical dance has continued
to evolve and adapt to contemporary tastes and sensibilities. Many
modern dancers are exploring innovative ways to incorporate
traditional movements and themes into their performances, blending
the old with the
New to create truly unique artistic expressions. In today’s rapidly
changing world, Indian classical dance has the power to inspire
social change and
Promote positive values. Many dancers use their art as a platform to
raise awareness about social issues, advocate for gender equality,
and celebrate diversity and inclusivity.
By sharing their messages through the universal language of dance,
these artists bring people together and foster a sense of unity. Indian
classical dance continues to remain relevant in today’s modern age,
not just as a form of artistic expression but as a powerful tool for
cultural preservation, spiritual connection, and social impact.

EVOLUTION OF BHARATANATYAM
Bharatanatyam traces its roots back to the temples of Tamil Nadu,
where it was performed as a sacred offering to the
Gods. It was performed by women called Devdasis. So, it was
formerly known as Dasiattam. The dance form has evolved over
centuries, drawing inspiration from various regional and cultural
influences.
Originally known as “Sadir,” Bharatanatyam underwent a
transformation in the early 20th century, the credit goes to the efforts
of visionary dancers like Rukmini Devi Arundale, who sought to
elevate its status as a classical art.
The revival of Bharatanatyam in the 20th century marked a turning
point in its history. Dancers such as Balasaraswati and Rukmini Devi
Arundale played a pivotal role in redefining the dance form and
introducing new elements to its repertoire.
Through their innovative choreography and rigorous training
techniques, they brought Bharatanatyam to a wider audience and
secured its place as a quintessential part of Indian cultural heritage.
One of the most visually striking aspects of Bharatanatyam is its
elaborate costumes and jewellery. Originally, dancers adorned
themselves with traditional silk sarees and gold ornaments. However,
as the dance form evolved, so too did its costumes. Modern
Bharatanatyam costumes feature stitched sarees with vibrant colors,
and jwellery.
At the heart of Bharatanatyam are its intricate techniques and
rigorous training methods. Dancers must possess exceptional
flexibility, strength, and stamina to execute the complex movements
and poses that characterize the art form. From the graceful “Adavus”
i.e. the basic steps in Bharatanatyam to the emotive “Abhinaya,” it
demands a high level of skill and dedication from its practitioners.
Music plays a central role in Bharatanatyam, providing a rhythmic
framework for the dancers to express themselves. Traditional
Carnatic music, with its soul-touching melodies and complex
rhythms, forms the backbone of Bharatanatyam performances.
Instruments such as the mridangam, veena, and flute accompany
the dancers, creating a harmonious blend of music and movement.
Generally, the Gurus play Nattuvangam or Talam to accompany
students to maintain the accuracy of rhythm while dancing.
Beyond its artistic appeal, Bharatanatyam holds significant social
and cultural importance. Through its themes of mythology,
spirituality, and morality, Bharatanatyam serves as a vehicle for
transmitting cultural values and traditions to future generations. It
also provides a platform for women to express themselves and
challenge societal norms, making it a powerful tool for empowerment
and self-expression.

EVOLUTION OF KATHAK
Kathak originated in Northern India, with its roots stretching back to
ancient times. Katha kahe so kathak kaehelave.
The name “kathak” is derived from the Sanskrit word “katha,” which
means story.
This dance form was initially performed in temples and royal courts,
where dancers told stories through their movements and
expressions. Over time, kathak evolved to incorporate elements of
Persian and Mughal culture, blending intricate footwork and graceful
arm movements.
One of the defining features of kathak is its close association with
Hindustani classical music. Dancers often perform to live musicians
playing traditional instruments such as the tabla and sitar, creating a
seamless fusion of rhythm and melody. The intricate footwork of
kathak is perfectly synchronized with the beats of the music, adding
depth and complexity to the performance.
Another aspect that has evolved over time is the kathak costume.
Traditionally, dancers wore elaborate lehengas and dupattas
adorned with intricate embroidery and embellishments.
Throughout its history, kathak has developed regional variations that
reflect the cultural diversity of India. The Jaipur gharana, for example,
emphasizes precise footwork and intricate spins, while the Lucknow
gharana focuses on graceful and expressive movements. These
different styles add depth and complexity to the art form, showcasing
the versatility and creativity of kathak dancers.
In recent years, kathak has undergone a revival with dancers pushing
the boundaries of traditional choreography. Contemporary kathak
performances often incorporate elements of fusion, blending
classical movements with modern dance techniques to create a
unique and captivating experience for audiences. Dancers are
experimenting with new styles, music, and themes, breathing new life
into this ancient art forms.

EVOLUTION OF MANIPURI

This traditional dance form hails from the northeastern state of

Manipur, where it has been passed down through generations as a
sacred art form. Originally performed in temples and royal courts,
Manipuri dance is characterized by its delicate movements, gentle
footwork, and expressive storytelling.

Over time, Manipuri dance has evolved and adapted to the changing
times, incorporating new elements and influences.
While staying true to its roots.
One of the key developments in the transformation of Manipuri dance
was the revival of the art form in the early 20th century, the whole
credit goes to the efforts of eminent gurus and practitioners. They
worked tirelessly to preserve the authenticity and purity of Manipuri
dance while also infusing it with modern sensibilities.
The dancers, dressed in traditional attire adorned with vibrant colors
and shimmering ornaments, bring to life ancient stories and myths
through their performances. The rhythmic beats of the traditional
Manipuri drum, known as the pung, accompany the dancers, adding
an extra layer of depth and emotion to their movements.
The transformation journey of Manipuri dance has not only shaped
the art form itself but also had a profound impact on the cultural
landscape of Manipur and beyond. Through their performances and
workshops, Manipuri dancers are preserving the legacy of their
ancestors while also inspiring a new generation of artists to take up
the mantle.
The popularity of Manipuri dance festivals and competitions has
further elevated the profile of this exquisite art form, attracting
enthusiasts from all corners of the globe.

EVOLUTION OF KATHAKALI
Kathakali, which means “Story-Play” in Malayalam, originated in the
southern state of Kerala, India in 17 th century.It Is a highly stylized
dance form that combines storytelling, drama, music, and intricate
movements to convey powerful emotions and narratives. Initially
performed by male dancers, Kathakali draws inspiration from ancient
Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The
elaborate costumes, vibrant makeup, and dynamic choreography
make Kathakali a feast for the senses and a true spectacle to
behold.Over the centuries, Kathakali has undergone various
transformations while staying true to its traditional roots. Initially, the
dance was performed in temple courtyards and royal courts as a form
of religious worship and entertainment. However, as the art form
gained popularity, it started to make its way onto public stages and
theatre houses, reaching a wider audience and garnering
international acclaim.
One of the key developments in the evolution of Kathakali was the
incorporation of elements from other dance forms and theater
traditions. Dancers began to experiment with new movements,
gestures, and expressions, blending the traditional Kathakali style
with contemporary influences. This fusion of old and new led to the
creation of innovative choreographies and performances that pushed
the Boundaries of what Kathakali could achieve.
Furthermore, the evolution of Kathakali also saw a shift in the gender
dynamics of the dance. While traditionally performed exclusively by
male dancers, Kathakali started to embrace female artists who
brought a fresh perspective and energy to the art form. This inclusion
of women in Kathakali opened up new possibilities for storytelling,
character development, and emotional expression, adding depth and
richness to the dance.In the modern age, Kathakali continues to
evolve and adapt to the changing times while preserving its cultural
heritage and artistic integrity. Contemporary choreographers and
dancers are exploring new themes, styles, and interpretations in their
performances, pushing the boundaries of tradition and innovation.
From experimental collaborations with other dance forms to cutting-
edge technology integration, Kathakali is embracing the future while
honouring its past.
IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION OF INDIAN DANCE
If we take an overview, over the years, Indian classical dance forms
have undergone significant changes and adaptations.While the basic
vocabulary and technique remain the same, dancers and
choreographers have introduced new movements, styles, and
themes to keep these ancient art forms relevant in today’s
world.These changes have brought in fresh perspectives, creativity,
and innovation, making Indian classical dance forms more dynamic
and versatile.
Dancers are now blending traditional movements with contemporary
themes, music, and costumes to appeal to a wider audience. This
fusion of traditional and modern elements not only attracts younger
generations but also helps. In keeping the art form alive and growing.
With changing times, dancers from diverse backgrounds are now
exploring and excelling in these art forms, challenging stereotypes
and bringing inclusivity and diversity to the forefront.
With the importance of changes in Indian classical dance forms,
there has also been a revival of forgotten styles and techniques.
These changes have not only kept these ancient art forms alive and
relevant but have also brought in fresh perspectives, creativity, and
innovation.

INFLUENCE OF INDIAN DANCE ON GLOBAL CULTURE

• In recent years, Indian classical dance has gained widespread
popularity on the global stage. With the rise of social media and
online platforms, these dance forms have reached even more people,
breaking down cultural barriers and connecting diverse communities
through the universal language of dance. From the temples of India
to the stages of New York, these dance forms continue to inspire and
enchant audience with their rich History and mesmerizing
performances.
Indian classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Odissi
have a rich history that dates back centuries, rooted in ancient
traditions and in contrast, Western classical dance, has its origins in
the courts of Europe and has evolved over time to become a hallmark
of grace and precision.
During the 20th century, pioneers such as Rukmini Devi Arundale and
Uday Shankar introduced Indian classical dance to Western
audiences, sparking a cross-cultural exchange that would influence
the future of dance.
The Intricate footwork and hand gestures of Indian classical dance
have inspired Western dancers to explore new ways of expressing
emotion and storytelling through movement. Through this cultural
exchange, dancers and choreographers have gained a deeper
appreciation for each other’s art forms.
Many choreographers and dancers have incorporated elements of
Indian classical dance into their own work, creating a fusion of styles
that is both mesmerizing and innovative.
One of the most exciting aspects of the impact of Indian classical
dance on contemporary global dance trends is the rise
collaborations and cross-cultural exchange between dancers from
different backgrounds. Whether it be through workshop
performances, or online platforms, dancers from all over the world
are coming together to learn from each other and create exciting
dance experiences.
From Hollywood to Bollywood and beyond, Indian classical dance
has made its mark on the silver screen, enchanting audiences
worldwide. One of the most important aspects of Indian classical
dance is its ability to convey complex emotions and tell stories
through movement and expression. In global cinema, these dance
forms have been used to enhance the narrative and deepen the
emotional impact of the storytelling. Beyond its storytelling
capabilities, Indian classical dance also brings a visual feast to the
screen. The vibrant costumes and elaborate jewellery associated
with these dance forms add a visual spectacle.
Through the medium of global cinema, Indian classical dance has
become a bridge for cultural exchange and dialogue. Filmmakers and
artists from different parts of the world have been inspired by the
beauty and richness of these dance forms, leading to collaborations
and cross-cultural pollination that transcend borders and
boundaries.
Indian classical dance has gained widespread recognition and
popularity in international dance festivals. Dance festivals provide a
platform for artists from different cultures to showcase their talents
and exchange ideas. The international dance festivals provide a
valuable opportunity for Indian classical dancers to connect with
audiences from diverse backgrounds, promote cultural exchange,
and foster mutual understanding.
There have been many success stories of Indian classical dancers
making a mark in international dance festivals. Renowned dancers
such as Mallika Sarabhai, Alarmel Valli, and Shobana have performed
on prestigious stages around the world, receiving critical acclaim and
accolades for their exceptional artistry and skill.Indian dances are
not only a beautiful expression of culture and storytelling, but they
also have a strong influence on the fashion world. The elaborate
costumes, jewellery, and makeup worn by dancers have inspired
fashion designers to incorporate elements of Indian dance into their
own creations. One of the most iconic pieces of Indian dance fashion
is the saree. The vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and luxurious
fabrics of the saree have been translated into modern fashion world.
The jewellery and make-up in Indian classical dance has also got
popularity among modern fashion world.
PRESERVATION OF INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE
Beyond the aesthetic value, traditional Indian dance have the rich
cultural heritage and history of India. They tell stories of gods and
goddesses, myths and legends, love and devotion, reflecting the
diverse tapestry of Indian culture. By presenting these dance forms,
we are not just entertaining audiences but also preserving a valuable
part of our heritage for future generations to appreciate.
Another key aspect of traditional Indian dance forms is the deep
emotional and spiritual connection they offer. Through dance,
performers are able to express a wide range of emotions by
connecting with audiences on a profound level. The rhythmic
patterns and music of Indian dance forms also play a significant role
in creating a meditative and spiritual experience, transporting both
the performer and the audience to a higher state of consciousness.
This highlights the importance of preserving Indian dance forms.
The Institutions that preserve and teach these ancient traditions play
a crucial role in keeping the art form alive.Gurukuls, or traditional
Indian schools, have played a pivotal role in the transmission of
knowledge and culture in India for centuries. In the context of Indian
classical dance, gurukuls have been instrumental in preserving and
nurturing the art form. These institutions follow a guru-shishya
parampara, where students live with their gurus and immerse
themselves in the teachings and practices of the art form.
Gurukuls provide a holistic learning experience that goes beyond just
mastering the technical skills of the art form. The discipline,
dedication, and devotion in students at gurukuls shape them into
well-rounded artists who can nurture the essence of Indian classical
dance
In addition to gurukuls, educational institutes dedicated to Indian
classical dance also play a significant role in nurturing talent and
promoting the art form.These institutes offer structured learning
programs that cater to students from diverse backgrounds and levels
of expertise. From beginner classes to advanced training courses,
educational institutes provide a platform for aspiring dancers to hone
their skills and pursue a career in Indian classical dance.Many
renowned dancers and choreographers have emerged from these
institutions, making a significant contribution to the evolution and
propagation of Indian classical dance on a global scale. The various
examples could be Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalay, Prachin
Kala Kendra, Nalanda research Centre, etc.The collaboration of
gurukuls and educational institutes not only enriches the learning
experience for students but also fosters innovation and diversity in
the practice and performance of Indian classical dance.
The various initiatives taken by the Indian government to preserve and
promote this rich cultural heritage.One of the most notable initiatives
is the establishment of institutions like the Sangeet Natak Akademi,
which is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Indian
music, dance, and drama. The Akademi provides funding,
scholarships, and training programs to aspiring dancers and also
organizes festivals and performances to showcase these art forms to
a wider audience.
Another important government initiative is the inclusion of Indian
classical dance in the school curriculum. By teaching these art forms
to the younger generation, the government is ensuring that they are
passed down from one generation to the next. This not only helps in
preserving the traditions but also in nurturing young talent and
fostering a greater appreciation for Indian culture.In addition to
promoting Indian classical dance among the general public, the
Indian government also provides support to established artists and
practitioners. Several scholarships and grants are available to
dancers to further their training and research in the field of Indian
classical dance. This support not only helps in keeping these art
forms alive but also in elevating the standard of artistic
excellence.Furthermore, the government encourages collaborations
between Indian and international artists to showcase Indian classical
dance on a global platform. These cultural exchanges not only help in
raising awareness about Indian dance forms but also in fostering
cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.
Private organizations also play a crucial role in providing training,
education, and performance opportunities for aspiring dancers. They
often have world-class facilities, experienced instructors, and
regular showcases that help artists gain exposure and recognition.
One such institution making waves in the Indian classical dance
scene is the Kalakshetra Foundation in Chennai. Founded by the
legendary dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale, Kalakshetra has been
instrumental in reviving and popularizing Bharatanatyam, a classical
dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. With its rigorous training
programs and emphasis on tradition, Kalakshetra has produced
some of the finest dancers in the country.
Moving on to the impact of NGOs on Indian classical dance, these
non-profit organizations play a vital role in widening access to the art
form. They often work in underserved communities, offering free or
subsidized classes to children and adults who may not otherwise
have the opportunity to learn dance. This helps bridge the gap
between urban and rural audiences, ensuring that Indian classical
dance remains accessible to all.
One standout NGO making a difference in the Indian classical dance
world is SPIC MACAY (Society for the Promotion of Indian Classical
Music and Culture Amongst Youth). Founded by Dr. Kiran Seth in
1977, SPIC MACAY aims to promote Indian culture and heritage
through music, dance, and other art forms. Their numerous
initiatives, including lecture demonstrations, workshops, and
concerts, have sparked a renewed interest in traditional dance forms
among the youth.
Private institutions and NGOs also play a crucial role in preserving the
rich legacy of Indian classical dance. Through their research,
documentation, and archival efforts, they ensure that centuries-old
dance forms are passed down from one generation to the next. This
preservation work is essential in safeguarding the cultural heritage of
India for future generations.
For example, Nrityagram in Bangalore, a renowned dance village
founded by the late Odissi dancer Protima Gauri. Nrityagram is not
just a dance school, but a living, breathing community dedicated to
the practice and propagation of Indian classical dance. Through their
performances, workshops, and artist,Residencies, Nrityagram is
keeping the flame of Odissi dance alive And thriving.
With the rise of social media platforms like Instagram and YouTube,
dancers are able to reach a global audience with just the click of a
button. This has allowed artists to showcase their talent, connect
with other dancers, and even collaborate on projects from different
parts of the world.
Going ahead, technology has revolutionized the way classical
dances are taught and learned. Online classes and tutorials have
made it more accessible for enthusiasts to learn from renowned
gurus and experts in the field.
The Internation collaboration provides opportunities for dancers and
choreographers to collaborate with artists from different countries,
exposing them to new techniques, styles, and perspectives. This
cross-cultural exchange revitalizes the dance forms, infusing them
with fresh energy and creativity. There have been numerous success
stories where international cooperation has played a pivotal role in
preserving Indian classical dance forms. For example, the
collaboration between Indian and Japanese dancers in the
production of “The Ramayana” brought together different artistic
traditions to create a stunning multimedia performance that
captivated audiences around the world.One prominent example of
international cooperation is UNESCO. One of the most notable
contributions of UNESCO to Indian classical dance is the recognition
of certain styles as Intangible Cultural Heritage. This designation not
only showcases the importance of these dance forms but also works
towards their safeguarding and promotion.
So far, five styles of Indian classical dance have been inscribed on
UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of
Humanity.
• It is vital that we continue to honour and preserve the classical
techniques and repertoire that have been passed down through
generations.
By maintaining the purity and authenticity of these dances, we ensure
that their legacy will endure for years to come. By blending classical
dance with contemporary music, theatre, or visual arts, dancers can
create innovative and unique performances that appeal to a diverse
range of audiences.
In today’s digital age, technology has become an invaluable tool for
promoting and preserving Indian classical dance. Dancers can utilise
social media platforms, online classes, and virtual performances to
reach a global audience and connect with fellow artists around the
world.
Additionally, technology can be used to document and archive
traditional dance forms, ensuring that their beauty and authenticity
are preserved for future generations.
To ensure the continued growth and appreciation of Indian classical
dance, it is important to invest in. education and outreach programs.
By offering accessible and inclusive training opportunities, we can
inspire a new generation of dancers to learn and perform these
ancient art forms. Outreach initiatives can also engage with schools,
community centres, and cultural institutions to raise awareness and
appreciation for Indian classical dance.
IMPACT OF SOCIETAL ROLES ON INDIAN DANCE
• In ancient India, society was divided into four main social classes
known as the varnas. These classes were the Brahmins (priests and
scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and
farmers), and Shudras (laborers and service providers).Each class
had its own set of duties and responsibilities, and this hierarchical
structure played a significant role in shaping the way dance was
perceived and practiced.Women in ancient India played a vital role in
the development of classical dance forms. While men traditionally
dominated the public sphere, women found a creative outlet in
dance, which allowed
Them to express their emotions and tell stories through movement.
Female dancers, known as devadasis, were often employed in
temples and royal courts where they performed intricate dances in
honour of the gods.
• Despite the passage of time, Indian classical dance has continued
to evolve and adapt to Contemporary tastes and sensibilities. Many
modern dancers are exploring innovative ways to incorporate
traditional movements and themes into their performances, blending
the old with the new to create truly unique artistic expressions.
In today’s rapidly changing world, Indian classical dance has the
power to inspire social change and Promote positive values. Many
dancers use their art as a platform to raise awareness about social
issues, advocate for gender equality, and celebrate diversity and
inclusivity.
By sharing their messages through the universal language of dance,
these artists bring people together and foster a sense of unity. Indian
classical dance continues to remain relevant in today’s modern age,
not just as a form of artistic expression but as a powerful tool for
cultural preservation, spiritual connection, and social impact.
• In ancient India, society was divided into four main social classes
known as the varnas. These classes were the Brahmins (priests and
scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and
farmers), and Shudras (laborers and service providers).
Each class had its own set of duties and responsibilities, and this
hierarchical structure played a significant role in shaping the way
dance was perceived and practiced.
Women in ancient India played a vital role in the development of
classical dance forms. While men traditionally dominated the public
sphere, women found a creative outlet in dance, which allowed
Them to express their emotions and tell stories through movement.
Female dancers, known as devadasis, were often employed in
temples and royal courts where they performed intricate dances in
honour of the gods.
• Despite the passage of time, Indian classical dance has continued
to evolve and adapt to contemporary tastes and sensibilities. Many
modern dancers are exploring innovative ways to incorporate
traditional movements and themes into their performances, blending
the old with the new to create truly unique artistic expressions.
In today’s rapidly changing world, Indian classical dance has the
power to inspire social change and promote positive values. Many
dancers use their art as a platform to raise awareness about social
issues, advocate for gender equality, and celebrate diversity and
inclusivity.
By sharing their messages through the universal language of dance,
these artists bring people together and foster a sense of unity. Indian
classical dance continues to remain relevant in today’s modern age,
not just as a form of artistic expression but as a powerful tool for
cultural preservation, spiritual connection, and social impact.