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Food Waste Recovery

Processing Technologies, Industrial

Techniques, and Applications

SECOND EDITION

EDITED BY

Charis M. Galanakis
Department of Research & Innovation, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania,
Greece Department of Research & Innovation, Galanakis
LaboratoriesChaniaGreece
College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia College of
Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, Vienna, Austria Food
Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food AssociationViennaAustria
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface

Preface to the first edition

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1. Food waste management, valorization, and sustainability

in the food industry

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definitions of “food waste” and “food loss”

1.3 Quantities of lost and wasted food and their impact on food
security, nutrition, and greenhouse gas emissions
 1.4 Prospects

1.5 Origin of food waste and food loss

1.6 Policy approaches: regional, national, and local

1.7 Management of food waste and valorization strategies

1.8 How food waste recovery improves the sustainability of food

systems

1.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2. Classification and target compounds

Abstract

2.1 Introduction and current food waste context

2.2 Cereals

2.3 Root and tubers

2.4 Oil crops and pulses

2.5 Fruit and vegetables

2.6 Meat products

2.7 Fisheries by-products

2.8 Dairy products

2.9 Conclusion

Acknowledgment
 References

Chapter 3. The universal recovery strategy

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Characteristics of target compounds

3.3 Substrate macro- and microstructure

3.4 Selection of the appropriate solvent

3.5 Selection of the recovery stages

3.6 Selection of the appropriate technologies

References
Part II: Conventional techniques

Chapter 4. Conventional macroscopic pretreatment

Abstract

Abbreviations

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Size reduction of solids

4.3 Thermal and vacuum concentration

4.4 Mechanical separation (centrifugation/mechanical

expression)
 4.5 Freeze-drying

4.6 Microfiltration

References

Chapter 5. Conventional macro- and micromolecules separation

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Ethanol precipitation

5.3 Ultrafiltration

5.4 Isoelectric solubilization/precipitation

5.5 Extrusion

5.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6. Conventional extraction

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Solvent extraction

6.3 Acid, alkali, and enzyme extraction

6.4 Microwave-assisted extraction

6.5 Steam distillation and hydrodistillation

 6.6 Supercritical fluid extraction

6.7 Scale-up and economic issues

6.8 Future perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7. Conventional purification and isolation

Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Adsorption

7.3 Chromatography

7.4 Nanofiltration

7.5 Electrodialysis

7.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8. Conventional product formation

Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Technological functionality and quality properties of food

waste components
 8.3 Product design by emulsification

8.4 Product design by microencapsulation

References
Part III: Emerging technologies

Chapter 9. Emerging macroscopic pretreatment

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Foam-mat drying

9.3 Radio-frequency drying

9.4 Low-temperature plasma

9.5 High hydrostatic pressure

9.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Emerging macro- and micromolecules separation

Abstract

Abbreviations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Colloidal gas aphrons

10.3 Ultrasound-assisted crystallization

 10.4 Pressurized microwave extraction

10.5 Reverse micellar extraction

10.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11. Emerging extraction

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction

11.3 Laser ablation

11.4 Pulsed electric field

11.5 High-voltage electrical discharge

11.6 Emerging membrane extraction

11.7 Solvent-induced complexation

11.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12. Emerging purification and isolation

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Magnetic fishing

 12.3 Aqueous two-phase system

12.4 Ion-exchange membrane chromatography

12.5 Conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 13. Emerging product formation

Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Nanocapsules

13.3 Nanoencapsulation methods and scale-up

13.4 Nanoemulsions

13.5 Nanocrystals

13.6 Pulsed fluidized bed agglomeration

References
Part IV: Commercialized aspects and applications

Chapter 14. Cost and safety issues of emerging technologies against

conventional techniques

Abstract

Abbreviations
 14.1 Introduction

14.2 Assumptions and calculations

14.3 Conventional techniques

14.4 Emerging technologies

14.5 Calculations based on 2020—update assumptions

14.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15. Patented and commercialized applications

Abstract

15.1 Scale-up and commercialization problems

15.2 Protection of intellectual properties

15.3 Applications and market products

15.4 Potential use of emerging technologies

15.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16. Recovery and applications of enzymes from food wastes

Abstract

16.1 Introduction
 16.2 Enzymes from plant food-processing wastes

16.3 Fish and seafood-processing wastes

16.4 Future prospects

References

Chapter 17. Applications of compounds recovered from olive mill

waste

Abstract

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Olive oil production

17.3 Olive mill waste streams

17.4 Composition and bioactive profile

17.5 Extraction of bioactive compounds

17.6 Stabilization and encapsulation of extracts

17.7 Application of bioactive as functional ingredients in food

matrices

17.8 Consumer acceptance of olive oil by-product as a food

ingredient

17.9 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 18. Application of compounds from grape processing by-

products: Formulation of dietary fiber and encapsulated bioactive
p y p
compounds

Abstract

18.1 Recovery of bioactive compounds from winemaking by-

products

18.2 Application of antioxidant dietary fiber from winemaking by-

products

18.3 Application of phenolic from winemaking by-products

encapsulated in powders

18.4 Application of phenolic from winemaking by-products

encapsulated in hydrogel

18.5 Application of phenolic from winemaking by-products

encapsulated in emulsions and liposomes

18.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19. Plant-based by-products

Abstract

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Bioactive ingredients

19.3 Plant-based by-products

19.4 Conclusion

References
Chapter 20. Applications in bakery products

Abstract

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 21. Valorization of meat by-products

Abstract

21.1 Evolution of meat by-products consumption and utilization

21.2 Definitions of meat primary products and by-products

21.3 Trends in supply of meat-derived proteins for human

consumption

21.4 Edible and inedible by-products of the meat industry

21.5 Valorization of meat by-products

21.6 Meat by-products as a source of proteins

21.7 By-products as a source of bioactive peptides

21.8 By-products as a source of functional food ingredients

21.9 Conclusion

References
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 3130-3131 (3046-3047).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1087-1088 (1059-1060).

8. THE REFORMATION MOVEMENT IN FRANCE:

M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
1210-1211 (1178-1179).

A. Tilley:
The French Renaissance,
1217 (1185).

G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2513-2514 (2452-2453).

R. Heath:
The Reformation in France,
2514 (2453).

9. THE REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS:

J. E. T. Rogers:
The Story of Holland,
2302 (2254).

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2302-2303 (2254-2255).

C. Ullmann:
Reformers before the Reformation,
326 (316).
 W. E. Griffis:
Influence of the Netherlands,
326 (316).

D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
728-729 (705-706).

G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2303 (2255).

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2303-2304 (2255-2256).

10. GROWTH OF THE LUTHERAN MOVEMENT IN GERMANY

(A. D. 1522-1529):

W. Coxe:
House of Austria,
2515-2516 (2454-2455).

G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2516 (2455).

11. ORIGIN OF THE NAME "PROTESTANT"

(A. D.1529):

P. Bayne:
Martin Luther,
2516-2517 (2455-2456).

12. THE FINAL BREACH; THE "AUGSBURG CONFESSION"

(A. D. 1530):
 J. Michelet:
Life of Luther,
2517 (2456).

J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2517-2518 (2456-2457).

W. Robertson:
Charles V.,
1493-1494 (1460-1461).

J. N. Earned:
Europe,
1086-1087 (1058-1059).

{762}

13. CALVIN, AND HIS ECCLESIASTICAL STATE:

J. Tulloch:
Leaders of the Reformation,
1450 (1417).

R. Heath:
Reformation in France,
2514 (2453).

L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1451-1452 (1417-1419).

14. THE BEGINNING OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

(ABOUT A. D. 1535):

"I intend to use this term Counter-Reformation to denote the

 reform of the Catholic Church, which was stimulated by the
German Reformation, and which, when the Council of Trent had
fixed the dogmas and discipline of Latin Christianity, enabled
the Papacy to assume a militant policy in Europe, whereby it
regained a large portion of the provinces that had previously
lapsed to Lutheran and Calvinistic dissent. … The centre of
the world-wide movement which is termed the
Counter-Reformation was naturally Rome. Events had brought the
Holy See once more into a position of prominence. It was more
powerful as an Italian State now, through the support of Spain
and the extinction of national independence, than at any
previous period of history."
J. A. SYMONDS.

J. A. Symonds:
The Italian Renaissance,
1883-1884 (1843-1844).

A. W. Ward:
The Counter-Reformation,
2518 (2457).

J. A. Symonds;
The Catholic Reaction,
2518-2519 (2457-2458).

15. TWO EFFECTIVE AGENTS OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:

(a) The Council of Trent

(A. D. 1545-1563).

L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
2519-2520 (2458-2459).

L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
 2520-2521 (2459-2460).

A. W. Ward:
The Counter-Reformation,
2521 (2460).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1092 (1064).

(b) The Society of Jesus (A. D. 1540-).

L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1928-1929 (1887-1888).

G. B. Nicolini:
History of the Jesuits,
1929 (1888).

L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
1931-1932 (1890-1891).

16. PROGRESS OF LUTHERANISM IN GERMANY

(A. D. 1530-1620):

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1086-1087 (1058-1059).

W. Robertson:
Charles V.,
1493-1494 (1460-1461).

S. A. Dunham:
The Germanic Empire,
 1494-1495 (1461-1462).

S. Baring-Gould:
The Story of Germany,
118-119 (111-112).

17. WAR WITH THE EMPEROR

(A. D. 1546-1561):

C. D. Yonge:
Three Centuries of Modern History,
1495-1496 (1462-1463).

J. Alzog:
Universal Church History,
1496-1497 (1463-1464).

W. Menzel:
History of Germany,
1497-1498 (1464-1465).

18. INTERNAL DISSENSIONS AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:

W. Zimmerman:
History of Germany,
1498-1499 (1465-1466).

O. Kämmel:
German History,
2521-2522 (3766-3767).

STUDY XXV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE REFORM MOVEMENT AND RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE.

1. THE COMPARATIVE INDEPENDENCE OF THE GALLICAN
CHURCH:

H. Hallam;
The Middle Ages,
1197 (1165).

H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
1197 (1165).

M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
1210-1211 (1178-1179).

F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1219-1220 (1187-1188).

W. H. Jervis:
The Church of France,
1220 (1188).

"The long contest for Gallican rights had lowered the prestige
of the popes in France, but it had not weakened the Catholic
Church, which was older than the monarchy itself, and, in the
feelings of the people, was indissolubly associated with it.
The College of the Sorbonne, or the Theological Faculty at
Paris, and the Parliament, which had together maintained
Gallican liberty, were united in stern hostility to all
doctrinal innovations."
G. P. FISHER.

2. BEGINNING OF THE PROTESTANT REFORM MOVEMENT

(ABOUT A. D. 1520):
 A. Tilley:
The French Renaissance,
1217 (1185).

G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2513-2514 (2452-2453).

R. Heath:
The Reformation in France,
2514 (2453).

W. Hanna:
The Wars of the Huguenots,
2292-2293 (2244-2245).

E. de Bonnechose:
History of France,
1225-1226 (1193-1194).

3. THE RISE OF THE HUGUENOTS

(ABOUT A. D. 1560):

L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1229 (1197).

H. M. Baird:
The Rise of the Huguenots,
1230 (1198).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1089 (1061).

4. BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WARS; THE GUISES, CONDÉS, ET

AL.:
 G. Masson:
The Huguenots,
1230 (1198).

W. Besant:
Gaspard de Coligny,
1230-1232 (1198-1200).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1097-1098 (1069-1070).

5. ROCHELLE, AND HENRY OF NAVARRE:

W. Hanna:
The Wars of the Huguenots,
2292-2293 (2244-2245).

W. Hanna:
The Wars of the Huguenots,
1232-1233 (1200-1201).

L. Häusser:
The Reformation,
1233-1234 (1201-2120).

6. THE MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY

(A. D. 1572):

J. A. Froude:
History of England,
1236 (1204).

T. Wright:
History of France,
1236 (1204).
7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CIVIL WARS
(A. D. 1572-1576):

F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1236-1237 (1204-1205).

E. E. Crowe:
History of France,
1237-1238 (1205-1206).

S. A. Dunham:
History of Poland,
2615-2616 (2547).

8. THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE AND THE POPE’S BULL

(A. D. 1576):

W. H. Jervis:
The Church of France,
1238-1239 (1206-1207).

G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1239 (1207).

9. HENRY OF NAVARRE, AND THE BATTLE OF COUTRAS

(A. D. 1584-1589):

Duc d’Aumale:
Princes of Condé,
1240-1241 (1209).

W. Hanna:
Wars of the Huguenots,
1241 (1209).
V. Duruy:
History of France,
1241-1242 (1209-1210).

"The struggle lasted but an hour, yet within that hour the
Catholic army lost 3000 men, more than 400 of whom were
members of the first families in the Kingdom; 3000 men were
made prisoners. Not more than a third part of their entire
army escaped. The Huguenots lost only about 200 men. … Before
night fell Navarre wrote a few lines to the French King, which
ran thus:

‘Sire, my Lord and Brother,—Thank God,

I have beaten your
enemies and your army.' It was but too true that the poor
King’s worst enemies were to be found in the very armies that
were marshalled in his name."
W. HANNA.

{763}

10. HENRY BECOMES HENRY IV. OF FRANCE; THE BATTLE OF

IVRY
(A. D. 1589):

Henry the Fourth of France,

1242-1243 (1210-1211).

"My friends, if you share my fortune this day, I share yours.

I am resolved to conquer or to die with you. Keep your ranks
firmly, I beg; if the heat of the combat compels you to quit
them, think always of the rally; it is the gaining of the
battle. If you lose your ensigns, pennons, and banners, do not
lose sight of my white plume; you will find it always on the
road of honor and victory.’
HENRY OF NAVARRE.

11. HENRY’S ABJURATION OF PROTESTANTISM

(A. D. 1593):

Duc d’Aumale:
The Princes of Condé,
1244-1245 (1212-1213).

H. M. Baird:
The Huguenots,
1245 (1213).

Sir J. Stephen:
 History of France,
1245 (1213).

12. THE SIEGE OF PARIS; INTERFERENCE OF PHILIP II.

(A. D. 1590-1598):

J. L. Motley:
The United Netherlands,
1243-1244 (1211-1212).

T. H. Dyer;
Modern Europe,
1245-1247 (1213-1215).

13. FROM THE EDICT OF NANTES (1598)

TO ASSASSINATION OF THE KING (1610):

H. M. Baird:
The Huguenots,
1247-1248 (1215-1216).

W. Hanna:
Wars of the Huguenots,
1248 (1216).

A. de Bonnechose;
History of France,
1248 (1216).

"For the benefit of the Protestants the cardinal concession of

the Edict was liberty to dwell anywhere in the royal
dominions, without being subjected to inquiry, vexed,
molested, or constrained to do anything contrary to their
conscience. As respects public worship, while perfect equality
was not established, the dispositions were such as to bring it
within the power of a Protestant in any part of the Kingdom to
meet his fellow-believers for the holiest acts, at least from
 time to time. … Scholars of both religions were to be admitted
without distinction of religion to all universities, colleges,
and schools throughout France. The same impartiality was to
extend to the reception of the sick in the hospitals, and to
the poor in the provision made for this relief. More than
this, the Protestants were permitted to establish schools of
their own in all places where their worship was authorized."
H. M. BAIRD.

14. THE RISE OF RICHELIEU, AND DISTRACTION OF THE

KINGDOM:

Voltaire:
Ancient and Modern History,
1248-1249 (1216-1217).

J. B. Perkins:
France under Mazarin,
1251 (1219).

G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1251-1252 (1220).

15. THE HUGUENOT REVOLT

(A. D. 1627-1628):

C. D. Yonge:
France under the Bourbons,
1252-1253 (1220-1221).

A. D. White:
The Statesmanship of Richelieu,
1253 (1221).

R. Heath:
The Reformation in France,
 1253 (1221).

16. ACCESSION OF LOUIS XIV., AND RENEWED PERSECUTION

OF THE HUGUENOTS (A. D. 1661):

J. C. Morison:
Reign of Louis XIV.,
1265 (1233).

S. Smiles:
The Huguenots,
1265-1266 (1233-1234).

17. REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES (1685),

AND EXODUS OF THE HUGUENOTS (1681-1688):

A. de Lamartine:
Memoirs of Celebrated Characters,
1269 (1237).

R. L. Poole:
Huguenots of the Dispersion,
1269-1270 (1237-1238).

STUDY XXVI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS—THE INQUISITION.

1. CONQUEST OF SPAIN BY THE ARAB MOORS

(A. D. 711-713):

H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3054 (2974).
 S. A. Dunham:
History of Spain,
3056-3057 (2976-2977).

2. RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN STATES:

H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3055 (2975).

E. A. Freeman:
Conquest of the Saracens,
3055 (2975).

S. A. Dunham:
History of Spain,
2291 and 3056 (2243, 2976).

E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
3058 (2977).

3. UNION OF CASTILE AND ARAGON:

E. E. Hale:
The Story of Spain,
3060 (2979).

C. H. Pearson:
English History,
3061-3062 (2980-2981).

H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
3062-3063 (2981-2982).
4. RISE AND FALL OF THE MOORISH KINGDOM OF GRANADA:

C. M. Yonge:
The Christians and Moors of Spain,
3059-3060 (2978-2979).

H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3061 (2980).

H. Coppée:
Conquest of Spain,
3063-3064 (2982-2983).

W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
3064 (2983).

5. THE EARLY SPANISH CORTES AND THE SANTA HERMANDAD:

W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
639-640 (616-17).

H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
640-641 (617-618).

W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
1698-1699 (1659-1660).

6. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INQUISITION:

J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
1789-1791 (1750-1752).
 J. I. von Döllinger:
The Jews in Europe,
1966 (1925).

H. T. Buckle:
History of Civilization,
2270-2271 (2226-2227).

7. EARLY HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS:

J. L. Motley:
Rise of the Dutch Republic,
2298 (2250).

W. T. McCullagh:
The Free Nations,
2298-2299 (2250-2251).

D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
2299 (2251).

C. M. Yonge:
Cameos of History.
2300 (2252).

8. RELATIONS WITH BURGUNDY; THE STATES GENERAL:

C. M. Davies:
History of Holland.
2300 (2252).

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2300-2301 (2252-2253).
9. MARRIAGE OF MARY OF BURGUNDY TO MAXIMILIAN OF
AUSTRIA
(A. D. 1477):

Philip de Commines:
Memoirs,
2301 (2253).

C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2301-2302 (2254).

10. RISE OF THE AUSTRO-SPANISH DYNASTY:

W. H. Prescott:
Ferdinand and Isabella,
3065-3066 (2984-2985).

J.E.T. Rogers:
The Story of Holland,
2302 (2254).

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2302-2303 (2254-2255).

J. Bigland:
History of Spain,
3066 (2985).

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
3066-3067 (2985-2986).

W. H. Prescott:
Philip II.,
3067 (2986).
11. BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN THE NETHERLANDS:

G. P. Fisher:
The Reformation,
2303 (2255).

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2303-2304 (2255-2256).

{764}

12. THE ACCESSION AND HORRIBLE CHARACTER OF PHILIP II.

(A. D. 1555):

C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2304 (2256).

T. C. Grattan:
History of the Netherlands,
2304-2305 (2256-2257).

C. Gayarré:
Philip II.,
2305, 3068 (2257, 2987).

13. PHILIP II. AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:

G. Procter:
History of Italy,
2520 (2459).

L. von Ranke:
History of the Popes,
2520-2521 (2459-2460).
 O. Kämmel:
History of Germany,
2521-2522.

14. BEGINNING OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE TO THE TYRANNY

OF PHILIP
(A. D. 1562):

W. H. Prescott:
The Reign of Philip II.,
2305-2306 (2257-2258).

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2306 (2258).

T. C. Grattan:
History of the Netherlands,
2306-2307 (2258-2259).

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2307 (2259).

F. Schiller:
The Revolt of the Netherlands,
2307 (2259).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1094-1095 (1066-1067).

15. THE DUKE OF ALVA AND HIS COUNCIL OF BLOOD

(A. D. 1567):

L. Häusser:
 The Reformation,
2307-2308 (2259-2260).

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2309-2310 (2261-2262).

16. THE STUPENDOUS DEATH-SENTENCE

(A. D. 1568):

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2310 (2262).

"Upon the 16th February, 1568, a sentence of the Holy Office

condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as
heretics. From this universal doom only a few persons,
especially named, were excepted. A proclamation of the King,
dated ten days later, confirmed this decree of the
Inquisition, and ordered it to be carried into instant
execution, without regard to age, sex, or condition. This is
probably the most concise death-warrant that was ever framed.
Three millions of people, men, women, and children, were
sentenced to the scaffold in three lines; and as it was well
known that these were not harmless thunders, like some bulls
of the Vatican, but serious and practical measures which it
was intended should be enforced, the horror which they
produced may be easily imagined."
J. L. MOTLEY.

17. BEGINNING OF THE FORTY YEARS’ WAR

(A. D. 1568):

C. D. Yonge:
Modern History,
2310-2311 (2262-2263).
 J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2311-2312
(2263-2264).

A. Young:
History of the Netherlands,
2312-2313 (2264-2265).

18. THE RECALL OF ALVA, AND THE SIEGE OF LEYDEN

(A. D. 1573-1574):

C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2313-2314 (2265-2266).

D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
729 (706).

19. THE PACIFICATION OF GHENT, AND THE UNION OF BRUSSELS

(A. D. 1575-1577):

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2314-2316 (2266-2268).

J. E. T. Rogers:
The Story of Holland,
2316-2317 (2268-2269).

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
2317-2318 (2269-2270).

20. THE ASSASSINATION OF WILLIAM OF ORANGE,

AND BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC (A. D. 1584-1585):
 T. Grattan:
History of the Netherlands,
2318 (2270).

J. L. Motley:
The United Netherlands,
2318-2320 (2270-2272).

"Thus constituted was the commonwealth upon the death of

William the Silent. The gloom produced by that event was
tragical. Never in human history was a more poignant and
universal sorrow for the death of any individual. The despair
was, for a brief season, absolute; but it was soon succeeded
by more lofty sentiments. … Even on the very day of the
murder, the Estates of Holland, then sitting at Delft, passed
a resolution ‘to maintain the good cause, with God’s help, to
the uttermost, without sparing gold or blood.’ … The next
movement, after the last solemn obsequies had been rendered to
the Prince, was to provide for the immediate wants of his
family. For the man who had gone into the revolt with almost
royal revenues, left his estate so embarrassed that his
carpets, tapestries, household linen—nay, even his silver
spoons, and the very clothes of his wardrobe—were disposed of
at auction for the benefit of his creditors."
J. L. MOTLEY.

21. THE DOWNFALL OF ANTWERP

(A. D. 1585):

J. L. Motley:
The Dutch Republic,
125 (118).

G. L. Craik:
History of British Commerce,
3107 (3025).
 J. N. Larned:
The Flemings and Dutch,
3226-3227 (3715-3716).

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2320 (2272).

22. THE UNITED PROVINCES AND ELIZABETH OF ENGLAND:

Sir T. E. May:
Democracy in Europe,
2320-2321 (2272-2273).

J. A. Froude:
History of England,
2321-2322 (2274).

C. M. Davies:
History of Holland,
2322 (2274).

23. STEADY DECLINE OF SPANISH POWER, AND DEATH OF PHILIP

II.
(A. D. 1590-1598):

Sir E. Cust:
The Thirty Years’ War,
2322-2323 (2274-2275).

Sir T. E. May:
Democracy in Europe,
2323-2324 (2275-2276).

24. RISE OF DUTCH COMMERCE; THE EAST INDIA COMPANY

(A. D. 1595-1620):
 W. T. McCullagh:
Industrial History,
2324 (2276).

F. H. H. Guillemard:
Malaysia,
2124.

J. N. Larned:
The Flemings and the Dutch,
3226-3228 (3715-3717).

25. JOHN BARNEVELDT, AND THE ARMINIAN CONTROVERSY

(A. D. 1600-1620):

C. M. Yonge:
Cameos from English History,
2324-2326 (2276-2278).

D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
729 (706).

26. FINAL ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE BETWEEN SPAIN AND

THE UNITED PROVINCES
(A. D. 1648):

J. B. Perkins:
France under Mazarin,
2329-2330 (2281-2282).

J. Geddes:
John De Witt,
2330 (2282).

27. PROSPERITY OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, WHICH BECOMES

HOLLAND
(ABOUT A. D. 1660):

D. Campbell:
The Puritan in Holland, etc.,
2332-2333 (2284-2285).

O. Airy:
The English Restoration,
2333 (2285).

{765}

STUDY XXVII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

(A. D. 1618-1648).

"The Thirty Years’ War was the last struggle which marked the
progress of the Reformation. This war, whose direction and
object were equally undetermined, may be divided into four
distinct portions, in which the Elector Palatine, Denmark,
Sweden, and France played in succession the principal part. It
became more and more complicated until it spread over the
whole of Europe. It was prolonged indefinitely by various
causes.

I. The intimate union between the two branches of the house of

Austria and of the Catholic party,—their opponents, on the
other hand, were not homogeneous.

II. The inaction of England, the tardy intervention of France,

the poverty of Denmark and Sweden, etc. The armies which took
part in the Thirty Years’ War were no longer feudal militias,
 they were permanent armies, and lived at the expense of the
countries which they laid waste."
J. MICHELET.

1. CONDITIONS WHICH LED UP TO THE WAR:

O. Kämmel:
History of Germany,
2521-2522 (3767).

E. L. Godkin:
History of Hungary,
1717, first column, (1678).

W. Zimmerman:
History of Germany,
1498-1499 (1465-1466).

F. Schiller:
The Thirty Years’ War,
301-302 (293).

J. Sime:
History of Germany,
1499-1500 (1466-1467).

J. Michelet:
Modern History,
1500 (1467).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1099-1100 (1071-1072).

2. THE PROSTRATION OF PROTESTANTISM

(A. D. 1618-1626):
 F. Kohlrausch:
History of Germany,
1500-1501 (1467-1468).

B. Chapman:
Gustavus Adolphus,
1501-1502 (1469).

S. R. Gardiner:
Thirty Years’ War,
1502 (1469).

W. Coxe:
House of Austria,
1502-1504 (1469-1471).

3. THE SUPPRESSION OF BOHEMIA

(A. D. 1621-1648):

L. Häusser:
The Great Reformation,
302 (293).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1100 (1072).

"No succor reached the unfortunate people; but neither did the
victors attain their end. Protestantism and Hussite memories
could not be slain, and only outward submission was extorted.
… But a desert was created; the land was crushed for a
generation. Before the war Bohemia had 4,000,000 inhabitants,
and in 1648 there were but 700,000 or 800,000. In some parts
of the country the population has not attained the standard of
1620 to this day."
L. HÄUSSER.
4. THE RISE OF PRUSSIA:

C. F. Johnstone:
Historical Abstracts,
318 (308).

H. von Treitschke:
History of Germany,
2685-2686 (3768-3769).

5. THE GROWING POWER OF SWEDEN:

T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
2893-2894 (2818-2819).

C. R. L. Fletcher:
Gustavus Adolphus,
2894-2896 (2819-2821).

J. L. Stevens:
Gustavus Adolphus,
2896-2897 (2822).

6. THE SUPREMACY OF WALLENSTEIN

(A. D. 1625-1630):

G. B. Malleson:
Battlefields of Germany,
1504-1505 (1471-1472).

J. Mitchell:
Life of Wallenstein,
1505-1506 (1472-1473).

G. P. R. James:
Dark Scenes of History,