NAME : Sahil Agale(22112010)

Mayank Banjare( 22112038)

Saumy sahu(22112056)
Tejas Salunke(22112054)
Sachin Zade (22112053)
Sangam singh(22112055)
Abhilesh kumar(22112003)
Tridev Maurya(22112068)

BIOTECHNOLOGY
National Institute Of Technology, Raipur

Internship Report : Water Treatment Plant , Bhatagaon , Raipur ,

Chhattisgarh

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
PROCESSES
LAB WATEER TESTING
INTRODUCTION

Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it
appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial
water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many
other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water
treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces
their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.
This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit
from both drinking and irrigation use. Treatment for drinking water production
involves the removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially
harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for
human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse
health effect.
The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes
such as settling and filtration, chemical processes such as disinfection and
coagulation, and biological processes such as slow sand filtration.

Chemical
Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)
Different chemical procedures for the conversion into final products or the
removal of pollutants are used for the safe disposal of contaminants.

Pre-chlorination for algae control and arresting biological growth.

Aeration along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron when present
with relatively small amounts of manganese.
Disinfection for killing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, using chlorine, ozone
and ultra-violet light.

Physical
Physical techniques of water/waste water treatment rely on physical phenomena
to complete the removal process, rather than biological or chemical changes.

Most common physical techniques are:

Sedimentation is one of the most important main wastewater treatment

procedures. Gravity settling is a method of separating particles from a fluid. The
particle in suspension remains stable in quiescent conditions due to the decrease
in water velocity throughout the water treatment process, following which the
particles settle by gravitational force. For solids separation that is the removal of
suspended solids trapped in the floc.
Filtration is the technique of removing pollutants based on their particle size.
Pollutant removal from waste water permits water to be reused for a variety of
purposes. The types of filters used in the procedure differ depending on the
contaminants present in the water. Particle filtration and Membrane filtration are
the two main forms of waste water filtration.
Dissolved air flotation (Degasification) is the process of removing dissolved gases
from a solution . Henry's law states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is
proportionate to the partial pressure of the gas. Degasification is a low-cost
method of removing carbon dioxide gas from waste water that raises the pH of
the water by removing the gas.
Deaerator is used to reduce oxygen and nitrogen in boiler feed water applications.
Physico-chemical
Also referred to as "Conventional" Treatment

Coagulation for flocculation. The addition of coagulants destabilizes colloidal

suspensions by neutralizing their charges, resulting in the aggregation of smaller
particles during the coagulation process.
Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes – to improve coagulation and for
more robust floc formation.
Polyelectrolytes or also known in the field as polymers, usually consist of either a
positive or negative charge. The nature of the polyelectrolyte used is purely based
on the source water characteristics of the treatment plant.
These will usually be used in conjunction with a primary coagulant such as ferric
chloride, ferric sulfate, or alum.
Chemical precipitation is a common process used to reduce heavy metals
concentrations in wastewater. The dissolved metal ions are transformed to an
insoluble phase by a chemical interaction with a precipitant agent such as lime. In
industrial applications stronger alkalis may be used to effect complete
precipitation. In drinking water treatment, the common-ion effect is often used to
help reduce water hardness.

Flotation uses bubble attachment to separate solids or dispersed liquids from a

liquid phase.

Membrane filtration
Membrane filtration can remove suspended solids and organic components, and
inorganic pollutants such heavy metals. For heavy metal removal, several forms of
membrane filtration, such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis,
can be used depending on the particle size that can be maintained.

Ion exchange
Ion exchange is a reversible ion exchange process in which an insoluble substance
(resin) takes ions from an electrolytic solution and releases additional ions of the
same charge in a chemically comparable amount without changing the resin's
structure.

Electrochemical treatment techniques

Electrodialysis (ED)
Membrane electrolysis (ME)
Electrochemical precipitation (EP)
Adsorption
Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a substance is transported from the
liquid phase to the surface of a solid/liquid (adsorbent) and becomes physically
and chemically bonded (adsorbate). Adsorption can be classified into two forms
based on the type of attraction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent:
physical and chemical adsorption, commonly known as physisorption and
chemisorptions.

Activated carbon
Activated carbons (ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC) are effective
adsorbents for a wide variety of contaminants. The adsorptive removal of color,
aroma, taste, and other harmful organics and inorganics from drinking water and
wastewater is one of their industrial applications.
Both a high surface area and a large pore size can improve the efficiency of
activated carbon. Activated carbon was utilized by a number of studies to remove
heavy metals and other types of contaminants from wastewater. The cost of
activated carbon is rising due to a shortage of commercial activated carbon (AC).
Because of its high surface area, porosity, and flexibility, activated carbon has a lot
of potential in wastewater treatment.

Biological
This is the method by which dissolved and suspended organic chemical
components are eliminated through biodegradation, in which an optimal amount
of microorganism is given to re-enact the same natural self-purification process.
Through two distinct biological process, such as biological oxidation and
biosynthesis, microorganisms can degrade organic materials in wastewater.
Microorganisms involved in wastewater treatment produce end products such as
minerals, carbon dioxide, and ammonia during the biological oxidation process.
The minerals (products) remained in the wastewater and were discharged with
the effluent. Microorganisms use organic materials in wastewater to generate new
microbial cells with dense biomass that is eliminated by sedimentation
throughout the biosynthesis process.

History of Water Filter Plant Raipur-

● 1891: First water supply system established at Kharun River intake well, using
a boiler process.
● 1929: Introduction of the first electricity-based pump motor, with water
supplied to the public through ground tanks.
● 1951: Augmentation of the water treatment plant, with water supplied through
ground tanks and overhead tanks.
● 1971: Augmentation of a 22.5 MLD plant, increasing the total capacity to 34
MLD, with water supplied through ground and overhead tanks.
● 1984: Addition of a 13.5 MLD plant, bringing the total capacity to 47.5 MLD,
with water supplied through ground and overhead tanks.
● 2002: Augmentation of an 80 MLD plant, raising the total capacity to 127.5
MLD, with water supplied through overhead tanks.
● 2012: Augmentation of a 150 MLD plant, increasing the total capacity to 277.5
MLD, with water supplied through overhead tanks.
● 2022: Addition of a new 80 MLD plant, boosting the total capacity to 310
MLD. This includes the replacement of an old 47.5 MLD plant and a 30 MLD
supplement for the Amrut mission, with ongoing construction under the Amrut
mission.
COMMOM WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

1. Coagulation and Coagulation:

Flocculation
Purpose: Remove suspended particles that are too small to settle out by gravity.
Process: Chemicals called coagulants (e.g., aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride) are
added to the water. These chemicals have a positive charge that neutralizes the
negative charge on particles like clay, silt, algae, bacteria, and organic substances.
Mechanism: The neutralized particles then stick together, forming larger particles
called microflocs.
Flocculation:
Purpose: Aggregate the microflocs into larger, more easily settleable flocs.
Process: The water is gently stirred by mechanical or hydraulic means to
encourage the smaller particles to combine into larger flocs.
Outcome: Formation of visible flocs which are heavier and can be removed in
subsequent steps.

2. Sedimentation
Purpose: Remove the flocs formed during coagulation and flocculation.
Process: The water flows into a sedimentation basin or clarifier where it is allowed
to sit undisturbed.
Mechanism: Gravity causes the heavy flocs to settle at the bottom of the basin.
Outcome: Clear water remains on top, which is then collected for further
treatment.

3. Filtration
Purpose: Remove any remaining suspended particles, including microorganisms.
Process: The water passes through filters composed of layers of sand, gravel, and
sometimes charcoal.
Types of Filters:
Rapid Sand Filters: Commonly used; water flows quickly through layers of sand
and gravel.
Slow Sand Filters: Water flows slowly through sand, allowing for biological
processes to assist in purification.
Activated Carbon Filters: Used to remove organic compounds and chlorine.

4. Disinfection
Purpose: Kill or inactivate any remaining pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa) to
prevent waterborne diseases.
Process: Disinfectants are added to the water.
Common Disinfectants:
Chlorine: Effective, but can form harmful by-products like trihalomethanes.
Chloramine: Longer-lasting in the distribution system, with fewer harmful
by-products.
Ozone: Powerful oxidant, but does not provide residual disinfection.
UV Light: Kills pathogens without chemicals, but does not provide residual
disinfection.
Outcome: Safe drinking water that meets health standards.

5. Storage and Distribution

Purpose: Store treated water until it is needed and distribute it to consumers.
Process: Water is stored in reservoirs or tanks.
Distribution System:
Pipelines: Network of pipes that deliver water from storage to homes and
businesses.
Pump Stations: Maintain pressure and flow throughout the system.
Monitoring: Regular testing to ensure water quality is maintained during storage
and distribution.

Lab Water Testing-

1. Chlorine (Orthotolidine) Test:
○ Determines free chlorine residual.
○ Orthotolidine reagent added to water with chlorine turns
greenish-yellow.
○ Satisfactory level: 2.5 ppm in clear water.
2. pH Test:
○ Phenol red is used as a pH indicator, changing colour from yellow to red
between pH 6.6 to 8.0, and bright pink above pH 8.1.
○ Raw water pH: 8.0; clear water pH: 7.6.
3. Turbidity Test:
○ Measures water clarity in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
○ Turbidity indicates the amount of light scattered or blocked by
suspended particles.
○ Clear water has low turbidity; murky water has high turbidity.
○ Measured using an electronic handheld meter or Secchi disc.
○ Sources of turbidity include natural materials like sediment and dead
plants, as well as human activities such as urban runoff, industrial
activities, and construction.
CONCLUSION:
My internship at the water filter plant was highly valuable. I gained practical
insights into the water treatment process, from intake to distribution, and learned
about various filters, treatment methods, and regulatory standards. Working with
advanced technology and equipment, I honed my data analysis and
problem-solving skills. The experience also emphasised the importance of
teamwork and communication. Overall, the internship strengthened my passion
for environmental engineering and provided essential skills for my future career in
water treatment.