‫جمهورية العراق‬

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫جامعة الفرات االوسط التقنية‬
‫المعهد التقني الزراعي ‪ /‬الكوفة‬

‫اشراف الدكتور ‪ /‬حممود عماد‬

Introduction:
Blood is a fluid in the human and animal body. It transports
essential substances such as nutrients and oxygen to cells and
conveys metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide.

Away from those same cells. It consists of red blood cells, white
blood cells, plasma and platelets, and it is a connective tissue, and
its normal temperature is 37 ° C.

Blood makes up 8% of the body's mass. If the mass of a person is

60 kg, for example, then 4.8 kg of it is blood (that is, about 5 liters).

In vertebrates, most blood is composed of plasma, which

constitutes 55% of blood fluids. Plasma consists mostly of water,
which constitutes 90% of its volume, and also contains proteins,
glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, and plasma is
the main means of transporting excretory products. Albumin is the
main protein in plasma, and it works to regulate colloid osmotic
blood pressure. Blood cells are mainly composed of red blood
cells, white blood cells or leukocytes and platelets.

Blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is a protein that contains

iron, which facilitates the transport of oxygen by reverse binding to
gases through the process of respiration of organisms and greatly
increasing its solubility in the blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is
transported predominantly outside the cell as plasma bicarbonate.

Blood circulates throughout the body through the blood vessels by

pumping the heart. In organisms with lungs, arterial blood carries
oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous
blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product from the metabolic
process produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be
exhaled.
Position:
Blood has several important functions:

Defense of the body: by producing antibodies that fight germs and

get rid of attacking microbes, which cause many diseases.

Water balance in the body: the blood maintains the water balance
in the body, by transferring excess water from the digestive
system, or disposing of it through the skin in the form of sweat, or
through the kidneys in the form of urine.

Regulating body temperature: through the secretion of sweat to

moisturize the skin, or by increasing the burning of sugar in the
blood in order to generate energy and raise the body temperature.

Delivery of oxygen to cells.

Providing nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

Removing residues such as carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid

Platelets blocking the bloodstream temporarily stop the bleeding,

then release agents that help heal wounds.

Blood components:
Mammals:
Blood constitutes 7% of the human body weight, with an average
density of about 1060 kg / m3, which is very close to the density of
pure water of 1000 kg / m3. The average adult blood volume is
about 5 liters (about 1.3 gallons) represented. In plasma and other
elements. Blood consists of two types of cells: blood cells or red
blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (in English:
leukocytes), and platelets. Platelets are not cells, because they are
made up of flattened parts of the cytoplasm. And it has a big role in
blood clotting. In terms of volume, red blood cells make up about
45% of the total blood volume, plasma makes up about 54.3%,
and white blood cells are about 0.7%.

The laws of non-Newtonian fluid dynamics apply. On blood with all

its components (plasma and cells)
Cells:

One microliter of blood contains:

• About 4.7 to 6.1 million red blood cells in males, and about 4.2 to
5.4 million cells in females, and red blood cells contain
hemoglobin, and red blood cells distribute oxygen to the various
tissues of the body. In mammals, when red blood cells mature
(become old) they lack a nucleus and organelles. Red blood cells
(along with endothelial cells and other cells) are differentiated by
glycoproteins that define different blood types. The percentage of
red blood cells in the blood is referred to as the hematocrit or
agglutinin volume, and it is usually about 45% of the total volume
of the blood. If the surface area of all red blood cells in the human
body were collected, it would be about 2000 times larger than the
outer surface of the body.

• About 4000 to 11,000 white blood cells, white blood cells are part
of the immune system in the body. White blood cells destroy and
remove old or abnormal cells and cellular debris (remnants of cells
or microbes destroyed by macrophage cells), as well as attack
infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign materials. Cancer of the
white blood cells is called leukemia.

• From 500,000 to 200,000 platelets, also called platelets, and

platelets are involved in the process of blood clotting (blood
clotting). The fibrin protein binds to the platelets and then
crystallizes into a network called the platelet plug, which acts on
hemostasis (stopping bleeding).
Platelets:
Cytoplasmic bodies found in the blood that break down on contact
with air to clot the blood so as not to cause damage to bleeding

Its primary form is the conversion of the liquid protein substance

found in the blood, which is fibrongin, into the liquid protein
substance found in the blood, which is a substance bound around
polypropylene. The dermal surface to prevent blood from the skin.
Inside vessels; In the liver and spleen every 10 days to be
continuously renewed.
Red blood cells:
Disc shaped cells are concave-sided, and their function is
to transport gases. Their surface is concave in order to
increase the area of gases. They are stored with a flexible
cell membrane that enables them to pass even in the
narrowest capillaries. It is crystallized in the red marrow in
the large bones and is renewed every 120 days and
breaks down in the liver and spleen and goes to the bile to
share its contents, its red color due to the presence of
hemoglobin and the hemoglobin material consists of
protein and iron, - 4.5 million cells per cubic millimeter,
and its mission is limited to carrying gas from the lungs
And replace it with carbon dioxide gas. However, the
hormone is at the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.
Rising temperatures in higher temperatures in higher
temperatures in higher temperatures in mountainous
areas. Common red blood cell
White cells:
Cells with cells have more cells than red blood cells, which are
cells that contain cells that are larger than red blood cells. Its
paragraph is from (5000-10000) cells per cubic millimeter. This
group of means to defend the antigens (antigens)

There are 5 types of white blood cells: acidic, basic, neutral,

lymphoid, and monocytic.

It was divided according to the appearance of the cytoplasm and

formed two groups:

Agranulocytes: They are large, cytoplasm and their nucleus

consisting of several lobes, and cells differ in their acceptance of
pigments from neutral, acidic and basic.

Non-granulocytes: the appearance of the cytoplasm is unpleasant

and their nuclei are undivided into lobes, lymph and monocytes.

plasma:
It is a transparent liquid substance that tends to yellow, hay (straw)
and represents the plasma, the liquid in the blood, and intake in
the transport of water, salts and nutrients, such as glucose, amino
acids and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or agglomeration), and
also removes the communes, copies, compounds, and their
wastes, In transmitting its messages to various tissues of the body.
About 55% is blood. The total volume of blood plasma is 2.7 - 3.0
L (2.8 - 3.2 L) in normal humans. It is an aqueous solution
containing 90% water (large water, water, water, 37 ° C) and 8%
blood plasma proteins and amounts of other substances dissolved
approximately 2% (mineral salts ions - proteins) - carbohydrates -
fats - Vitamins - antibodies - hormones - dissolved gases).
Other important blood components include:

• serum albumin

Blood clotting factors (to facilitate clotting)

Immunoglobulin (additives)

• lipoprotein molecules

Various other proteins

Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chloride electrolytes)

The indication is the term "serum" to the plasma from which the
clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the proteins are
albumin and antibodies.secreted by the liver, which stops the work
of platelets.

Sources:
1 - Hematopoiesis from Pluripotent Stem Cells. ”Antibodies
Resource Library” ThermoFisher Scientific.

2 - CBBS: Washed and volume-reduced Plateletpheresis units.

Cbbsweb.org (2001-10-25). Retrieved on.

3 - Alberts, Bruce (2012). Table 22 - 1 Blood Cells. Molecular

Biology of the Cell. NCBI Bookshelf ..