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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 PURPOSE 3
2.0 REFERENCES 3
3.0 PERSONNEL 3
4.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3
5.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 15
6.0 EXAMINATION 17
7.0 PROCEDURE 22
8.0 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS ( See APPENDIX – ACCNDT – 06) 24
9.0 RADIATION SAFETY 25
10.0 EXAMINATION REPORT APPENDIX 1 25
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1 PURPOSE
This procedure is to describe the minimum requirements for methods, techniques and acceptance
standards to be used when performing radiographic examination of Weldents for use in the
construction of CHU LAI SODA ASH PLANT PROJECT.

2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2.1 GB/T 20801-2006, Pressure Piping Code – Industrial Piping.
2.2 GB150-1998, Steel Pressure Vessels.
2.3 JB/T4730.1~.6-2005, Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments
2.4 ASME Section I, current edition and addenda
2.5 ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3 , ASME B31.4 ASME B31.8, current edition and addenda
2.6 ASME Section V, current edition and addenda
2.7 ASME Section VIII Division 1 and Division 2, current edition and addenda
2.8 ASME Sec IX current edition and addenda
2.9 API 650, current edition and addenda.
2.10 API 620, current edition and addenda.
2.11 API 1104 Welding of Pipeline and Related facilities
2.12 TCVN 4395
2.13 SNT -TC -1A, last edition
2.14 EN 1435 -1997
2.15 EN - 473, last edition
2.16 Design Drawing.

3 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
All personnel involved in the Radiography of weld and in film processing shall be qualified in
accordance with the LILAMA 69-1 JSC procedure "Personnel Certification Program" which meets
the requirements of ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A and EN 473

4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Surface Preparation

4.1.1 Materials
Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials specifications, with additional
conditioning if necessary, by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting radiographic
image due to any surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any
discontinuities.
Temporary tack welds and Attachments to be removed and ground smoothly.

4.1.2 Welds
The weld ripples or welds surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside
shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting radiographic image due
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to any irregularity cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity. The finished
surface of all butt welded joints may be flush with the base material or may have reasonable
uniform crowns.

4.1.3 Surface of Welds

The surface of welds shall be sufficiently free from coarse ripples, grooves, overlaps, and abrupt
ridges and valleys. The surface condition of the finished weld shall be suitable for the proper
interpretation of radiographic and other required nondestructive examinations of the weld. In those
cases where there is a question regarding the surface condition of the weld on the interpretation of a
radiographic film, the film shall be compared to the actual weld surface for interpretation and
determination of acceptability.

4.2 Back-Scatter Radiation Check

A lead symbol "B", with minimum dimensions of ½in. (13mm) height and 1/16 in.(1.59 mm) in
thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if
backscatter radiation is exposing the film.
If a light image of the "B” appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protection from
backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable.
A dark image of the "B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.

4.3 System of Identification

A system shall be used to produce permanent identification on the radiograph traceable to the
contract, part numbers, and repairs (R1, R2, etc.) as appropriate. In addition, the manufacturer's
symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included on the
radiograph. In any case, this information shall not obscure the area of interest.

4.4 Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs

Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density

4.5 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

4.5.1 Density Limitations
The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the appropriate hole
penetrameter and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs
made with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for Radiographs made with a gamma ray source. The
maximum density shall be 4.0. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between
densitometer readings.

4.5.2 Density Variation

a) General
If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more than minus
15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the hole penetrameter within the
minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in 4.5.1. Then an additional penetrameter
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shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken. When calculating the
allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range
specified in 4.5.1.
b) With Shims
When shims are used the plus 30% density restriction of (a) above may be exceeded, provided the
required penetrameter sensitivity is displayed and the density limitations of 4.5.1 are not exceeded.

4.6 Geometric Unsharpness

Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in accordance with

Where:
Ug = geometric unsharpness
F = source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal spot)
in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed, in.
D = distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed, in.
t = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film, in.
* Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall not exceed the following:

Material Ug
Thickness, in. Maximum, in.
Under 2 0.020
2 through 3 0.030
Over 3 through 4 0.040
Greater than 4 0.070

Note: Material thickness is the thickness on which the penetrameter is based.

4.7 Image Quality Indicator Design

Penetrameter shall be either the hole type or the wire type and shall be manufactured and identified
in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in E-142 or E-1025 (for hole type) and
E-747 (for wire type) or equivalent

4.8 I.Q.I Selection

The designated hole penetrameter with essential hole or designated wire diameter shall be as
specified in Table 1. A smaller hole in a thicker penetrameter or a larger hole in a thinner
penetrameter may be substituted for any section thickness listed in Table 1, provided equivalent
penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) is maintained and all other requirements for radiography are met.
Approximate equivalence between hole and wire penetrameters is shown in Table 3, and may be
used to determine approximate equivalence between hole penetrameters.
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TABLE 1
Material thickness, penetrameter designations and essential holes

Nominal Penetrameter

Single-Wall Source Side Film Side

Wire
Material Thickness Hole type Essential Hole type Essential Wire
Diameter ,
Range, in. Designation Hole Designation Hole Diameter, in.
in.
Up to 0.25 incl. 12 2T 0.008 10 2T 0.006
Over 0.25 through 0.375 15 2T 0.010 12 2T 0.008
Over 0.375 through 0.50 17 2T 0.013 15 2T 0.010
Over 0.5 through 0.75 20 2T 0.016 17 2T 0.013
Over 0.75 through 1.00 25 2T 0.020 20 2T 0.016
Over 1.00 through 1.50 30 2T 0.025 25 2T 0.020
Over 1.50 through 2.00 35 2T 0.032 30 2T 0.025
Over 2.00 through 2.50 40 2T 0.040 35 2T 0.032
Over 2.50 through 4.00 50 2T 0.050 40 2T 0.040
Over 4.00 through 6.00 60 2T 0.063 50 2T 0.050
Over 6.00 through 8.00 80 2T 0.100 60 2T 0.063
Over 8.00 through 10.00 100 2T 0.126 80 2T 0.100
Over 10.00 through 12.00 120 2T 0.160 100 2T 0.126
Over 12.00 through 16.00 160 2T 0.250 120 2T 0.160
Over 16.00 through 20.00 200 2T 0.320 160 2T 0.250

TABLE 2. WIRE IQI DESIGNATION AND WIRE DIAMETERS, in.

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Wire ASTM Wire ASTM Wire Wire

ASTM Set Diameter Diameter Diameter ASTM Set Diameter
Set Set
0.0032 0.010 0.032 0.100

0.004 0.013 0.040 0.126

A 0.005 B 0.016 C 0.050 D 0.160
0.0063 0.020 0.063 0.200
0.008 0.025 0.080 0.250
0.010 0.032 0.100 0.320

TABLE 3
DIAMETER OF WIRE PENETRAMETER
CORRESPONDING TO HOLE TYPE (1T, 2T, 4T)

Hole Diameter of Wire With EPS of Hole, in.

IQI No 1T 2T 4T
5 … … 0.006
6 … 0.004 …
8 0.0032 0.005 0.008
10 0.004 0.006 0.010
12 0.005 0.008 0.013
15 0.006 0.010 0.016
17 0.008 0.013 0.020
20 0.010 0.016 0.025
25 0.013 0.020 0.032
30 0.016 0.025 0.040
35 0.020 0.032 0.050
40 0.025 0.040 0.063
50 0.032 0.050 0.080
60 0.040 0.063 0.100
70 0.050 0.080 0.126
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80 0.063 0.100 0.160

100 0.080 0.126 0.200
120 0.100 0.160 0.250
140 0.126 0.200 0.320
160 0.160 0.250 …
200 0.200 0.320 …
240 0.250 … …
280 0.320 … …

EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN HOLE PENETRAMETERS

Equivalence between hole penetrameters may be determined from Table 3 as follows. Assume that
a 50-4T penetrameter is required. The corresponding wire is 0.080 in. diameter. The 0.080 in.
diameter wire is also equivalent to 70-2T and 100-1T hole penetrameters. Therefore, 50-4T, 70-2T,
and 100-1T hole type penetrameters are equivalent.

4.8.1. Welds with Reinforcements

The thickness on which the penetrameter is based is the nominal single wall thickness plus the
estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing Code
Section. Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the thickness in penetrameter
selection.
The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required.

4.8.2 Welds without Reinforcements

The thickness on which the penetrameter is based is the nominal single wall thickness. Backing
rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the weld thickness in penetrameter selection.
For single wall image (panoramic) exposure, three penetrameters equally spaced shall be placed on
the source side.
For materials of equal thickness and transition thickness, two penetrameters shall be used for weld
ten inches and greater in length and one penetrameter for weld less than ten inches in length.

4.9 Use of Penetrameters to Monitor Radiographic Examination.

4.9.1 Source Side Penetrameter(s)

The penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except for the
condition described in 4.9.2. When due to part or weld configuration or size, it is not practical to
place the penetrameter(s) on the part or weld the penetrameter(s) may be placed on a separate block.
Separate blocks shall be made of the same or radiographically similar materials and may be used to
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facilitate penetrameter positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block thickness, provided
the penetrameter/area-of-interest density tolerance requirements of 4.5.2.
a) The penetrameter on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to the
film than the source side of the part being radiographed.
b) The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographed.
c) The block dimensions shall exceed the penetrameter dimensions such that the outline of at
least three sides of the penetrameter image shall be visible on the radiograph.

4.9.2 Film Side Penetrameter(s)

Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the penetrameter(s) on the source side, the
penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead
letter "F" shall be placed adjacent to or on the penetrameter(s), but shall not mask the essential hole
where hole penetrameters are used.

4.9.3. Placement of Penetrameter

a) Penetrameter Location for Welds - Hole penetrameters.
The penetrameter(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification number(s) and,
when used, the lead letter "F", shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric
configuration makes it impractical.
b) Penetrameter Location for Welds - Wire Penetrameters.
The penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to
the length of the weld. The identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter "F", shall not be in
the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.
c) Penetrameter Location for Materials other than Welds.
The penetrameter(s) with the penetrameter identification number(s), and, when used, the lead letter
"F", may by placed in the area of interest.

4.9.4. Number of Penetrameters

When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one penetrameter image shall
appear on each radiograph except as outlines in 4.9.4(b) below.

a) Multiple Penetrameters
If the requirements of 4.6 are met by using more than one penetrameter, one shall be
representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest ; the
intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density.

b) Special Cases

1) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a
single exposure, at least three penetrameters, space approximately 120 deg. apart, are required under
the following conditions:
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- When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders or;
- When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the
outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders.
Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary penetrameter spacing.

2) For cylindrical component where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a
single exposure, at least three penetrameters, with one placed at each end of the span of the
circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are required under the
following conditions:
- When a section of the circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than
240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;
- When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the
outermost sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using more than one film holder.

3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld
are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional penetrameter shall be
placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of the section most remote from the junction with the
circumferential weld being radiographed.

4) For spherical components, where the source is placed at the center of the component for a
single exposure, at least three penetrameters, spaced approximately 120 deg. apart, are required
under the following conditions:

- When a complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders, or;
- When a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the outer
most sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders. Additional
film locations may be required to obtain necessary penetrameter spacing.

5) For spherical components where the source is placed at the center of the component for a
single exposure, at least three penetrameters, with one placed at each end of the radiographed span
of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are required under
the following conditions:
- When a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than 240
deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;
- When a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the outer
most sections span less than 240 deg. is radiographed using more than one film holder.

6) In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are radiographed simultaneously with the
circumferential weld, one additional penetrameter shall be placed on each other weld.

7) When an array of components in a circle is radiographed, at least one penetrameter shall

show on each component image.
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8) In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all

radiographs exhibiting penetrameters which qualify the techniques permitted in accordance with
4.9.4 (b)(1) through (6) above shall be retained.

4.9.5. Shims under Hole Penetrameters

For weld, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed between
the part and the penetrameter, if needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of
interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the
penetrameter. The shim dimensions shall exceed the penetrameter dimensions such that the outline
of at least three sides of the penetrameter image shall be visible in the radiograph.

4.10 Location Markers

Location markers (see Fig 1), which are to appear as radiographic images on the film, shall be
placed on the part, not on the exposure holder/cassette. Their locations shall be permanently marked
on the surface of the part being radiographed when permitted, or on a map, in a manner permitting
the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location on the part for the
required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that
the required coverage of the region being examined has been obtained. Location markers shall be
placed as follows.

4.10.1. Single-Wall Viewing

a) Source Side Markers
Location markers shall be placed on the source side when radiographing the following:
1) Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components.
2) Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when the
"source-to-material" distance is less than the inside radius of the component;
3) Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
b) Film Side Markers
(1) Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographing either curved or spherical
components whose concave side is toward the source and when the "source-to-material" distance is
greater than the inside radius.
(2) As an alternative to source side placement in 4.10.1(a) (1) above, location markers may be
placed on the film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the location markers to the
extent demonstrated by Fig. 1(e).
c) Either Side Markers
Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side when radiographing either
curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and the "source-to-
material" distance equals the inside radius of the component.

4.10.2. Double-Wall Viewing

For double-wall viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed surface adjacent to the weld
(or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph.
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4.10.3. Mapping the Placement of Location Markers

When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as stipulated in

4.10.1 and 4.10.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall accompany the

radiographs to show that full coverage has been obtained.

4.11. Verification of Source Size

The equipment manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as technical manuals, decay curves,
or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot, shall be
acceptable as source size verification.

4.12. Step Wedge Film and Densitometer

The density of Step Wedge Film and Densitometer calibration shall be verified by comparison with
a calibrated step wedge film traceable to a national standard.

4.13. Direction of Radiation

The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of interest whenever
practical.
4.14. Quality of Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes to the extent that they
cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object
being radiographed.
a) Fogging
b) Processing defects such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains
c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears
d) Loss of detail due to poor screen-to-film contact
e) False indications due to defective screens

4.15. Reinforcement
a) Finished longitudinal and circumferential joints(Boiler & Pressure Vessel)

Maximum reinforcement, in.

Nominal Thickness, in. Circumferential Joints in Pipe and Tubing Other Welds
Up to 1/8 3/32 3/32
Over 1/8 to 3/16, incl. 1/8 3/32
Over 3/16 to 1/2, incl. 5/32 3/32
Over 1/2 to 1, incl. 3/16 3/32
Over 1 to 2, incl. 1/4 1/8
Over 2 to 3, incl. * 5/32
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Over 3 to 4, incl. * 7/32

Over 4 to 5, incl. * 1/4
Over 5 * 5/16
 The greater of 1/4in. or 1/8 times the width of the weld in inches.
b) Reinforcement of girth and longitudinal butt welds (Power Piping)

Maximum Thickness of Reinforcement for

Design Temperature
Thickness of Base Metal 350 F - 750 F
> 750 F(400C) < 350 F(175C)
in.(mm) (175C-400C)
in. mm in. mm in. mm
Up to 1/8(3.0), in. 1/16 2.0 3/32 2.5 3/16 5.0
Over 1/8 to 3/16(3.0 to 5.0) 1/16 2.0 1/8 3.0 3/16 5.0
Over 3/16 to 1/2(5.0 to 13.0), in. 1/16 2.0 5/32 4.0 3/16 5.0
Over 1/2 to 1(13.0 to 25.0), in. 3/32 2.5 3/16 5.0 3/16 5.0
Over 1 to 2(25.0 to 50.0), in. 1/8 3.0 1/4 6.0 1/4 6.0
The greater of 1/4in.(6mm) or 1/8 times the
Over 2(50.0) 5/32 4.0
width of the weld in inches(millimeters).

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) For double welded butt joints, this limitation on reinforcement given above shall apply
separately to both inside and outside surfaces of the joint.
(b) For single welded butt joints, the reinforcement limits given above shall apply to the outside
surface of the joint only.
(c) The thickness of weld reinforcement shall be based on the thickness of the thinner of the
materials being joined.
(d) The weld reinforcement thicknesses shall be determined from the higher of the abutting
surfaces involved.
(e) Weld reinforcement may be removed if so desired.
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Fig 1. LOCATION MARKER SKETCHES

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5 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

5.1 Equipment

5.1.1 Basically the radiographic equipment used for this scope of work shall comply with ASME
SECTION V, Article 2, and Clause T-272.

5.1.2 Radiation source used:

a. Gamma ray unit:
 AMERSHAM 660 - USA
- Activity: Max. 120 Ci, Source type: Iridium -192.
- Size of source: Max. 3 x 2.75 mm
- Source strength shall vary from 80 Ci maximum to 5 Ci minimum.
 AMERSHAM 660 B - USA
- Activity: Max. 140 Ci, Source type: Iridium -192.
- Size of source: Max. 3 x 2.75 mm
- Source strength shall vary from 95 Ci maximum to 5 Ci minimum.
 AMERSHAM 880 Sigma -AEA- USA
- Activity: Max. 120 Ci, Source type: Iridium -192.
- Size of source: Max. 3 x 2.375 mm
- Source strength shall vary from 80 Ci maximum to 5 Ci minimum.
 AMERSHAM 880-QSA Global, Inc. - USA
- Activity: Max. 120 Ci, Source type: Iridium -192.
- Size of source: Max. 3 x 2.375 mm
- Source strength shall vary from 80 Ci maximum to 5 Ci minimum.
b. X-Ray machines with maximum: 300 kV.

Note: Overall radiographic sensitivity is primarily influenced by factors such as:

a) Film selection
b) Intensifying screen selection
c) Geometric unsharpness
d) Film density
The maximum thickness for the used of radioactive isotopes is primarily dictated by exposure time; there for upper limits are not shown. The
minimum recommended thickness limitation might be reduced when the radiographic techniques used demonstrate that the required radiographic
sensitivity has been obtained

5.2 Film
5.2.1 Selection
Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film. The film brand and designated used
are as follows.
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TYPE OF INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM

TYPE FILM DESIGNATION

KODAK AGFA Structurix VACUPAC FUJI

I M, T, R D-4, D-5 D-4, D-5 #50, #80

II AA D-7 D-7 #100

 Size of film: 10 x 20 cm, 10 x 24 cm, 10 x 40 cm
The type of films shall be selected in order to guarantee a minimum required sensitivity taking into
consideration the material thickness and source energy.

5.3 Screen
 Intensifying screens
Only lead screen can be used. It shall be placed intimately in close contact at the front and back of
the film. Fluorescent screen is prohibition.
 For Iridium 192:
 Single film
 Front lead screen - Thickness between 0.1 & 0.20 mm
 Back lead screen - Thickness between 0.1 & 0.20 mm
 Double film
Intermediate lead screen used thickness between 2 x 0.05 mm and 2 x 0.10 mm (double face).
 For X ray: < 100 kV
Intensifying lead screen is not necessary
 For X ray: > 100 kV
 Single film
 Front lead screen - Thickness between 0.02 & 0.15 mm
 Back lead screen - Thickness between 0.02 & 0.20 mm
 Double film
Intermediate lead screen used thickness between 2 x 0.05 mm and 2 x 0.10 mm (double face).

5.4 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not

cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Equipment used to

view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the
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essential penetrameter hole or designated wire to be visible for the specified density range.

The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the

radiograph or coming through low-density portions of the radiograph does not interfere

with interpretation.

6 EXAMINATION

6.1 Radiographic Technique

A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not
practical to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique shall be used.

6.1.1 Single Wall Technique

In the single wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material),
which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. An adequate number of exposures shall be
made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained.

6.1.2 Double Wall Technique

When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, one of the following double-wall techniques
shall be used.
a) Single-Wall Viewing
For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes
through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance on
the radiographic. When complete coverage is required for circumferential welds (materials), a
minimum of three exposures taken 120 deg. to each other shall be made.

b) Double-Wall Viewing
For materials and for welds in components 3 1/2 in. or less in nominal outside diameter, a
technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld (material) in
both walls is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph.
For double-wall viewing, only a source side penetramenter shall be used. Care shall be exercised
to ensure that the required geometric unsharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric unsharpness
requirement cannot be met, then single-wall viewing shall be used.

1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to
separate the images of the source side and film side portions of the weld so that there is no overlap
of the areas to be interpreted. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of two exposures
taken 90 deg. to each other shall be made for each joint.
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2) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam positioned so that the
images of both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of three
exposures taken at either 60 deg. or 120 deg. to each other shall be made for each joint.

3) Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained
using the minimum number of exposures indicated in (b) (1) or (b) (2) above.
6.2 Positioning of source and film:

6.2.1 Shell of vessels:

a. Longitudinal seam welds
Single wall exposure l Single Image viewing (SWSI) technique shall be used.
In the single wall technique the radiation passes through only one wall on the weld, which is
viewed for acceptance of the radiograph. Film is placed on one side and radiation source is placed
on the other side.
Wire type penetrameter shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular
to the lengths of the weld on the source side. The placement of penetrameters shall be as per the
sketch below:

IQI

Weld

Adjacent film edge Overlap 25mm

showing overlap

b. Circumferential seam welds

Panoramic (Single wall exposure/Single Image viewing SWSI) technique shall be adopted
whenever practical. However, when it is not practical to use panoramic technique, SWSI technique
shall be used.
For cylindrical vessels, where the source is placed on the axis of the object and one or more film
holders are used for a single exposure of a complete circumference, at least three IQI shall be
spaced approximately 120 deg apart.

6.2.2 Pipe and tubes welds:

The techniques used for exposure of manhole tubes, pipe and nozzle joints shall be in accordance
with the radiographic technique table as given in 6.2.2.1 below:
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6.2.2.1 Radiographic technique table

Nominal QUANTITY OF EXPOSURE

OD (inch) TECHNIQUES
PER WELD JOINT
≤3 DWDI or DWSI 2 or 3 (EN 1435 -1997 )

The minimum number of exposures

above > 3 DWSI required is presented in figures A1 to A4
of EN 1435 -1997

6.2.2.2 Radiographic technique pictures

S S

F F F
DWSI DWDI DWSI

F
S S

F F
PANORAMIC SWSI SWSI

6.3. Film coverage:

A minimum of 25 mm overlap shall be ensured between adjacent films.
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Circumferential welds:
00 50 mm overlap
1

2700 900

1800
All Identification shown on longitudinal
weld
above shall be put on each radiograph.

6.4. Marker positions and film identification:

a. Markers:
- Power piping and tubes:

Applied for pipes with OD > 3 inch.

0
10
20 0 x cm
X: 10, 20…

Note: Overlap position of film shall be indicated by arrow

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The marker of exposure ray and X (Y) film

X (Y )

Lead letter X, Y applied for pipes with OD up to 3 inch. (DWDI)

- Longitudinal welds: Lead number 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 are put on

encoding band. Radiography is taken for
one film at a time
2 cm
3ND FILM
2ND FILM 7ND FILM
1ST
FILM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 cm 50mm overlap

WELD BULLET SHELL

Project Name Penetrameter Joint No., R1, R2

WELD

Date of test OD x Thick

FILM IDENTIFICATION
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b. Film identification :
Each film shall include as a minimum the following information:
 Project name
 Date of test
 Vessel / pipe identification
 Weld identification
 '' R1 " for first repair of weld
 '' R2 " for re - repair of weld
 '' RW " for re - weld
 " RS " for re - shoot

7 PROCEDURE

7.1 Preparation Prior to Examination

1) Obtain procedure, drawing and other information.
2) Confirm the area to be examined with the drawings or any other information.

7.2 Material and Equipment

1) Use following materials and equipment listed below, and record type or LILAMA 69-1/TTCL
registered No. on the Examination Report.
a) X-Ray (or Gamma-ray)
b) Film
c) Screen
d) Penetrameter
e) Shim
f) Other information (if necessary)

7.3 Examined Areas

1) Confirm examined areas on the part, exposure number, and film number.
2) Mark film location line, film No. on inner and outer surfaces of weld, material examined.
3) Confirm film direction and film top side on inner and outer surface of weld material examined.

7.4 Surface Preparation of Weld

1) Check on that the weld ripples or weld surface irregularities which mask or be confused with
the images of any discontinuities had been removing.
2) Check on that weld reinforcements on both inner and outer vessel surface shall not over

the specified in this procedure.

7.5 Identification Markers

1) Check all identification markers on each film.
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7.6 Exposure Condition

1) The film density on examined areas shall be covered.

2) Determine exposure technique.

3) Determine S.F.D. (FFD)
4) Determine exposure time using exposure chart (or calculator).
7.7 Placement of Penetrameter
1) Determine essential shim thickness so that the film density on penetrameter shall be equal to the
examined area adjoining it.
2) One penetrameter shall be placed on the nearly center of the examined area and the other
penetrameter with shim shall be placed on the opposite side of the penetrameter.

7.8 "B" Markers

Attach "B" marker for checking the back scattered radiation on the back of the each film holder.

7.9 Processing
Processing shall be performed in accordance with following procedure by manual processing.
7.9.1 Manual processing
1) The developer shall be maintained at a temperature of 68F (200C). Development time shall be
adjusted if the temperature is changed more than 2C See manufacturer's recommendations.
2) Solutions shall be stirred prior to the start of processing.
3) Hanger shall be separated by at least ½ in. during processing.
4) Film shall be agitated at the start of developing to obtain complete even wetting of the film and
remove any air bubbles. It shall also be agitated periodically during the development stage
increasing to agitation every minute when the developer becomes old.
5) Manufacturer's recommendations for development time shall be followed. (This is usually 5
minutes. It is better to expose the film for the shorter development time.)
6) After the development is complete, rinse the film in water for a few seconds and plunge into the
stop bath to halt the action of the developer. Agitate the film in the stop bath for the period of time
recommended by the manufacturer.
7) Rinse the film in water for a few seconds and plunge it into the fixer.
Agitate it for about 10 seconds. After about one minute agitate again. Normally 10-15 minutes is the
fixing time.
8) The washing efficiency decreases rapidly with decreasing temperatures below 68 0F (200C).
Washing time at 680F (200C) shall be 30 minutes increasing to 40 minutes at 68 0F (200C). For
temperatures above 680F (200C) the washing time shall be decreased to about 20 minutes at 78 0F
(250C).
When the water temperature is above 680F (200C) the film shall be removed from the wash
immediately following the wash cycle since the film gelatin softens in warm water. The water flow
shall be sufficient to change the volume four times in one hour.
9) When the washing cycle is completed the film shall be agitated in a wetting agent such as Kodak
"Photo-Flo".
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10) Film shall be left on their hangers for drying.

7.9.2 Automatic processing

The essence of the automatic processing system is control. The processor maintains the chemical
solutions at the proper temperature, agitates and replenishes the solutions automatically and
transports the films mechanically at a carefully controlled speed throughout the processing cycle.
Film characteristics must be compatible with processing conditions. It is therefore, essential that the
recommendations of the film processor, and chemical manufactures be followed.
7.10 Checking of Finished Film

1) Check on that the finished films are free of excessive chemical and processing defects.
2) Check on that the film density of the examined area are within 2.0 to 3.5, using densitometer.
3) Check on that the film density through the weld examined do not varies more than -15% or +30%
from the density through the each penetrameter.
4) Check on that the image of "B" mark is not appeared on the each film.
5) Check on that the image of the identification markers were clearly appeared on the each film.
Note: If the results of each description mentioned above could not be accepted, results shall be
taken appropriately.

7.11 Film Checking Prior to Judgment

1) Check the film quality, image of identification with film cover sheet, image of "B" mark,

film density limitation and variation through the each penetrameter.

2) If the results of each description mentioned above could not be accepted, reshoot shall be taken.
7.12 Acceptance Evaluation
1) Evaluation and Interpretation shall be performed by Level II or III.
2) Acceptance standard shall be in accordance with Para. 8.0 of this Procedure.
3) When any images that could interfere with proper interpretation of radiography appeared on,
reshoots for performing proper interpretation shall be taken.

8 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS : See DOC No 8474L-800-17011-ACCCNDT-001

8.1 ASME Sec. I shall conform to PW-51.3 (PW-51.3.1 to PW-51.3.3 and Appendix A-250)
8.2 ASME B 31.1 shall conform to Chapter VI Paragraph 136.4.5 and Appendix A-250 of ASME
Section I
8.3 ASME B 31.3 shall conform to the Chapter VI Paragraph 341.5.1
8.4 ASME B 31.4 shall conform to the Chapter VI Paragraph 434.8.5
8.5 ASME B 31.8 shall conform to the Paragraph A826
8.6 ASME Section VIII - Division 1 shall conform to UW-51(b) and APPENDIX 4
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8.7 ASME Section VIII - Division 2 shall conform to AI-510 and APPENDIX 8
8.8 API 650 shall conform to Paragraph UW 51 (b)ASME VIII Division 1 of the ASME Code
8.9 API 620 shall conform to Paragraph UW 51 (b)ASME VIII Division 1 of the ASME Code
8.10 ASME Sec. IX shall conform to QW-191.2
8.11 AWS D1.1 shall conform to Section 6, Part C, Item 6.12.1 to 6.12.3
8.12 API 1104 shall conform to Item 9.3.1 through 9.3.13

9. RADIATION SAFETY
9.1 Personnel performing radiographic examination shall be trained by the Radiological Officer’s
License Holder.

9.2 Safety practice shall be applied as outlined in LILAMA 69-1/TTCL'S regulation approved by
the Ministry of Science and Technology for control of radiation hazards.

10. EXAMINATION REPORT

(APPENDIX – 1, APPENDIX – 3)