Research Report

History of Art
from Ancient to Medieval
30,000 BCE - 1,300 CE

Executor Bui Nguyen Dinh - QE180055

Class GD18B (Digital Art & Design Specialization)
Instructor Mr. Giang Minh Hoang
Course HOA102 - History of Art

FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024

 Research Report
History of Art
from Ancient to Medieval
3,000 BCE - 1,300 CE

Executor Bui Nguyen Dinh - QE180055

Class GD18B (Digital Art & Design Specialization)

Instructor Mr. Giang Minh Hoang

Course HOA102 - History of Art

Binh Dinh, Vietnam

September, 2024
INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� II
Art becomes one of the part of our human experiences, evolving with the development of
culture, society and beliefs. From the exploration of having art on cave walls, to the huge Table of Contents �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� III
contribution to the historic architecture of the medieval period, art has served as a mirror and
Ancient Age (3,000 BCE - 300 CE) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
a beacon for human development. This research is covered all the rich tapestry of artistic
Ancient Near East (3,000 BCE - 500 BCE)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
expression from the starting of human evolution during prehistoric era to the spiritual and
symbolic art of the medieval world. Ancient Egypt (3,000 BCE - 30 BCE) �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4
Early Aegean (2000 - 500 BCE) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6
The journey begins with how human reflect interaction with their environment and progresses Classical Greece (500 BCE - 300 BCE)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8
through the classical elegance of ancient Greece and Rome, covered the spiritual and religious
Imperial Rome (27 BCE - 300 CE) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
features contributed to the Middle Ages. Each era’s artistic output is not just a reflection of its
time but also a lasting testament to the evolution of human thought, values, and aesthetics. Medieval Age (300 CE - 1300 CE)���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Late Roman & Early Christian (300 CE - 600 CE)����������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
By separating into the smaller period, this research aims to illuminate how how art has Byzantine Art (500 CE - 1453 CE) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
continually shaped and been shaped by the historical, social, and religious contexts from which
Celtic, Saxon, and Viking (600-900 CE) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
it emerged. Through this lens, we will explore how early humans used art to communicate,
Northern Europe (800-1000 CE) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
how ancient empires used it to assert power and influence, and how medieval artists
expressed the metaphysical and the divine. Romansque and Early Gothic (1000-1300 CE)��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21

References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22

II History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 III
 CHAPTER 1

ANCIENT AGE
(3,000 BCE - 300 CE)

FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 1

 3 Babylonian and Assyrian art
Ancient Near East (3,000 BCE - 500 BCE)

1 Definition
The Ancient Near Eastern period, spanning from around 3,000 BCE to 500 BCE,
marked the rise of early civilizations such as Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria. During
this time, these societies developed monumental architecture, advanced writing
systems like cuneiform, and created art centered on religious and political power.

2 Early Mesopotamian Art

Fragment of a wall painting from the palace of Mari, or Organizer of Sacrifices

Wall painting from the palace of Mari, or Organizer of Sacrifices, were decorated with
murals, with most painted from tempura technique, which most of colors brighted.
The wall painting focus on everyday life such as religions and ceremonies or war
scenes.

Ziggurat of Ur, c. 2100 B.C.E., Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq.

Babylonian and Assyrian art is
Early Mesopotamian art is characterized by its focus on religious themes, characterized by the rich art of Semitic
hierarchical representation, and monumental architecture. Much of the art was inspiration during unification of
created for temples and statues, placed to represent devotion to the gods. Mesopotamian, after the king of Babylon
Figures in the art were often scaled according to their social or divine status. For won the war of western Semities, when the
instance, kings and gods portrayed larger than other figures. ancient capital of Ur was destroyed and
shared into different regional kings.
Architecture was also central, with these towering temple complexes reflecting the
importance of religion. Narrative reliefs and carvings showed daily life, warfare, In Babylonian and Assyrian art, cuneiform
and mythology, often in intricate scenes carved into stone or clay tablets, which writing played a significant role in both
were also used for the earliest writing systems like cuneiform. the artistic and cultural expression of the
civilization.
Ancient Near Eastern Ziggurat - Ziggurat of Ur, has four sides and rises up to the
realm of the gods. Ziggurats are found scattered around what is nowadays Iraq
and Iran, and stand as an forcing confirmation to the control and aptitude of the old Map of the World, Late
culture that delivered them. Babylonian, c. 500
B.C.E.,

2 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 3
 3 Symbolism in Sculpture
Ancient Egypt (3,000 BCE - 30 BCE)
Egyptian sculptures were often made
from stone (limestone, granite, diorite) or
1 Definition precious materials such as gold and ivory,
Ancient Egypt is the era concentrated the culture along the lower reaches of the emphasizing the eternal nature of the
Nile River. This art was highly symbolic and closely tied to religion, with a focus figures expressed. Two popular types of
on the afterlife, divine rulers, and the gods. It included a variety of mediums such sculpture used in this period is Statue of God
as sculpture, painting, pottery, and monumental architecture (pyramids, temples, and Pharaoh, representing their divine role
tombs). as intermediaries between the gods and the
people.

2 Funerary Art and Architecture The Statue of Pharaoh Amenemhet III is

a striking representation of the Middle
Funerary Art showed the performance of burial
Kingdom ruler who reigned during Egypt’s
customs and ceremonies symbolizing the move from 12th Dynasty (c. 1860–1814 BCE). Known
natural presence to the domain of the divine beings. for his extensive building projects and
economic reforms.
The early Mastabas (rectangular tombs) and
Pyramids (such as the Great Pyramid of Giza) are Statue of Pharaoh
some of the most iconic examples of Egyptian Amenemhet III, Unknown,
funerary architecture. 19th century BCE.

The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza are

iconic symbols of ancient Egypt. The Pyramid, one Hieroglyphic writing was used in various forms throughout Egyptian art. It was
of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, stands often carved onto stone monuments using techniques like high relief and bas-relief,
alongside the Sphinx, one of the largest and oldest
monumental sculptures. where the symbols were raised or recessed against the background. Hieroglyphs
were also painted onto surfaces and sometimes appeared on metal, either cast
into the metal or engraved.

Great Sphinx and Pyramid of Giza, c. 2600 B.C.E., Ziggurat of Ur, c. 2100 B.C.E.,
Hieroglyphs on the temple at ancient Ombos, near modern Kawm Umbu, Egypt.
Giza, Egypt. Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq.

4 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 5
 3 Frescoes and Pottery
Early Aegean (2000 - 500 BCE)
Frescoes and pottery were key art forms in the Aegean civilizations of the
1 Definition Minoans and Mycenaeans.

The early Aegean world, spanning from around 2000 to 500 BCE, refers to Minoan frescoes, known for their vibrant colors and fluid style, often depicted
the period in the Aegean region encompassing ancient civilizations such as the nature, animals, and religious ceremonies, reflecting the peaceful and nature-
Minoans on Crete, the Mycenaeans on the Greek mainland, and later the Cycladic focused society of Crete. Their pottery, such as Kamares Ware and Marine Style,
cultures. This era is marked by significant developments in art, architecture, and showcased detailed and decorative designs, often featuring sea creatures like
trade. octopuses.

Mycenaean frescoes, while influenced by Minoan art, were more rigid, with
2 Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures themes of warfare and hunting. Mycenaean pottery, while less ornate, focused on
practicality with simple geometric patterns and functional forms. Both art forms
The Minoan and Mycenaean cultures were two influential civilizations in the reflect the cultural values and daily life of these two ancient civilizations.
Aegean region from around 2,000 BCE to 1100 BCE.

The Minoans, based on Crete, are known for their peaceful society, nature-inspired
art, and advanced architecture, such as the palace at Knossos. Their art often
featured marine life and religious scenes in vibrant frescoes and pottery.

The Mycenaeans, from mainland Greece, were more focused on warfare and
power, building massive fortresses like the Lion Gate. While influenced by Minoan
art, Mycenaean culture emphasized military themes and rigid structures, leaving
behind a legacy of monumental architecture and funerary art.

Centaur Triumphing over a “Marine Style” flask with

lapith 447-432 BCE octopus, c. 1500-1450 BCE

The heavily fortified remains at Mycenae itself underline just how much this was a
society presided over by an aggressive warrior elite. There world was not just materially
rich but capable of great technical sophistication. With the collapse of these first
Aegean civilizations, Greek culture effectively disappeared for over 400 years. Almost
nothing is known of this “Dark Age.”

Bull-leaping fresco c. 1500 BCE, Athens

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 Art Analysis THE PARTHENON
Classical Greece (500 BCE - 300 BCE)

1 Definition
The ancient Greece period from 500 to 300 BCE, often referred to as the Classical
period, was a time of significant cultural, political, and intellectual development.
This era saw the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta, which were centers of
innovation and power.

2 Sculptures
Classical Greek sculpture (c. 480-323 BCE)
is known for its idealized human forms,
realistic anatomical detail, and use of the
contrapposto pose, which created dynamic,
naturalistic figures. Sculptors like Polykleitos The Parthenon, begun in 447 BCE
and Phidias advanced the art form with works The Parthenon, constructed between 447 and 432 BCE is a former temple on
that balanced proportion and movement, the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, that was dedicated to the goddess Athena. Its
significantly influencing later Western art decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of classical Greek
traditions. art, and the Parthenon is considered an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece,
democracy, and Western civilization.

Statue of Zeus at OLympia. Illustration from The Parthenon symbolizes ancient Greek culture through its dedication to the
World’s Wonders (Associated Newspapers, goddess Athena. It reflects Athenian pride and their commitment to democracy
c.1930). and religion, serving as a central cultural and spiritual landmark.

Historically, the Parthenon represents the peak of Athenian power and influence
3 Architectures during the Classical period under Pericles. It stands as a testament to the city’s
achievements and its capacity to undertake monumental projects.
Classical Greek architecture (c. 480-323 BCE)
is renowned for its harmony, balance, and Artistically, the Parthenon is renowned for its ideal proportions and intricate
use of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. details, showcasing the Greeks’ skill in balancing functionality with beauty.
Major structures like the Parthenon exemplified Its detailed sculptures and harmonious design are enduring examples of ancient
mathematical precision and grandeur, artistic excellence.
reflecting the cultural values of symmetry and
proportion, influencing Western architecture for Constructed from high-quality Pentelic marble, the Parthenon highlights the
centuries. advanced craftsmanship and resources of ancient Greece. The use of this
durable material underscores the temple’s grandeur and the Greeks’ commitment
Specification of Classical Greek Pillar to creating a lasting architectural masterpiece.
Credit: Athens and Beyond

8 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 9
Imperial Rome (27 BCE - 300 CE)

1 Definition
From 27 BCE to 300 CE, Imperial Rome experienced the Early Roman Empire From 27 BCE to 300 CE, Imperial Rome experienced the Early Roman Empire
period, beginning with the establishment of imperial rule under Augustus. This
period, beginning with the establishment of imperial rule under Augustus. This
era saw the expansion of the empire to its greatest extent, marked by significant
era saw the expansion of the empire to its greatest extent, marked by significant
military conquests and the construction of iconic architectural works. Culturally
military conquests and the construction of iconic architectural works. Culturally
vibrant, it also witnessed the gradual rise of Christianity, which began to shift the
vibrant, it also witnessed the gradual rise of Christianity, which began to shift the
religious landscape of the empire.
religious landscape of the empire.

2 Highlight works of art

Equestrian statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius
c. 175 CE, height 138 in /350 cm}, gilded
bronze, Rome.

The Equestrian Statue of Emperor Marcus CHAPTER 2

Aurelius, created around 175 CE, is a
grand gilded bronze sculpture depicting

MEDIEVAL AGE
the emperor on horseback. Standing at
approximately 138 inches (350 cm) tall, it
captures Marcus Aurelius in a commanding
and dignified pose, symbolizing his power
and leadership. Originally erected in Rome, (300 CE - 1300 CE)
the statue is notable for its detailed and
realistic portrayal of the emperor, and it
has survived as one of the few examples of
large-scale bronze equestrian statues from
ancient Rome.

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of

Augustan Peace), 9 B.C.E. (Ara
Pacis Museum, Rome, Italy)
The Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of
Augustan Peace) showed to stress
the continuity between the rule
of the Emperor Augustus and the
earlier Roman Republic, is obviously
dependent on Greek models, above
all in its use of a continuous large-
scale frieze of figures.

10 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 11
 Art Analysis THE ARCH OF CONSTANTINE
Late Roman & Early Christian
(300 CE - 600 CE)

1 Definition
Late Roman and Early Christian Art (300 CE - 600 CE) encompasses the visual art
produced by Christians during the transition from the Roman Empire to the Byzantine
era. Characterized by its focus on religious themes and symbols, this period saw the
creation of intricate mosaics, frescoes, and catacomb art that emphasized biblical
stories and the veneration of saints, often featuring simple, symbolic forms rather than
classical realism.

2 Catacomb Paintings and Sarcophagi

Catacomb paintings and sarcophagi from the early Christian period (300 CE - 600
CE) highlight the shift from Roman art to Christian symbolism.

Catacomb paintings, found in underground burial chambers, depicted themes of

resurrection and salvation through symbols like the Good Shepherd and simple biblical
scenes.

Sarcophagi, used relief carvings to illustrate significant Christian stories from the Bible.
The Arch of Constantine in Rome (4th century)
These artworks emphasized the Christian promise of eternal life and showcased the
merging of Roman artistic techniques with emerging Christian motifs. The Arch of Constantine, built in 315 CE in Rome, is a monument that honors
Emperor Constantine’s victory at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. It represents a major
The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus shift in Roman history, as it not only celebrates a military win but also reflects the
(c. 359 CE) is a prime example of
early Christian art in sarcophagi. growing acceptance of Christianity within the empire. The arch stands as a symbol
It features intricate relief carvings of Constantine’s rise to power and the changes he brought to Roman culture and
of scenes from both the Old and religion.
New Testaments, including Christ’s
triumphal entry into Jerusalem and Culturally, it marks Rome’s shift from paganism to Christianity, showing the
Adam and Eve.
empire’s changing beliefs. Historically, it celebrates Constantine’s victory and
the start of a new era in Roman rule. In terms of beauty, the arch combines old
Roman sculptures with new designs, creating a unique and impressive structure.
Finally, its material value lies in the use of marble and recycled pieces from earlier
The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, monuments, showing both Roman craftsmanship and resourcefulness.
marble, 359 C.E.

12 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 13
3 Early Christian Basilicas Byzantine Art (500 CE - 1453 CE)
Early Christian basilicas emerged after the Roman Emperor Constantine legalized
Christianity in 313 CE, allowing Christians to worship publicly. These basilicas 1 Definition
were large, rectangular buildings designed to accommodate large gatherings of
believers. Inspired by Roman public buildings, they featured a nave (central aisle), Byzantine art, spanning from 500 CE to 1453 CE, reflects the evolution of
side aisles, and an apse at one end, where the altar was placed. This design Christian art and architecture under the Eastern Roman Empire. With its distinct
allowed for processions and communal worship, emphasizing the centrality of the focus on religious symbolism, ornate decoration, and grand architecture, Byzantine
altar. The simplicity of the structure made it easy to adapt for Christian worship, art played a vital role in shaping the visual culture of the Christian world,
and basilicas became the primary architectural style for early Christian churches. particularly through mosaics and iconography and the monumental structures like
the Hagia Sophia.
Inside these basilicas, the walls were often decorated with mosaics or frescoes
that illustrated biblical stories or depicted saints. These vibrant decorations added 2 Mosaics and Iconography
a sense of grandeur and spirituality to the otherwise simple structures. Notable
examples like Old St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome were constructed during this Byzantine art is known for its stunning mosaics and religious icons, which were
period, becoming significant centers for Christian worship. The basilica’s design central to the Christian faith of the time.
and layout, with its emphasis on open space and visual storytelling, shaped the
architectural style of churches for centuries, leaving a lasting legacy in Christian Mosaics, made from tiny pieces of glass and stone, covered church walls and
architecture. ceilings with images of Christ, saints, and biblical stories. Icons were religious
images painted on wood, used for worship and spiritual connection.

Both forms of art conveyed deep religious symbolism, helping people feel closer to
the divine and reflecting the spiritual values of Byzantine society.

The Mosaic of Justinian I is located in the

Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, and is
a prime example of early Byzantine mosaic art.
Created in the 6th century, the mosaic depicts
the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, standing in
the center, adorned in regal robes and a golden
crown, symbolizing his authority both as a
political ruler and as a representative of the
divine.

Mosaic of Justinianus I from the

Basilica San Vitale
Author: Petar Milosevic
Old St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (4th century)

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3 Other Architectures Celtic, Saxon, and Viking (600-900 CE)
Byzantine architecture is characterized by its grand use of domes, arches, and
richly decorated interiors, often featuring elaborate mosaics. 1 Definition
Buildings like the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are prime examples, showcasing Between 600-900 CE, the art of the Celtic, Saxon, and Viking cultures flourished
the innovative use of a central dome supported by pendentives, allowing the across Europe. These groups were distinct in their styles and cultural backgrounds,
structure to appear as if it’s floating on light. This style emphasized verticality but their art shared a deep connection with their spiritual beliefs, nature, and
and open interior spaces, designed to inspire awe and create a sense of divine craftsmanship. Each culture developed unique artistic forms, leaving a lasting
presence. impact on medieval European art.

Byzantine architects also incorporated intricate mosaics, usually with gold

2 Celtic Art
backgrounds, to depict religious figures and scenes, enhancing the spiritual
atmosphere inside the churches. These architectural features became a hallmark Celtic art from this period is known for its intricate patterns and symbolic designs.
of Byzantine church design and influenced structures across the Christian world This art often featured interlacing patterns, spirals, and animal motifs.
for centuries.
The Book of Kells, a richly decorated manuscript, is a prime example of Celtic
art, displaying vibrant colors and complex knotwork that reflected both religious
devotion and artistic skill. Metalwork was also prominent, with beautifully designed
brooches, torcs, and chalices crafted from gold and silver, adorned with jewels and
enamel.

Celtic artists were deeply connected to nature, and their work often symbolized
themes of life, death, and the divine.

The Book of Kells, produced at Iona

in about 800 and taken to Ireland
for safekee ping when the Viking
raids began, is the most famous
product of the fusion of Celtic art
and Christian subject matter. It is a
book of verses, interspersed with
extracts from the Gospels.

Book of Kells c. BOO, 13 x 1 O in /33

x 25 cm], mk on vellum, Dublin
Hagia Sophia Church, c. 537.

16 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 17
3 Saxon Art Northern Europe (800-1000 CE)
Anglo-Saxon art developed in England and is noted for its detailed metalwork
and illuminated manuscripts.
1 Definition
The Sutton Hoo burial site provides excellent examples of Saxon craftsmanship,
During the period between 800 and 1000 CE, the art of Northern Europe was
including the famous helmet and intricately designed jewelry. Anglo-Saxon art
shaped by the merging of different cultures. As Christianity spread across the
often incorporated Christian themes as the culture converted to Christianity,
region, traditional pagan motifs blended with Christian symbols, giving rise to
blending pagan traditions with Christian iconography.
unique artistic expressions. This period saw the development of illuminated
Manuscripts such as the Lindisfarne Gospels showcased stunning calligraphy and manuscripts, intricate metalwork, and architectural advancements that reflected
detailed illustrations, reflecting the fusion of cultural and religious influences. both religious devotion and a deep connection to nature.

4 Viking Art 2 Illuminated Manuscripts

The production of illuminated manuscripts was a major artistic endeavor in Northern
Viking art, or Norse art, focused heavily on woodcarving, metalwork, and Europe during this period, particularly in monastic communities. These manuscripts,
shipbuilding. Animal motifs and intertwining designs dominated Viking artwork, often religious texts like the Gospels, were richly decorated with intricate designs,
with dragons, wolves, and serpents being common symbols. vibrant colors, and detailed illustrations.

The Oseberg Ship burial is one of the most famous Viking archaeological One of the most famous examples from this period is a Gospel book produced
discoveries, featuring elaborately carved wood designs on the ship itself and other at Aachen, Charlemagne’s capital, known as the Coronation Gospels. This
grave goods. manuscript is significant for its classical, Roman-influenced style, which was part of
Charlemagne’s efforts to revive the art and culture of ancient Rome, known as the
Viking runestones, often found in Scandinavia, were carved with images and Carolingian Renaissance. The illustrations
inscriptions, combining storytelling with decorative art. Viking art was closely tied within the manuscript, especially the
to their seafaring lifestyle, with many designs symbolizing protection and guidance portraits of the four evangelists, display
on their voyages. a mastery of classical proportions and
naturalism, unlike the abstract styles that
dominated earlier medieval art.

Ell St. Mark from the Saint-Riquier

Gospel c. 800
Sutton Hoo burial site The Oseberg Ship burial

18 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 19
3 Metalwork and Jewelry Romansque and Early Gothic (1000-1300 CE)
Northern European metalwork during this era is renowned for its craftsmanship
and detailed designs. Celtic and Viking influences were prominent, with artists
creating beautiful brooches, pendants, and ceremonial objects from materials like
1 Romansque Art
gold, silver, and bronze. Romanesque art emerged in the 11th
century, heavily influenced by classical
The use of animal motifs, such as dragons, birds, and serpents, was common in Roman forms. This style is primarily known
Viking art, as seen in artifacts like the Tara Brooch and the treasures from the for its architecture, characterized by thick
Sutton Hoo burial site. These pieces not only served decorative purposes but walls, rounded arches, and small windows.
were also symbols of status and power. Metalworking techniques, including Churches were the primary structures,
filigree, cloisonné, and repoussé, were used to create intricate patterns and add designed to accommodate large numbers
gemstones, showcasing the high level of craftsmanship during this period. of pilgrims traveling to holy sites. Notable
examples include the Basilica of Saint-Sernin
4 Architecture in Toulouse, France, and the Abbey of Cluny.

In the realm of architecture, Northern Europe saw the construction of early

Christian churches, which were often simple, wooden structures. However, as
Basilica of Saint-Sernin
the period progressed, the influence of Carolingian and Romanesque architecture
in Toulouse, France
became evident, with stone churches beginning to replace wooden ones. The
use of basilica-style layouts, along with the introduction of the westwork—a
monumental, often decorative entranceway—became common. These early 2 Early Gothic Art
churches laid the groundwork for later Romanesque and Gothic architecture,
blending local traditions with Christian design principles.
By the mid-12th century, Early Gothic art
The Church of St. Michael’s at Hildesheim, Germany, represents the growing began to replace the Romanesque style,
architectural advancements during the latter part of this period, with its distinctive especially in France. The Gothic architectural
stone structure and incorporation of Christian symbolism. style introduced innovative techniques,
such as pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and
flying buttresses, allowing for taller, lighter
buildings with large stained glass windows.
The Cathedral of Saint-Denis in Paris is often
cited as the birthplace of Gothic architecture,
with its groundbreaking use of light and
space.

The Church of St. Michael’s at The Cathedral of Saint-Denis

Tara Brooch in Paris
Hildesheim, Germany

20 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval FPT University Quy Nhon A.I Campus - Vietnam | September, 2024 21
REFERENCES
- Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P. (2012). Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (6th
ed.). Thames & Hudson.

- Scarre, C. (2007). The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe: The Archaeology

of the Stone Monuments of Atlantic Europe. Thames & Hudson.

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Archaeological Journal, 11(3), 317-336. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S095977430100019X

- Frankfort, H. (1954). The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient (4th ed.). Yale
University Press.

- Robson, E. (2014). Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History. Princeton

University Press.

- Robins, G. (1997). The Art of Ancient Egypt. Harvard University Press.

- Mango, C. (2002). Byzantine Architecture. W.W. Norton & Company.

- Panofsky, E. (1957). Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism. New American Library.

- Youngs, S. (1989). The Work of Angels: Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th-9th

centuries AD. British Museum Press.

- Brown, M. P. (1998). The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality, and the Scribe.
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- Hood, S. (1971). The Arts in Prehistoric Greece. Penguin Books.

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22 History of Art from Ancient to Medieval

FPT UNIVERSITY
QUY NHON A.I. CAMPUS
DIGITAL ART & DESIGN SPECIALIZATION
September, 2024