SOUL MAKING (ART MAKING)

 An alternative venue for knowing ourselves and looking into the depth and real meaning of what we
are doing for our everyday life (Narciso, 2012)
 To awaken the artist in us; to unite us with our primal selves
 We utilize imagination to survive and live. We utilize imagination or inspiration to connect with the
soul
 Drawing out or depicting the experiences and practices and transforming these into images
 Making and deriving meaning from art
The Categories of Soul-making
Represent different ways we engage with life creatively and meaningfully. Each category serves as a tool for
self-discovery, expression, and transformation.
1. Crafting Images (Visual Expression)
- This involves creating and interpreting visual forms, such as painting, drawing, photography, or
even the way we perceive the world around us.
- It reflects how we see and shape reality, giving deeper meaning to our emotions and experiences.
Example: A painter expressing personal struggles through abstract art.
2. Crafting Stories (Narrative Expression)
- Life is made up of stories, and soul-making involves creating, retelling, or reshaping narratives that
define us.
- Writing, poetry, mythology, and even the way we tell our own life story help us make sense of who
we are.
- Example: A person journaling their journey through grief to find healing and understanding.
3. Crafting Instruments (Tools of Expression)
- This refers to creating the mediums through which we express ourselves, whether musical
instruments, symbolic tools, or even technology that aids creativity.
- Instruments are extensions of the soul, allowing us to communicate emotions and experiences
beyond words.
- Example: A musician handcrafting a drum to connect with cultural or personal identity.
4. Crafting Movements (Physical and Emotional Expression)
- Movement is a primal form of soul-making, encompassing dance, rituals, gestures, and the way we
carry ourselves.
- It also includes metaphorical movements—shifts in thought, lifestyle, or societal change.
- Example: A dancer using movement to tell a personal or cultural story, or someone embracing a
new phase of life through symbolic action.

ERAS OF ART
Prehistoric Art
Prehistoric art refers to the visual creations made by humans before written history. This includes cave
paintings, petroglyphs (rock carvings), sculptures, and figurines from the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
periods. These artworks provide insight into the lives, beliefs, and cultures of early humans.
Types of Prehistoric Art:
a) Cave Paintings
- Found in places like Lascaux (France) and Altamira (Spain).
- Depict animals, human figures, and abstract symbols.
- Likely had ritualistic, spiritual, or storytelling purposes.
b) Petroglyphs (Rock Carvings)
- Images carved into rock surfaces.
- Found worldwide, used for communication, storytelling, or religious expression.
c) Venus Figurines
 - Small statues of women with exaggerated features (e.g., Venus of Willendorf).
- Possibly symbols of fertility, motherhood, or spiritual beliefs.
d) Megalithic Structures
- Large stone monuments like Stonehenge.
- Likely used for religious, burial, or astronomical purposes.
Significance of Prehistoric Art:
- Shows early humans' creativity and cognitive abilities.
- Offers clues about prehistoric beliefs, hunting practices, and daily life.
- Suggests a connection to early spirituality and ritualistic practices.

Ancient Art
Ancient Art refers to artistic creations from early civilizations that developed writing systems, advanced
architecture, and structured societies. These civilizations include Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China,
India, and the Americas. Ancient art reflects religious beliefs, mythology, daily life, and power structures.
Major Ancient Art Styles & Civilizations:
a) Mesopotamian Art (c. 3100–539 BCE)
- The first known civilization (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians).
- Ziggurats (step-pyramid temples).
- Cylinder seals (used for stamping official documents)
- Relief sculptures depicting kings, gods, and battles (e.g., Assyrian palace carvings).
b) Egyptian Art (c. 3100 BCE–30 BCE)
- Highly stylized, focusing on the afterlife and divine rule.
- Pyramids and temples (e.g., Great Pyramid of Giza).
- Hieroglyphics (pictorial writing system).
- Sculptures and tomb paintings (e.g., statues of pharaohs, depictions of gods).
c) Greek Art (c. 900 BCE–31 BCE)
- Emphasized realism, humanism, and idealized beauty.
- Sculptures (e.g., Discobolus, Venus de Milo).
- Pottery with mythological and everyday scenes.
- Architecture (e.g., Parthenon with its iconic columns).
d) Roman Art (c. 500 BCE–476 CE)
- Influenced by Greek art but more practical and grand.
- Mosaics and frescoes (e.g., Pompeii murals).
- Realistic sculptures of emperors and citizens.
- Engineering marvels like the Colosseum and aqueducts.
e) Chinese Art (c. 2000 BCE–220 CE)
- Symbolism, nature, and balance were key themes.
- Bronze vessels for rituals (Shang Dynasty).
- Terracotta Army (Qin Dynasty).
- Calligraphy and silk painting developed early.
f) Indian Art (c. 2500 BCE–500 CE)
- Religious and spiritual influences from Hinduism and Buddhism.
- Indus Valley seals with animal motifs.
- Rock-cut temples (e.g., Ajanta Caves).
- Sculptures of Buddha (Gandhara and Mathura styles).
g) Mesoamerican Art (c. 1200 BCE–1500 CE)
- Art of the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and other civilizations.
- Colossal Olmec heads carved from stone.
- Mayan murals and glyphs depicting kings and gods.
- Aztec stone carvings like the Sun Stone.
Key Characteristics of Ancient Art
- Religious Symbolism: Gods, deities, and afterlife themes were common.
- Stylization vs. Realism: Egyptian art was rigid, while Greek and Roman art became more realistic.
- Use of Stone, Bronze, and Clay: Sculptures and architecture were made to last.
- Monumentality: Large-scale works, from pyramids to temples, reflected power and divine connection.

Medieval art
Medieval Art (c. 5th–15th century) refers to the artistic styles that developed in Europe after the fall of the
Roman Empire. It was deeply influenced by Christianity, feudalism, and evolving cultural movements. The
period is generally divided into Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic styles.
Key Characteristics of Medieval Art
- Religious Focus: Most artworks were created for churches and monasteries, depicting biblical stories
and saints.
- Flat & Stylized Figures: Unlike the realism of Greek and Roman art, medieval figures were often
elongated and symbolic.
- Bright Colors & Gold: Illuminated manuscripts and paintings used rich colors and gold leaf to enhance
spiritual themes.
- Hierarchical Scale: Important figures (like Christ and the Virgin Mary) were often larger than other
subjects.
- Symbolism: Animals, colors, and shapes carried deep religious and allegorical meanings.

Major Styles of Medieval Art

a) Early Christian & Byzantine Art (c. 3rd–15th century)
- Developed in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium).
- Iconic mosaics with gold backgrounds (e.g., Hagia Sophia).
- Icons (sacred paintings of Christ, Mary, and saints).
- Highly stylized figures with elongated proportions.
b) Romanesque Art (c. 10th–12th century)
- Inspired by Roman architecture but heavier and fortress-like.
- Thick walls, rounded arches, and barrel vaults in cathedrals.
- Frescoes and reliefs depicting biblical scenes with bold outlines.
- Famous Example: The Bayeux Tapestry, which tells the story of the Norman Conquest.
c) Gothic Art (c. 12th–15th century)
- Characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.
- Stained glass windows (e.g., Chartres Cathedral) told biblical stories.
- More naturalistic sculptures and emotional expressions.
- Illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells featured intricate patterns and lettering.
Notable Medieval Artworks & Monuments
- Hagia Sophia (Byzantine) – A masterpiece of mosaics and architecture.
- Bayeux Tapestry (Romanesque) – A 70-meter-long embroidered narrative.
- Notre-Dame Cathedral (Gothic) – Famous for its rose windows and flying buttresses.
- Giotto’s Frescoes (Late Medieval) – Show early Renaissance influences in realism.
Significance of Medieval Art
- Preserved religious teachings in an era of widespread illiteracy.
- Developed artistic techniques that led to the Renaissance.
- Expressed cultural identity in different regions of Europe.
Renaissance Art (c. 14th–17th Century)
Renaissance art marked a cultural rebirth in Europe, drawing inspiration from classical Greek and Roman
traditions. It emphasized humanism, realism, perspective, and naturalism, transforming medieval artistic
conventions.
Key Characteristics of Renaissance Art
- Realism & Naturalism: Figures had realistic proportions, expressions, and movement.
- Linear Perspective: Artists used mathematical principles to create depth and three-dimensional space.
- Chiaroscuro & Sfumato: Techniques for light and shadow (chiaroscuro) and soft blending (sfumato)
created lifelike images.
- Classical Influence: Mythological and biblical subjects were depicted with Greco-Roman aesthetics.
- Oil Painting Innovation: Artists transitioned from tempera to oil paints for richer colors and details.
Major Periods of Renaissance Art
a) Early Renaissance (c. 1400–1490)
- Artists focused on perspective, anatomy, and classical themes.
Notable Artists:
- Masaccio – First use of linear perspective (The Tribute Money).
- Donatello – Realistic sculptures (David in bronze).
- Botticelli – Mythological themes (The Birth of Venus).
b) High Renaissance (c. 1490–1527)
- Art reached its peak in technical mastery and emotional depth.
Notable Artists:
- Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa, The Last Supper (master of sfumato and anatomy).
- Michelangelo – David, Sistine Chapel Ceiling (idealized human form).
- Raphael – The School of Athens (harmonious compositions).
- Titian – Venetian master of color (Assumption of the Virgin).

c) Late Renaissance / Mannerism (c. 1527–1600)

- Art became more expressive, exaggerated, and complex.
Notable Artists:
- Pontormo – Deposition from the Cross (elongated figures, vibrant colors).
- El Greco – The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (dramatic lighting, spiritual intensity).

Famous Renaissance Artworks

- Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci) – Mysterious smile, sfumato technique.
- The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci) – Revolutionary use of perspective.
- David (Michelangelo) – Perfectly proportioned marble sculpture.
- The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo) – Iconic fresco in the Sistine Chapel.
- The Birth of Venus (Botticelli) – Classical mythology meets Renaissance beauty.
Impact of Renaissance Art
- Revived Classical Ideals: Inspired by ancient Greece and Rome.
- Advanced Artistic Techniques: Perspective, anatomy, and oil painting set new standards.
- Influenced Future Movements: Led to the Baroque and Neoclassical periods.

Baroque Art (c. 1600–1750)

Baroque art was a dramatic and emotional artistic movement that emerged in response to the Renaissance. It
was characterized by grandeur, movement, contrast, and rich details, often serving religious, royal, and
political purposes. The style spread across Europe, influencing painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Key Characteristics of Baroque Art
- Dramatic Lighting (Chiaroscuro & Tenebrism) – Strong contrasts between light and shadow create
depth and intensity.
- Movement & Emotion – Figures appear in dynamic action, conveying strong emotions.
- Realism & Theatricality – Scenes feel lifelike and dramatic, often with exaggerated gestures.
- Ornate & Grand Designs – Baroque architecture and sculpture emphasized extravagance and
complexity.
- Religious & Mythological Themes – Many works were created to inspire devotion, especially in Catholic
regions.
Major Baroque Artists & Their Works
a) Italian Baroque
- Caravaggio – Master of tenebrism (dramatic use of light and shadow).
- The Calling of Saint Matthew – A biblical moment illuminated by a strong light source.
- Judith Beheading Holofernes – Gruesome yet theatrical storytelling.
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini – Leading sculptor and architect.
- Ecstasy of Saint Teresa – A dramatic, spiritual vision carved in marble.
- David – Unlike Michelangelo’s static David, Bernini’s is in action.
b) Spanish Baroque
- Diego Velázquez – Royal portraitist and master of realism.
- Las Meninas – A complex, self-reflective painting of the Spanish royal court.
- Francisco de Zurbarán – Religious painter known for deep shadows and mysticism.
c) Flemish & Dutch Baroque
- Peter Paul Rubens – Known for grand, energetic compositions.
- The Elevation of the Cross – A powerful depiction of Christ’s crucifixion.
- The Descent from the Cross – Emotionally charged and dynamic.
- Rembrandt van Rijn – Master of light and human emotion.
- The Night Watch – A lively militia group portrait with dramatic lighting.
- Johannes Vermeer – Known for domestic interior scenes and soft light.
- Girl with a Pearl Earring – Sometimes called the “Mona Lisa of the North.”
d) French Baroque
- Nicolas Poussin – Focused on classical themes with balanced compositions.
- Claude Lorrain – Painted landscapes with soft, golden light.
- Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles – A grand expression of Baroque architecture.
- Baroque Architecture & Sculpture
- St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome) – Designed by Bernini and Michelangelo.
- Versailles Palace (France) – Lavish decoration and grandeur.
- Trevi Fountain (Rome) – A late-Baroque masterpiece.
Impact of Baroque Art
- Promoted by the Catholic Church (Counter-Reformation) to inspire awe and devotion.
- Used by monarchs (Louis XIV, Philip IV) to display power.
- Led to Rococo Art – A lighter, more decorative style in the 18th century.

Rococo Art (c. 1700–1780)

Rococo art, also known as Late Baroque, was a lighter, more playful, and decorative artistic movement that
emerged in France before spreading across Europe. It contrasted with the grandeur and drama of Baroque art,
favoring grace, pastel colors, and whimsical themes.
Key Characteristics of Rococo Art
- Ornate & Decorative – Curving lines, intricate details, and elaborate ornamentation.
- Soft, Pastel Colors – Light blues, pinks, creams, and gold replaced the darker tones of Baroque.
- Playful & Romantic Themes – Focused on love, leisure, mythology, and aristocratic life.
- Light & Airy Composition – Figures often appear in motion, floating, or in dreamlike settings.
- Nature & Fantasy Elements – Gardens, cherubs, and mythical figures were common.
Major Rococo Artists & Their Works
a) French Rococo
- Jean-Antoine Watteau – Known for fêtes galantes (scenes of aristocratic leisure).
- Pilgrimage to Cythera – A dreamy, romantic landscape with elegant couples.
- François Boucher – Painter to King Louis XV, famous for sensual mythological scenes.
- The Toilet of Venus – Delicate, playful, and luxurious.
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard – Master of playful romance and lighthearted themes.
- The Swing – A flirtatious, dreamlike scene of a woman swinging while a suitor gazes at her.
b) German & Austrian Rococo
- Johann Balthasar Neumann – Architect of opulent churches and palaces.
- Würzburg Residence – A masterpiece of Rococo interior design.
- François de Cuvilliés – Designed the Amalienburg Palace, a perfect Rococo example.
c) Italian Rococo
- Giovanni Battista Tiepolo – Known for grand, light-filled frescoes.
- The Apotheosis of the Spanish Monarchy – A swirling, celestial ceiling painting.
Rococo Architecture & Interior Design
- Palace of Versailles (France, interior decor) – Gilded mirrors, pastel ceilings, and delicate
ornamentation.
- Schönbrunn Palace (Austria) – An example of Rococo luxury.
- Wieskirche (Germany) – A church with elaborate Rococo decoration.
Impact of Rococo Art
- Reflected the decadence of the aristocracy before the French Revolution.
- Led to Neoclassicism (a return to classical simplicity in response to Rococo’s excess).
- Inspired interior design, fashion, and decorative arts in 18th-century Europe.

Neoclassical Art (c. 1750–1830)

Neoclassicism emerged as a reaction against the ornate and playful Rococo style, emphasizing simplicity,
order, and classical ideals from ancient Greece and Rome. It aligned with the Age of Enlightenment and later
became associated with political movements like the French Revolution.

Key Characteristics of Neoclassical Art

- Emphasis on Classical Ideals – Inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy.
- Simplicity & Order – Clean lines, balanced compositions, and minimal decoration.
- Serious & Moral Themes – Patriotism, heroism, and civic duty were common subjects.
- Muted Color Palette – Earthy tones, strong contrasts, and careful shading.
- Realism & Idealized Forms – Figures were often depicted in a noble and dignified manner.
Major Neoclassical Artists & Their Works
a) Painting
- Jacques-Louis David (France) – Leading Neoclassical painter, known for political and historical themes.
- The Oath of the Horatii – Symbol of duty and sacrifice, with strong, structured composition.
- The Death of Socrates – A philosophical and heroic depiction of martyrdom.
 - The Death of Marat – A powerful image of a slain revolutionary leader.
- Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (France) – Blended classical precision with romantic elements.
- Grande Odalisque – A reclining nude inspired by ancient forms but with elongated proportions.
- Angelica Kauffman (Switzerland) – One of the few prominent female Neoclassical painters.
- Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures – A moral lesson on virtue and family values.
b) Sculpture
- Antonio Canova (Italy) – Master of Neoclassical sculpture, known for idealized forms.
- Psyche Revived by Cupid’s Kiss – A delicate, emotional mythological sculpture.
- Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker – A heroic portrayal of Napoleon in classical style.
- Bertel Thorvaldsen (Denmark) – Created grand, stoic figures based on ancient models.
- Christus – A famous depiction of Christ in a classical pose.
c) Architecture
- Pantheon (Paris, France) – Modeled after the Roman Pantheon, symbolizing civic virtue.
- United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) – An example of Neoclassical influence in government
buildings.
- Brandenburg Gate (Berlin, Germany) – Inspired by classical triumphal arches.
Impact of Neoclassical Art
- Symbolized Enlightenment ideals – Logic, democracy, and moral virtue.
- Supported political movements – Became linked to the American and French Revolutions.
- Inspired later styles – Led to Romanticism, which reacted against Neoclassical restraint.

Romanticism (c. 1800–1850)

Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism and
the Industrial Revolution. It emphasized emotion, imagination, nature, and individuality, moving away from
rigid classical forms and rationalism.
Key Characteristics of Romantic Art
- Emotional Intensity – Expressed deep feelings like awe, passion, melancholy, and rebellion.
- Emphasis on Nature – Nature was often depicted as powerful, mysterious, or sublime.
- Dramatic & Dynamic Compositions – Strong contrasts, movement, and dramatic lighting.
- Celebration of the Individual – Focused on heroes, rebels, and misunderstood geniuses.
- Exotic & Supernatural Themes – Fascination with distant lands, folklore, and mysticism.
Major Romantic Artists & Their Works
a) French Romanticism
- Eugène Delacroix – Master of dramatic color and movement.
- Liberty Leading the People – Symbol of revolution and national pride.
- The Death of Sardanapalus – A chaotic, vibrant, and exotic scene.
- Théodore Géricault – Explored human suffering and psychological depth.
- The Raft of the Medusa – A powerful, tragic depiction of shipwreck survivors.
b) English Romanticism
- J.M.W. Turner – Known for expressive landscapes and dramatic lighting.
- The Fighting Temeraire – A nostalgic painting of a fading era.
- Rain, Steam, and Speed – A dynamic representation of industrialization.
- John Constable – Celebrated the beauty of the English countryside.
- The Hay Wain – A peaceful, nostalgic rural landscape.
c) German Romanticism
- Caspar David Friedrich – Specialized in mystical, introspective landscapes.
- Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog – A lone figure contemplating nature’s vastness.
- The Abbey in the Oakwood – A haunting, Gothic-inspired ruin.
d) Spanish Romanticism
- Francisco Goya – Dark, emotional, and political themes.
 - The Third of May 1808 – A tragic depiction of war and execution.
- Saturn Devouring His Son – A terrifying mythological painting from his "Black Paintings" series.
Romanticism in Architecture & Sculpture
- Gothic Revival Architecture – Inspired by medieval castles and cathedrals.
Example: Palace of Westminster (London).
- François Rude – Sculptor of La Marseillaise (Arc de Triomphe, Paris), symbolizing revolutionary spirit.
Impact of Romanticism
- Inspired Nationalism – Many Romantic works fueled revolutions and national pride.
- Expanded Artistic Expression – Moved art away from strict academic rules.
- Led to Realism & Impressionism – Later movements reacted against its emotional excess.
- Would you like a deeper exploration of a particular Romantic artist or artwork? 😊

Realism (c. 1840–1880)

Realism emerged as a reaction against the idealized Romanticism and the academic traditions of
Neoclassicism. It sought to depict the world honestly and without exaggeration, focusing on ordinary people
and everyday life.
Key Characteristics of Realist Art
- Depiction of Everyday Life – Focused on common people, laborers, and rural scenes.
- Rejection of Idealization – Avoided mythological, religious, or exaggerated heroic subjects.
- Use of Earthy Colors & Detail – Captured real textures, environments, and imperfections.
- Emphasis on Social Issues – Often highlighted class struggles, poverty, and labor conditions.
- Influence of Photography – Inspired a more objective representation of reality.
Major Realist Artists & Their Works
a) French Realism
- Gustave Courbet – Leader of the Realist movement, known for controversial depictions of ordinary life.
- The Stone Breakers – Shows laborers engaged in backbreaking work, emphasizing harsh reality.
- A Burial at Ornans – A large-scale funeral scene of common people, rejecting traditional heroism.
- Jean-François Millet – Focused on rural life and peasant workers.
- The Gleaners – Depicts three peasant women collecting leftover grain, symbolizing hardship.
- The Angelus – A quiet, meditative scene of farmers in prayer.
b) Russian Realism
- Ilya Repin – Captured the struggles of Russian society.
- Barge Haulers on the Volga – Shows exhausted workers pulling a heavy barge.
c) American Realism
- Winslow – A lone sailor struggling against the sea.
- Thomas Eakins – Focused on scientific and everyday realism.
- The Gross Clinic – A graphic depiction of surgery, emphasizing medical realism.
d) Spanish Realism
- Francisco Goya (Late Period) – Transitioned from Romanticism to dark realism.
- The Third of May 1808 – A stark, brutal depiction of execution and war.
Realism in Literature & Photography
- Honoré de Balzac & Émile Zola (France) – Wrote novels about social struggles.
- Leo Tolstoy & Fyodor Dostoevsky (Russia) – Realist novelists exploring human psychology.
- Photography (Daguerre & Nadar) – Influenced artists by capturing unembellished reality.
Impact of Realism
- Challenged Romanticism – Focused on the real world rather than fantasy or heroism.
- Inspired Social Awareness – Many Realist artists and writers exposed social injustice.
 - Led to Impressionism – Realist techniques influenced later movements focusing on light and
perception.

Impressionism (c. 1860–1890)

Impressionism was a revolutionary art movement that broke away from traditional academic painting. It
emphasized light, color, and movement, capturing fleeting moments and everyday scenes with visible
brushstrokes and a focus on the effects of natural light.
Key Characteristics of Impressionist Art
- Loose, Visible Brushstrokes – Created a sense of spontaneity and movement.
- Focus on Light & Color – Painted how light changed throughout the day, often using complementary
colors.
- Everyday Subjects – Urban life, landscapes, and leisure scenes were common.
- Outdoor Painting (En Plein Air) – Many artists painted outside to capture natural light.
- Lack of Detail & Black Paint – Avoided sharp outlines and used pure colors instead of black for
shadows.
Major Impressionist Artists & Their Works
a) French Impressionism
- Claude Monet – The founder of Impressionism, known for capturing light and atmosphere.
- Impression, Sunrise – The painting that gave Impressionism its name.
- Water Lilies – A series exploring light on water in his garden at Giverny.
- Rouen Cathedral Series – Shows how light changes at different times of the day.
- Pierre-Auguste Renoir – Focused on social life, warm colors, and lively figures.
- Luncheon of the Boating Party – A joyful scene of friends dining outdoors.
- Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette – A lively Parisian dance scene with dappled sunlight.
- Edgar Degas – Known for ballerinas, racehorses, and movement studies.
- The Ballet Class – Shows dancers in a rehearsal, capturing natural movement.
- L'Absinthe – A moody scene of loneliness in a Parisian café.
- Camille Pissarro – The only Impressionist to exhibit in all eight Impressionist exhibitions.
- Boulevard Montmartre at Night – Captures urban life with expressive color and brushwork.
- Berthe Morisot – One of the leading female Impressionists, known for domestic and outdoor scenes.
- Summer’s Day – A soft, intimate painting of women boating.
b) American Impressionism
- Mary Cassatt – An American Impressionist who focused on mothers and children.
- The Child’s Bath – A tender, domestic scene with Japanese-inspired composition.
Impressionism in Architecture & Sculpture
- Auguste Rodin – Considered an Impressionist sculptor for his expressive forms.
- The Thinker – A rough-textured, dynamic figure deep in thought.
- The Kiss – A passionate, lifelike marble sculpture.

Impact of Impressionism
- Revolutionized Painting – Rejected academic rules in favor of capturing real-life moments.
- Inspired Modern Art – Led to movements like Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Abstract Art.
- Influenced Photography – Encouraged capturing spontaneous, everyday scenes.

Post-Impressionism (c. 1885–1910)

Post-Impressionism developed as a reaction to Impressionism, with artists seeking to add more structure,
emotion, and symbolic meaning to their work. While Impressionists focused on capturing fleeting moments
and light, Post-Impressionists experimented with bold colors, expressive brushwork, and abstract forms.
Key Characteristics of Post-Impressionist Art
- Use of Vivid, Non-Naturalistic Colors – Artists applied color expressively rather than realistically.
- Strong Brushstrokes & Texture – Paint was often applied thickly (impasto technique).
- Emphasis on Structure & Composition – More defined forms compared to Impressionism.
- Personal & Symbolic Meaning – Artists infused their work with emotion and deeper ideas.
- Experimentation with Abstraction – Some artists leaned toward early modern art styles.
Major Post-Impressionist Artists & Their Works
a) Vincent van Gogh (Dutch) – Expressive brushstrokes & emotional intensity
- Starry Night – A swirling, dreamlike sky over a quiet village.
- Sunflowers – A vibrant study of color and texture.
- The Bedroom – A simple interior scene, yet deeply personal.
b) Paul Cézanne (French) – The “Father of Modern Art,” focused on structure
- The Card Players – A solid, geometric arrangement of figures.
- Mont Sainte-Victoire – A landscape built from simplified, block-like forms.
- Still Life with Apples – Explored perspective and depth through geometric shapes.
c) Paul Gauguin (French) – Used bold colors & exotic symbolism
- Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? – A philosophical painting exploring
life and death.
- Vision After the Sermon – A religious scene infused with vivid red hues.
- Tahitian Women on the Beach – Inspired by his time in Polynesia, using simplified, symbolic forms.
d) Georges Seurat (French) – Created Pointillism (painting with small dots of color)
- A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte – A meticulous, structured scene built from tiny
dots.
- Bathers at Asnières – A more relaxed, sunlit depiction of leisure.
e) Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (French) – Captured nightlife & movement
- At the Moulin Rouge – A moody, colorful look at Parisian nightlife.
- Jane Avril – A poster featuring a famous can-can dancer.
Impact of Post-Impressionism
- Bridged Impressionism & Modern Art – Influenced Cubism, Fauvism, and Expressionism.
- Encouraged Personal Expression – Artists developed unique styles rather than following strict rules.
- Led to Abstract Art – Cézanne’s structured forms influenced Picasso & Braque’s Cubism.

Modern Art (c. 1860–1970s)

Modern art refers to artistic movements that broke away from traditional techniques and academic rules,
emphasizing innovation, abstraction, and new materials. It emerged alongside industrialization, scientific
discoveries, and changing social values.
Key Characteristics of Modern Art
- Experimentation & Rebellion – Artists rejected realism and classical techniques.
- Abstract & Non-Traditional Forms – Moved away from realistic depictions.
- Focus on Subjectivity – Expressed emotions, ideas, and social issues.
- New Materials & Techniques – Used industrial materials, collage, and mixed media.
Major Movements in Modern Art
a) Impressionism (1860s–1890s) – Light & color-focused art
- Claude Monet – Impression, Sunrise
- Pierre-Auguste Renoir – Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette
 b) Post-Impressionism (1885–1910) – Emotion & symbolism
- Vincent van Gogh – Starry Night
- Paul Cézanne – Mont Sainte-Victoire
c) Fauvism (1905–1910) – Wild colors & expressive brushstrokes
- Henri Matisse – The Joy of Life
d) Expressionism (1905–1930s) – Intense emotions & distorted forms
- Edvard Munch – The Scream
- Wassily Kandinsky – Composition VII
e) Cubism (1907–1920s) – Geometric forms & multiple perspectives
- Pablo Picasso – Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
- Georges Braque – Violin and Candlestick
f) Futurism (1909–1920s) – Speed, movement, technology
- Umberto Boccioni – Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
g) Dada (1916–1924) – Anti-art, absurdity, and chance
- Marcel Duchamp – Fountain (a urinal as art)
h) Surrealism (1924–1940s) – Dreams, the unconscious, fantasy
- Salvador Dalí – The Persistence of Memory
- René Magritte – The Son of Man
i) Abstract Expressionism (1940s–1950s) – Gestural painting & spontaneity
- Jackson Pollock – Number 1A, 1948 (drip painting)
- Mark Rothko – Orange and Yellow
j) Pop Art (1950s–1960s) – Popular culture & consumerism
- Andy Warhol – Campbell’s Soup Cans
- Roy Lichtenstein – Whaam!
k) Minimalism (1960s–1970s) – Simplicity & geometric forms
- Donald Judd – Untitled (Stack)
Impact of Modern Art
- Challenged Traditional Art – Redefined what art could be.
- Expanded Artistic Freedom – Artists explored personal and political themes.
- Led to Contemporary Art – Inspired Conceptual Art, Street Art, and Digital Art.

Contemporary Art (1970s–Present)

Contemporary art refers to art created today or in recent decades. It follows Modern Art but is more diverse,
using new materials, digital technology, and social commentary. Unlike past movements, contemporary art
has no single defining style—it is experimental, conceptual, and boundary-pushing.
Key Characteristics of Contemporary Art
- Diverse Media & Technology – Uses video, digital art, installations, performance, AI, and NFTs.
- Concept & Message Over Technique – The idea often matters more than traditional skills.
- Social & Political Themes – Tackles race, gender, identity, environment, and globalization.
- Interactive & Immersive – Many works invite audience participation.
- Blurring Boundaries – Combines painting, sculpture, performance, and digital elements.

Major Movements & Artists in Contemporary Art

a) Conceptual Art (1960s–Present) – The idea is more important than the object
- Joseph Kosuth – One and Three Chairs (a real chair, a photo of a chair, and a definition of a chair)
- Damien Hirst – The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (a shark in
formaldehyde)
b) Performance Art (1960s–Present) – Art as live actions, often pushing physical and emotional limits
- Marina Abramović – The Artist is Present (sat silently for hours, staring at visitors)
 - Yoko Ono – Cut Piece (invited audiences to cut off pieces of her clothing)
c) Street Art & Graffiti (1980s–Present) – Urban murals and social commentary
- Banksy – Anonymous artist known for political stencils (Girl with a Balloon)
- Jean-Michel Basquiat – Combined graffiti with abstract expressionism (Untitled (Skull))
d) Digital & AI Art (2000s–Present) – Art using technology, coding, and artificial intelligence
- Beeple (Mike Winkelmann) – Everydays: The First 5000 Days (NFT art sold for $69M)
- Refik Anadol – Creates AI-generated immersive digital installations
e) Post-Internet Art (2010s–Present) – Art influenced by social media and digital culture
- Jon Rafman – Uses Google Street View images as art
- Petra Cortright – Digital self-portraits using webcam filters
f) Environmental & Eco-Art (2000s–Present) – Art about climate change & sustainability
- Agnes Denes – Wheatfield – A Confrontation (planted a wheat field in Manhattan)
- Olafur Eliasson – Ice Watch (melting ice blocks from Greenland displayed in cities)
g) Interactive & Immersive Art (2000s–Present) – Experiences that involve the viewer
- Yayoi Kusama – Infinity Mirror Rooms (rooms filled with endless reflections)
- TeamLab – Digital, interactive art installations (Borderless Museum in Tokyo)
Impact of Contemporary Art
- Expands the Definition of Art – Anything can be art if it has meaning.
- Engages with Global Issues – Addresses politics, race, climate, and technology.
- Bridges Art & Technology – AI, VR, and NFTs are redefining artistic expression.
- Encourages Participation – Audiences are more involved than ever.

ARTIST AND ARTISAN

Artist vs. Artisan: Understanding the Difference
Both artists and artisans are creators, but their work differs in intent, execution, and purpose.
Artist
An artist is someone who creates visual, conceptual, or performance-based works primarily for self-
expression, innovation, and aesthetics. Artists aim to evoke emotions, provoke thought, or convey messages
through their creations.
Focus: Creativity, originality, personal vision
Purpose: Express ideas, emotions, or perspectives
Mediums: Painting, sculpture, digital art, installation, performance, etc.
Example: Pablo Picasso (painter), Yayoi Kusama (installation artist)
Artisan
An artisan is a skilled craftsperson who creates functional or decorative objects using traditional techniques.
Their work often emphasizes quality, craftsmanship, and utility, with a balance between beauty and function.
Focus: Mastery of craft, technique, and functionality
Purpose: Create handcrafted items, often with cultural or practical value
Mediums: Pottery, textiles, woodworking, jewelry, glassmaking, etc.
Example: A master potter, a handwoven textile maker, a woodcarver
Key Differences
Feature Artist Artisan
Primary Goal Expression & innovation Function & craftsmanship
Approach Concept-driven, experimental Skill-driven, traditional
Outcome Unique works with deep meaning Handcrafted objects, often reproducible
Market Galleries, museums, collectors Markets, boutiques, workshops

Important Players in Art Market

1. Curator
Curators play a critical role in selecting, organizing, and managing exhibitions in museums, galleries, and other
cultural institutions. They determine how artworks are presented and contextualized for audiences.
Role: Research, acquisition, exhibition planning
Influence: Shapes public perception of art and artists
Works for: Museums, galleries, biennials, and private collections
2. Art Buyers
These are individuals or representatives purchasing artworks for private or corporate collections. They can be
independent or work for a firm.
Role: Acquiring pieces for investment, decoration, or cultural value
Influence: Drives demand for specific artists and styles
Works for: Private collectors, corporations, and institutions
Types of buyers according to Barbara Garro
1. Emotional Buyers
Purchase art based on personal feelings, memories, or connections.
They buy what they love rather than focusing on investment potential.
2. Decorator Buyers
Choose artworks that match their interior design and aesthetic preferences.
Often look for pieces that complement colors, themes, or styles in their spaces.
3. Investor Buyers
Acquire art primarily for financial gain, focusing on market trends and potential appreciation in value.
Tend to buy works from established or emerging artists with strong market potential.
4. Collector Buyers
Passionate about art and build cohesive, meaningful collections.
Often follow specific artists, movements, or themes.
Some collectors donate their collections to museums or institutions.
5. Gift Buyers
Purchase art as presents for others, often considering the recipient’s taste and preferences.
May choose limited edition prints, small sculptures, or works with sentimental value.
6. Bargain Buyers
Seek good deals, discounts, or underpriced artworks.
Often buy from emerging artists, auctions, or estate sales.
 7. Trophy Buyers
Acquire high-profile, expensive artworks as status symbols.
Interested in famous artists and iconic pieces that showcase wealth and prestige.

3. Collector
Collectors are passionate individuals or institutions that acquire art for personal appreciation, investment, or
legacy building. Some amass significant collections that influence market trends.
Role: Buy and preserve artworks, sometimes donate to museums
Influence: Affects artists' careers and market value
Works for: Themselves, foundations, or museums
4. Art Dealers
Dealers are intermediaries between artists and buyers, operating through galleries, art fairs, and private sales.
They help establish artists in the market.
Role: Sourcing, promoting, and selling art
Influence: Determines which artists get market visibility
Works for: Galleries, private clients, or independently
5. Gallerist
Gallerists own or manage galleries that showcase and sell artworks. They often represent artists, build their
reputations, and facilitate sales.
Role: Managing exhibitions, marketing, and selling art
Influence: Plays a key role in launching and sustaining artists' careers
Works for: Their own gallery or as part of a larger gallery group

Two Major Awards given to artist in the Philippines:

Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of National Artists of the Philippines)
The Order of National Artists (Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is the highest recognition given to Filipino artists
who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and culture. It is awarded by
the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), and
conferred by the President of the Philippines.
Categories of the Award:
The award covers various fields of the arts:
- Music (Musika)
- Dance (Sayaw)
- Theater (Teatro)
- Visual Arts (Sining Biswal - painting, sculpture, mixed media, etc.)
- Literature (Panitikan)
- Film and Broadcast Arts (Pelikula at Sining Pantelebisyon)
- Architecture, Design, and Allied Arts (Arkitektura, Disenyo, at Sining Kaugnay)
- Fashion and Textile Arts (recently considered)
Criteria for Selection:
To be named a National Artist, a nominee must:
 - Have made significant contributions to Philippine arts and culture
- Have pioneered or influenced artistic movements
- Have received national or international recognition
- Have demonstrated excellence and integrity in their field

Privileges of a National Artist:

- Gold-plated medallion and citation
- Lifetime cash award and monthly stipend
- State funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani (Heroes' Cemetery)
- Recognition in cultural events and government functions
Notable National Artists:
Here are some of the most well-known Pambansang Alagad ng Sining in different categories:
- Music: Lucio San Pedro, Levi Celerio, Ryan Cayabyab
- Dance: Alice Reyes, Francisca Reyes-Aquino
- Theater & Film: Lino Brocka, Ishmael Bernal, Salvador Bernal (theater design)
- Visual Arts: Fernando Amorsolo, Juan Luna, Benedicto Cabrera (BenCab)
- Literature: Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, F. Sionil José
- Architecture: Leandro Locsin, Pablo Antonio
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award)
The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) or National Living Treasures Award is the highest honor given to
Filipino traditional artists who have preserved and promoted indigenous and folk arts. It is awarded by the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
Purpose of the Award
The award recognizes master traditional artists who:
- Preserve indigenous arts and crafts
- Pass down their skills to future generations
- Contribute to the cultural identity of the Philippines
Criteria for Selection
To be named a Manlilikha ng Bayan, an artist must:
- Belong to an indigenous or folk community with a tradition of artistic excellence
- Possess exceptional skill in their craft, recognized by their community
- Actively pass down their knowledge to younger generations
- Keep their cultural traditions alive
Categories of Traditional Arts Recognized
The GAMABA covers different fields of folk and indigenous arts, including:
- Folk Architecture – Traditional houses and structures
- Maritime Transport – Boat-making and navigation traditions
- Weaving – Indigenous textiles and fabric-making
- Carving – Wood, stone, and other materials
- Performing Arts – Music, dance, and theater
- Literature – Oral traditions, epic chanting
- Weapons & Metalwork – Traditional blades and ornaments
- Pottery – Clay and ceramic art
Notable Awardees of Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
 - Lang Dulay (T’nalak Weaving, T’boli) – Master of the T’nalak weaving tradition, using abaca fibers to
create intricate patterns.
- Haja Amina Appi (Mat Weaving, Sama Dilaut) – Renowned for her colorful banig (mat) weaving using
pandan leaves.
- Salinta Monon (Inabal Weaving, Tagabawa Bagobo) – Preserved the inabal textile tradition using
intricate patterns and bright colors.
- Ginaw Bilog (Ambahan Poetry, Hanunuo Mangyan) – A master of Ambahan, a traditional Mangyan
poetry form written in the surat Mangyan script.
- Masino Intaray (Music & Epic Chanting, Palawan) – Expert in playing basal (gong ensemble) and
chanting kulilal and tultul epics of the Palawan people.
Privileges of a Manlilikha ng Bayan
- Gold medallion and official title
- Lifetime cash award and monthly stipend
- Support for their craft and cultural education
- State funeral and recognition by the government
Difference Between GAMABA and National Artist Award
Feature GAMABA (Manlilikha ng Bayan) National Artist Award
Focus Traditional and indigenous arts Modern and contemporary arts
Recipients Folk artists, weavers, epic chanters, craftsmen Painters, writers, musicians,
filmmakers
Awarding Body National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) NCCA & Cultural Center of
the Philippines (CCP)
Cultural Impact Preserves heritage & indigenous knowledge Advances Philippine arts on a
national & global scale