Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology

Review Paper

About Boeing X-32

Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu

ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest (CE), Romania

Article history Abstract: The Boeing X-32 is a demonstration jet designed for the Joint
Received: 08-03-2019 Strike Fighter contest. He lost the Lockheed Martin X-35 demonstrator,
Revised: 16-03-2019 which was further developed in the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.
Accepted: 01-04-2019 Boeing's competitive advantage has been to provide considerably lower
Email: rvvpetrescu@gmail. com costs of production and lifecycle by minimizing variations between
different versions of the JSF. Therefore, the X-32 was designed around a
delta wing of the carbon fiber composite. The wing had an opening of 9.15
meters, with a current of 55 degrees on the front edge and could have up to
20,000 kilograms of fuel. The purpose of the large inclination angle was to
allow the use of a thick wings section while obtaining limited transonic
aerodynamic resistances and a good angle for the corresponding antenna
equipment installed in the wing. Wings would be a challenge to be done.
The cost competition strategy also led Boeing to choose a direct traction
vectoring system for the short-term STOVL landing requirement, as this
would require the addition of a traction vectoring module around the main
engine. However, this choice requires the engine to be mounted directly
behind the cockpit and changing the center of gravity before being
ordinarily positioned in the jets of the plane (behind the plane) to allow
neutral movement of the attitude. Boeing proposed in the 1960s a
supersonic fighter as a gravity motor with vector pushing nozzles, but never
surpassed the images published in the aviation week. By comparison,
Lockheed's entry showed, if not, a smaller version of the F-22 Raptor
stealth fighter. The nickname of X-32, Boeing, was "Monica. " However,
another direct lifting selection effect was the chrome-air intake, similar to
the Vought F-8 Crusader and LTV A-7 Corsair II. This was necessary to
provide sufficient air for the main engine (to provide the force of support)
during the zero speed horizon when it could not exploit the ram air
pressure. A blow to the effect of this large input was the direct potential
visibility of the compressor blades to the radar. Among the possibilities of
attenuation were the variable moments designed to lock the received radio
waves without adversely affecting the air flow.

Keywords: Boeing, Boeing X-32, Boeing Airpower Teaming System,

British Airways, STOVL, Joint Strike Fighter

Introduction The wing had an opening of 9.15 meters, with a

current of 55 degrees on the front edge and could have
The Boeing X-32 is a demonstration jet designed for up to 20,000 kilograms of fuel.
the Joint Strike Fighter contest. He lost the Lockheed The purpose of the large inclination angle was to
Martin X-35 demonstrator, which was further developed allow the use of a thick wings section while obtaining
in the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. limited transonic aerodynamic resistances and a good
Boeing's competitive advantage has been to provide angle for the corresponding antenna equipment installed
considerably lower costs of production and lifecycle by in the wing. Wings would be a challenge to be done.
minimizing variations between different versions of the The cost competition strategy also led Boeing to
JSF. Therefore, the X-32 was designed around a delta choose a direct traction vectoring system for the short-
wing of the carbon fiber composite. term STOVL landing requirement, as this would require

© 2019 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution
(CC-BY) 3.0 license.
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

the addition of a traction vectoring module around the computer predictions, based on simulation years, an
main engine. achievement that has not been achieved so far.
However, this choice requires the engine to be Although not selected for full JSF development,
mounted directly behind the cockpit and changing the Boeing considered its involvement in the competition as
center of gravity before being ordinarily positioned in a strategic investment. The program has produced many
the jets of the plane (behind the plane) to allow neutral advances in stealth technology and in designing and
movement of the attitude. Boeing proposed in the 1960s manufacturing methods. These achievements have been
a supersonic fighter as a gravity motor with vector applied to other Boeing programs, including the F/A-
pushing nozzles, but never surpassed the images 18E/F Super Hornet and the XCA-45A Unmanned
published in the aviation week. Unmanned Vehicle or UCAV (Rulkov et al., 2016;
Agarwala, 2016; Babayemi, 2016; Gusti and Semin,
By comparison, Lockheed's entry showed, if not, a
2016; Mohamed et al., 2016; Wessels and Raad, 2016;
smaller version of the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter. The
Rajput et al., 2016; Rea and Ottaviano, 2016; Zurfi and
nickname of X-32, Boeing, was "Monica. " However,
Zhang, 2016a-b; Zheng and Li, 2016; Buonomano et al.,
another direct lifting selection effect was the chrome-air 2016 a-b; Faizal et al., 2016; Ascione et al., 2016;
intake, similar to the Vought F-8 Crusader and LTV A-7 Elmeddahi et al., 2016; Calise et al., 2016; Morse et al.,
Corsair II. This was necessary to provide sufficient air 2016; Abouobaida, 2016; Rohit and Dixit, 2016;
for the main engine (to provide the force of support) Kazakov et al., 2016; Alwetaishi, 2016; Riccio et al.,
during the zero speed horizon when it could not 2016a-b; Iqbal, 2016; Hasan and El-Naas, 2016; Al-
exploit the ram air pressure. A blow to the effect of Hasan and Al-Ghamdi, 2016; Jiang et al., 2016;
this large input was the direct potential visibility of Sepúlveda, 2016; Martins et al., 2016; Pisello et al.,
the compressor blades to the radar. Among the 2016; Jarahi, 2016; Mondal et al., 2016; Mansour, 2016;
possibilities of attenuation were the variable moments Qadi et al., 2016b; Campo et al., 2016; Samantaray et al.,
designed to lock the received radio waves without 2016; Malomar et al., 2016; Rich and Badar, 2016;
adversely affecting the air flow. Hirun, 2016; Bucinell, 2016; Nabilou, 2016b; Barone et al.,
In 1996, the United States Department of Defense 2016; Chisari and Bedon, 2016; Bedon and Louter,
awarded Boeing a four-year contract for the Joint Strike 2016; Santos and Bedon, 2016; Minghini et al., 2016;
Fighter (JSF) demonstration phase. The goal was to Bedon, 2016; Jafari et al., 2016; Chiozzi et al., 2016;
develop tactical for US Air Force, Marina and Marina, Orlando and Benvenuti, 2016; Wang and Yagi, 2016;
Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Obaiys et al., 2016; Ahmed et al., 2016; Jauhari et al.,
Boeing had to build conceptual demonstration 2016; Syahrullah and Sinaga, 2016; Shanmugam, 2016;
aircraft to provide a community in operating, designing Jaber and Bicker, 2016; Wang et al., 2016; Moubarek
and manufacturing variants; with direct propulsion for and Gharsallah, 2016; Amani, 2016; Shruti, 2016;
short and vertical landing (STOVL), which crosses and León et al., 2016; Mohseni and Tsavdaridis, 2016;
Abu-Lebdeh et al., 2016; Serebrennikov et al., 2016;
crosses vertical and conventional flight; and the ability to
Budak et al., 2016; Augustine et al., 2016; Jarahi and
approach a carrier at low speeds. Boeing has assembled
Seifilaleh, 2016; Nabilou, 2016a; You et al., 2016;
two conception plans, X-32A and X-32B, at the plant in
Qadi et al., 2016a; Rama et al., 2016; Sallami et al.,
Palmdale, California. 2016; Huang et al., 2016; Ali et al., 2016; Kamble and
On September 18, 2000, the X-32A made the first Kumar, 2016; Saikia and Karak, 2016; Zeferino et al.,
flight from Palmdale to the airbase at Edwards, 2016; Pravettoni et al., 2016; Bedon and Amadio, 2016;
California. The X-32A demonstrated the conventional Chen and Xu, 2016; Mavukkandy et al., 2016;
take-off and landing characteristics for the Air Force, Yeargin et al., 2016; Madani and Dababneh, 2016;
making 66 flights over four months of testing. The Alhasanat et al., 2016; Elliott et al., 2016; Suarez et al.,
flights validated the aircraft handling qualities for fuel 2016; Kuli et al., 2016; Waters et al., 2016;
refueling, weapons operations and supersonic flight. Montgomery et al., 2016; Lamarre et al., 2016; Petrescu,
The X-32B made the first flight on March 29, 2001. 2012b; Aversa et al., 2017 a-b, 2016 a-o; Petrescu and
It carried out 78 four-month test flights, including a Petrescu, 2016, 2015 a-e, 2014 a-i, 2013 a-g, 2012, 2011,
transcontinental flight from Edwards to Patuxent River 2005 a-d, 2003, 2002 a-b, 2000 a-b, 1997 a-c, 1995 a-b;
Naval, Md. The aircraft successfully passed from and Petrescu, 2018, 2015 a-b, 2012; Petrescu et al., 2016,
from STOVL Flight Mode using a straight line to 2017 a-d, 2018 a-d; Petrescu and Calautit, 2016 a-b;
redirect the direction from the nozzle cruise nozzle to the Daud et al., 2008; Taher et al., 2008; Zulkifli et al.,
nozzles. The X-32B has demonstrated its ability to move 2008; Pourmahmoud, 2008; Pannirselvam et al., 2008;
and make vertical landings. Ng et al., 2008; El-Tous, 2008; Akhesmeh et al., 2008;
Flight trials concluded in July 2001, demonstrated Nachiengtai et al., 2008; Moezi et al., 2008; Boucetta,
that actual flight performance was accompanied by 2008; Darabi et al., 2008; Semin and Bakar, 2008; Al-

39
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

Abbas, 2009; Abdullah et al., 2009; Abu-Ein, 2009; He lost the Lockheed Martin X-35 demonstrator,
Opafunso et al., 2009; Semin et al., 2009a-c; Zulkifli et al., which was further developed in the Lockheed Martin F-
2009; Ab-Rahman et al., 2009; Abdullah and Halim, 35 Lightning II.
2009; Zotos and Costopoulos, 2009; Feraga et al., 2009; Boeing's competitive advantage has been to provide
Bakar et al., 2009; Cardu et al., 2009; Bolonkin, 2009a-b; considerably lower costs of production and lifecycle by
Nandhakumar et al., 2009; Odeh et al., 2009; Lubis et al., minimizing variations between different versions of the
2009; Fathallah and Bakar, 2009; Marghany and JSF. Therefore, the X-32 was designed around a delta
Hashim, 2009; Kwon et al., 2010; Aly and Abuelnasr, wing of the carbon fiber composite.
2010; Farahani et al., 2010; Ahmed et al., 2010; The wing had an opening of 9.15 m, with a current of
Kunanoppadon, 2010; Helmy and El-Taweel, 2010; 55 degrees on the front edge and could have up to 20,000
Qutbodin, 2010; Pattanasethanon, 2010; Fen et al., 2011; kilograms of fuel.
Thongwan et al., 2011; Theansuwan and The purpose of the large inclination angle was to
Triratanasirichai, 2011; Smadi, 2011; Tourab et al., allow the use of a thick wings section while obtaining
2011; Raptis et al., 2011; Momani et al., 2011; Ismail et al., limited transonic aerodynamic resistances and a good
2011; Anizan et al., 2011; Tsolakis and Raptis, 2011; angle for the corresponding antenna equipment installed
Abdullah et al., 2011; Kechiche et al., 2011; Ho et al., in the wing. Wings would be a challenge to be done.
2011; Rajbhandari et al., 2011; Aleksic and Lovric, The cost competition strategy also led Boeing to
2011; Kaewnai and Wongwises, 2011; Idarwazeh, choose a direct traction vectoring system for the short-
2011; Ebrahim et al., 2012; Abdelkrim et al., 2012; term STOVL landing requirement, as this would
Mohan et al., 2012; Abam et al., 2012; Hassan et al., require the addition of a traction vectoring module
2012; Jalil and Sampe, 2013; Jaoude and El-Tawil, around the main engine.
2013; Ali and Shumaker, 2013; Zhao, 2013; El- However, this choice requires the engine to be
Labban et al., 2013; Djalel et al., 2013; Nahas and mounted directly behind the cockpit and changing the
Kozaitis, 2014). center of gravity before being ordinarily positioned in
the jets of the plane (behind the plane) to allow neutral
Materials and Methods movement of the attitude. Boeing proposed in the 1960s
a supersonic fighter as a gravity motor with vector
The Boeing X-32 (Fig. 1) is a demonstration jet pushing nozzles, but never surpassed the images
designed for the Joint Strike Fighter contest. published in the aviation week.

Fig. 1: Boeing X-32 is a demonstration jet designed for the Joint Strike Fighter contest

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Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

By comparison, Lockheed's entry showed, if not, a 5,500 attendees. While the X-32A was due to appear, the
smaller version of the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter. The launch of the X-32B was a surprise, as the construction
nickname of X-32, Boeing, was "Monica. " However, of the last aircraft began three months after the first and
another direct lifting selection effect was the chrome-air was completed six weeks after the X-32A. Boeing has
intake, similar to the Vought F-8 Crusader and LTV A-7 awarded STOVL the rapid construction of digital design
Corsair II. This was necessary to provide sufficient air
and assembly methods. After the installation of Pratt &
for the main engine (to provide the force of support)
Whitney F119 in April 2000, the X-32A began small and
during the zero speed horizon when it could not exploit
the ram air pressure. A blow to the effect of this large medium taxi tests completed by the end of May.
input was the direct potential visibility of the Due to the heavy design of the X-32 delta, Boeing
compressor blades to the radar. Among the demonstrated STOVL and supersonic flight in separate
possibilities of attenuation were the variable moments configurations, the STOVL configuration requiring
designed to lock the received radio waves without removal of the parts from the fighter. The company
adversely affecting the air flow. promised that their conventional design for the
In 1993, the Advanced Defense Research Projects production models would not require separate
Agency (DARPA) launched the Light Aircraft Project configurations. Instead, the Lockheed Martin X-35
(CALF). The purpose of the project was to develop a demonstration aircraft was able to move between the
design that would allow the replacement of all US Air STOVL configurations and the mid-flight supersonic
Force defense and attack aircraft including F-16 Falcon, configurations.
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet and Vertical / Land The first flight of the X-32A (designed for CTOL and
Flight Vertical (V/STOL) AV-8B Harrier II. At the same transport studies) took place on September 18, 2000,
time, the Joint Strike Technology (JAST) project was from the Boeing factory in Palmdale to the Edwards Air
launched. In 1994, the US Congress ordered the two to Base. The aircraft, piloted by Boeing test pilot Fred
join the Joint Strike Fighter. Knox, took a 670-foot slope before reaching 150 knots
Many companies took part in the first phase of this (about 280 km/h) at 8:00. Shortly after takeoff, a small
project, which involved the development of aircraft hydraulic leak was discovered and the flight was cut
concepts for deployment to the Department of Defense. from expectations from 30 or 40 minutes to 20 min.
On November 16, 1996, Boeing and Lockheed Martin According to Knox, the tracking plan F/A-18 has called
received contracts for each to produce two “Concept for "a lot of post-burners" to keep up with the X-32 in
Demonstration Aircraft” (CDA). Under the contract, the initial stages. During the flight, the aircraft reached
these fighters were required to report departures and 3000 meters, reaching a speed of 200 knots (370 km/h,
landings (CTOL), take-off and landing of the carrier (CV 230 mph) and reached an attack angle of 13°. Despite the
variant), short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL). It shortened flight, approximately 80% of the planned test
is also expected to include ground demonstrations of points were obtained. It was fed by a conventional F-22
representative aircraft production systems, such as the derivative called F119-PW-614C.
Preferred Armament Systems Concept (PWSC).
A major deviation from previous projects has banned Results
companies from using their own money to finance On March 29, 2001, the X-32B STOVL version
development. Each of them received $ 750 million to made its first flight. The flight lasted 50 minutes when
produce the two planes-including avionics, software and the plane flew from Palmdale to Edwards AFB. The
hardware. This limitation promoted the adoption of low flight was initially scheduled for the third quarter of
production and assembly techniques and also prevented 2000. A modified version of the 614C, known as the
either Boeing or Lockheed Martin from bankruptcy in F119-PW-614S, powered the STOVL. In normal flight,
an attempt to win such an important competition. the 614S was configured as a conventional turbofan after
The two X-32 models featured a delta wing design. firing. However, in STOVL mode, a butterfly valve
However, eight months after the demonstration aircraft removes the exhaust gases from the base stream to a pair
concept, the JSF's maneuverability and payload of traction vector nozzles located near the center of
requirements were refined at the Navy's request and the gravity of the airplane. Prior to these nozzles, a jet screen
nozzle provided a cold bypass air sheet to minimize hot
Boeing Delta design failed to reach new targets. The
gas recirculation. Two pairs of pipes fed the rear nozzles
engineers changed the design of the double plan (a
and the front nozzles. The post-burner was not lit, with
Pelikan tail), which reduced weight and agility, but it no gas flow, during the ascension. The X-32B made the
was too late to change the aircraft. The demonstration of STOVL flight in the same way as the AV-8B Harrier II
Boeing technology was considered sufficient. with vector drainage. A smooth transition (between
On December 14, 1999, Boeing presented both STOVL and Normal modes) was achieved by
designers at the Palmdale, California plant in front of maintaining a consistent engine match, facilitated by the

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Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

control system algorithm, maintaining an effective area The Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) is a development and
of stationary fixed nozzles. Thus, the engine did not acquisition program designed to replace a wide range of
know that different nozzles are open and closed to existing aircraft for wrestling, strikes and fights for the
complete the transition. United States, Britain, Turkey, Italy, Canada, Australia,
In principle, the F119-PW-614S engine was a Direct the Netherlands and the Allies. After a competition between
Lift engine, while the Lockheed Martin STOVL team the Boeing X-32 and the Lockheed Martin X-35, a final
used a more complex and risky alternative, known as the design was chosen based on the X-35. This is the F-35
F119-PW-611, which includes a remote fan with the Lightning II, which will replace the different tactical
shaft, engine. However, it generated more lifting force aircraft, including F-16, A-10, F/A-18A-D, AV-8B and
than possible only with direct exhaust gas. A successful British Harrier GR7, GR9 and Tornado GR4. The estimated
design would have a higher payload and thus a longer average annual cost of this program is $ 12. 5 billion,
range than a vectorized turbofan simply. estimated at $ 1. 1 trillion of the program's life cycle.
Verification of flights of two companies continued The JSF program was the result of the merger
until July 2001. between Common Journey Lighter Fighter (CALF) and
On October 26, 2001, the Department of Defense Joint Alert Strike (JAST) projects. The merged project
announced that Lockheed Martin X-35 won the JSF continued under the name "JAST" for Engineering,
contest (Fig. 2). The X-35 will be developed in the Production and Development (EMD), where the project
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. became Joint Strike Fighter.
The loss of the JSF contract to Lockheed Martin in CALF was a DARPA program for developing a
2001 was a major blow to Boeing, representing the most STOVL Strike Fighter (SSF) for the US Maritime Corps
important international combat aircraft project in the and F-16 Fighter Replacement. The US Air Force
1960s and 1970s, which led to Falcon Fighting F-16 and jumped over the Agil Falcon F-16 in the late 1980s,
F/A-18 Viespe. At that time, JSF production was essentially an F-16 increase and continued to interfere
estimated at anywhere from 3,000 to 5,000. Prior to with other models. In 1992, the Navy and Air Force
awarding the contract, many MPs pushed the idea of agreed to jointly develop an accessible fighter, known as
keeping their competitors at the loss of subcontractors; Advanced Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing
however, the "winner takes everything" principle has not (ASTOVL). The CALF project was chosen after Paul
changed. However, Boeing believes that its X-32 activity Bevilaqua convinced the Air Force that the concept of
is a strategic investment, generating important his team (if stripped of his lift system) had potential as a
technologies that it embraced in the Boeing F/A-18E / F complement to the F-22 Raptor. In a way, the F-35B
Super Hornet study. gave birth to the F-35A, not the other way around.

Fig. 2: Boeing JSF production mockup (Note the separate wing and tail planes)

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Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

The Joint Strike Technology Program (JAST) was program sought a replacement for the Sea Harrier (and
created in 1993, implementing one of the later Harrier GR7); Joint Strike Fighter was selected in
recommendations of a state-of-the-art US Department of January 2001.
Defense (DoD) review to include the United States Navy During the definition, two Lockheed Martin X-35A
in the Common Strike Fighter program. The review also plans (which were later converted to X-35B) and X-35C
led the Pentagon to continue the F-22 Raptor and F/A- with larger wings were moved. Probably the most
18E/F Super Hornet programs, cancel the A/FX persuasive demonstration of the X-35's capacity as the
programs and reduce F-16 and F/A-18C/D 1994 for Joint Strike Fighter students' flight studies where the
aviation; sensors to replace several US and UK planes STOVL X-35Bs took off in less than 150 meters, were
with interrupted aircraft; most products would replace supersonic and landed vertically - that Boeing's
the F-16. Merrill McPeak, the former head of the entrance failed.
United States Air Force Staff, complained that Les The development and demonstration agreement of
Aspin's decision to force all three services to use a the system was granted on October 26, 2001, to
single aircraft significantly increased the costs and Lockheed Martin, whose model X-35 beat the Boeing X-
difficulties of the project. 32. One of the main reasons for this choice seems to be
In November 1995, the UK signed a Memorandum of how to get the STOVL flight and the Department of
Understanding to become a formal partner and agreed Defense said that high-performance ventilation systems
to pay $ 200 million or 10% of the demonstration deserve additional risk. When it was close to the ground,
phase of the concept. the Boeing X-32 suffered from the hot air problem in the
In 1997, the Canadian National Defense Department exhaust gases that returned to the main engine, causing
signed the Concept demonstration phase with a $ 10 axle weakening and overheating of the engine.
million investment. This investment has allowed Canada
to participate in a rigorous and rigorous competitive Discussion
process in which Boeing and Lockheed Martin have
developed and competed for their prototypes. The development and demonstration agreement of
Studies supporting JAST/JSF began in 1993 and led the system was granted on October 26, 2001, to
to STOVL presentations at DOD by McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed Martin, whose model X-35 beat the Boeing
Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin and Boeing. X-32.
McDonnell Douglas proposed a plan powered by a One of the main reasons for this choice seems to be
reheated turbine with a remote gas fan to lift the elevator how to get the STOVL flight and the Department of
in STOVL mode. Later, General Electric made a ground Defense said that high-performance ventilation systems
demonstration of this engine configuration. deserve additional risk. When it was close to the ground,
The Northrop Grumman engine featured an amplified the Boeing X-32 suffered from the hot air problem in the
auxiliary lifting power of a dry turbofan engine equipped exhaust gases that returned to the main engine, causing
with a pair of vector pushing nozzles. axle weakening and overheating of the engine.
We did not have this engine configuration to drive The United States Department of Defense and
the F135-PW-600, which operates the JSF F-35B William Bach, the British Defense Minister, said the X-
production aircraft. 35 has consistently outperformed the X-32, although
Boeing opposed growth in force. They proposed an both have met or exceeded the requirements.
aircraft powered by a re-heated turbocharger that could The development of the JSF will be jointly funded by
be reconfigured (in STOVL mode) in a direct lifting the United States, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands,
engine with a pair of traction vector nozzles located near Canada, Turkey, Australia, Norway and Denmark.
the center of gravity of the aircraft. This led to the F119- Lockheed Martin X-35 will become the basis of the
PW-614S that powered the X-32B JSF demonstrator. F-35 Lightning II, currently in production. On April 6,
Two prototype development contracts were awarded 2009, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced
that the US would buy a total of 2,443 JSFs.
on November 16, 1996, one at Lockheed Martin and
On February 1, 2010, Secretary of Defense Robert M.
Boeing. Each company produces two take-offs and
Gates announced that due to delays and other issues
landing (CTOL) take-off and landing (CV version) take- related to the JSF development program, he removed
off and landing (STOVL). McDonnell Douglas's request Major General David R. Heinz from commissioning the
was partially rejected due to the complexity of his program and has retained $ 614 million in bonuses from
design. Lockheed Martin and Boeing received $ 750 Lockheed Martin. On February 16, 2010, Deputy
million to develop the concept of demonstration concept Secretary of Defense Bill Lynn announced that the
and to define a preferred weapon system (PWSC). It's program would be postponed by one year. Estimates
not me, I am, also in 1996, the British Defense Ministry suggest that overrun could increase program costs up to
launched the Future Carrier Borne Aircraft project. This $ 388 billion, up 50% from baseline. Many of the

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Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

program's financial and technical complications result minimizing variations between different versions of the
from the JSF Marine version, capable of taking off and JSF. Therefore, the X-32 was designed around a delta
landing vertically. wing of the carbon fiber composite.
On March 11, 2010, the US Senate Commission for The wing had an opening of 9.15 m, with a current of
Armed Services investigated the progress of the JSF 55 degrees on the front edge and could have up to 20,000
program during a meeting with Pentagon officials, kilograms of fuel.
highlighting the costs of a Nunn-McCurdy trial. The purpose of the large inclination angle was to
According to the Government Accountability Office, the allow the use of a thick wings section while obtaining
F-35A cost increased from USD 50 million in 2002, limited transonic aerodynamic resistances and a good
from 69 million USD in 2007 to 74 million in 2010, all angle for the corresponding antenna equipment installed
measured in 2002.
in the wing. Wings would be a challenge to be done.
Canada has revised its commitment to the project in
The cost competition strategy also led Boeing to
December 2012 due to cost overruns. The decision was
taken following a report by the KPMG audit firm that choose a direct traction vectoring system for the short-
showed that the purchase by Canada would cost 45 term STOVL landing requirement, as this would
billion dollars for 42 years. Defense Minister Peter require the addition of a traction vectoring module
MacKay announced Canada's plan to buy the F-35 in around the main engine.
2010, saying that "we have not been able to make a full However, this choice requires the engine to be
assessment of all available aircraft," said Rona Ambrose, mounted directly behind the cockpit and changing the
the purchase price was 9 billion but did not provide center of gravity before being ordinarily positioned in
estimates of operating costs. During a 2011 election the jets of the plane (behind the plane) to allow neutral
campaign, the Conservatives said the total cost of more movement of the attitude. Boeing proposed in the 1960s
than 20 years would be 16 billion dollars. a supersonic fighter as a gravity motor with vector
Concerns about F-35 performance were partly due to pushing nozzles, but never surpassed the images
RAND Corporation's simulation reports, in which three published in the aviation week.
Sukhoi fighters in Russia defeated six F-22 refusals. By comparison, Lockheed's entry showed, if not, a
As a result of these press reports, Australian Defense
smaller version of the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter. The
Minister Joel Fitzgibbon requested official information
from the Australian Defense Department on simulation. nickname of X-32, Boeing, was "Monica. " However,
This information indicated that the simulation reports another direct lifting selection effect was the chrome-
were inaccurate and did not compare the performance of air intake, similar to the Vought F-8 Crusader and
the F-35 with those of other plans. LTV A-7 Corsair II.
Andrew Hoehn, director of the RAND project, made This was necessary to provide sufficient air for the
the following statement: "Recently, Australian media main engine (to provide the force of support) during
accusations from RAND Corporation's game analysts the zero speed horizon when it could not exploit the
have made no analysis of the war game with the F-35 ram air pressure.
Joint Strike Fighter and the game will not try to provide A blow to the effect of this large input was the direct
details explaining the air-to-air battle. " The RAND potential visibility of the compressor blades to the radar.
game and the RAND game do not compare the combat Among the possibilities of attenuation were the variable
qualities of certain combat planes. moments designed to lock the received radio waves
Moreover, it is said that Maj. Richard Koch, head of without adversely affecting the air flow.
the US Department of Aeronautics Control, said: "I On March 29, 2001, the X-32B STOVL version
found myself in a cool sweat that the F-35 only goes made its first flight. The flight lasted 50 minutes when
with two-speed guns," says an extremely skeptical the plane flew from Palmdale to Edwards AFB. The
source. The F-35 would be 400% more efficient than the
flight was initially scheduled for the third quarter of
designers.
2000. A modified version of the 614C, known as the
The experience of the JSF program has led to a more
conservative and open schedule for upcoming vertical lifts. F119-PW-614S, powered the STOVL. In normal flight,
the 614S was configured as a conventional turbofan
after firing. However, in STOVL mode, a butterfly
Conclusion
valve removes the exhaust gases from the base stream
The Boeing X-32 is a demonstration jet designed for to a pair of traction vector nozzles located near the
the Joint Strike Fighter contest. He lost the Lockheed center of gravity of the airplane. Prior to these
Martin X-35 demonstrator, which was further developed nozzles, a jet screen nozzle provided a cold bypass air
in the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. sheet to minimize hot gas recirculation.
Boeing's competitive advantage has been to provide Two pairs of pipes fed the rear nozzles and the front
considerably lower costs of production and lifecycle by nozzles. The post-burner was not lit, with no gas flow,

44
Relly Victoria V. Petrescu / Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 2019, 3 (1): 38.54
DOI: 10.3844/jastsp.2019.38.54

during the ascension. The X-32B made the STOVL Ethics

flight in the same way as the AV-8B Harrier II with
vector drainage. Author declares that are not ethical issues that may
A smooth transition (between STOVL and Normal arise after the publication of this manuscript. This article
modes) was achieved by maintaining a consistent engine is original and contains unpublished material.
match, facilitated by the control system algorithm,
maintaining an effective area of stationary fixed nozzles. References
Thus, the engine did not know that different nozzles are
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open and closed to complete the transition.
Performance analysis and components
In principle, the F119-PW-614S engine was a Direct
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Acknowledgement K. Jumari, 2009. Cost-effective fabrication of self-
The work was appreciated by teams of professors made 1×12 polymer optical fiber-based optical splitters
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acknowledged and appreciated by Associate Professor Abu-Ein, S., 2009. Numerical and analytical study of
Aniello Riccio SECONDA UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI exhaust gases flow in porous media with applications
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Funding Information Abu-Lebdeh, T.M., G.P. León, S.A. Hamoush, R.D. Seals
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History or New Aircraft I Color.1st Edn., of box-benken method to predict the compressive
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